Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings 9th Edition

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Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings 9th Edition Jennifer
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“The Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings suffers from a modest title...the
guide reveals how to buy and operate just about everything in your house that’s
connected to an electric or gas meter.” — Today’s Homeowner

“One of the best resources for homeowners that we’ve ever seen.”
— Anne Ducey, Conservation Marketing Coordinator, Seattle City Light

“Face it, most of us don’t have the inclination—or the time—to become experts...
about energy efficiency and its impact on the environment. But whether we’re
sealing a drafty doorway, remodeling a bathroom or shopping among rows of
gleaming new refrigerators, we know our actions have an impact—on the planet,
as well as on our pocketbook. This book offers practical advice that will help you
make smart decisions about how you build or buy.
Not a textbook in volume or style, this paperback makes for handy toting—
perhaps for perusing during your energy-efficient commute on BART or Muni.”
— Beth Bourland, The San Francisco Chronicle

“It tells you which appliances you can replace for the biggest energy savings...in
words anyone can comprehend in real sentences and nice, neat diagrams.”
— Coastal Maine News

“A comprehensive reference guide (in plain English, no less) for homeowners

who’ve chosen to wade through the sometimes murky waters of buying green,
and money-saving, home improvement products.” — The Flint Journal

“Not only does the Guide rate all the brands of major home appliances and fixtures
for energy efficiency, it also shows how to insulate, landscape and maintain your
home in the manner that will make your wallet and your planet greener.”
— E Magazine

“This compact little book is full of tips on saving energy in light of costs to both
you and the planet. And speaking of energy, an evening spent examining this book
before you decide which major appliance to buy is a productive and efficient use
of yours.” — Small Home Designs

“If you own one book on saving energy at home, this should be it.”
— Iris Communications

“An indispensable handbook for consumers who want to reduce their home
energy use.” — The Consumer’s Guide to Effective Environmental Choices

“The most comprehensive guide to saving money and the environment available
today.” — Diane MacEachern, Tips for Planet Earth (syndicated column)

“Full of brand name evaluations to help a homeowner make more knowledgeable

purchases...” — The New York Times

“A comprehensive, easy-to-use resource...” — Science News

“...could be used as a model for government information campaigns—it’s an
excellent, easy-to-read summary.” — Global Environmental Change Report

“Besides up-to-date comparisons of the latest HVAC systems and appliances, the
Guide includes an assortment of energy-saving tips.” — Fine Homebuilding

“...comprehensive, easy-to-read prose...clear, accurate, and well-illustrated...”

— NESEA’s Northeast Sun

“Whatever your question is about home energy use, this book can almost surely
answer it.” — Co-op Currents

“...an unparalleled reference...” — SunWorld (International Solar Energy Society)

“With many diagrams, this is a readable, affordable guide...buy it!”

— Library Journal

“To help maximize energy and dollar savings in your home, check out the
Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings....[it] is full of tips, diagrams, charts,
explanations and lists on almost every facet of home life that involves energy use:
insulation, windows, heating and cooling systems, food storage, cooking,
dishwashing, laundry, lighting and much more. By purchasing energy-efficient
appliances, you can slash your energy bills and make a positive impact on national
security, the economy and the environment.”
— Mother Earth News’ Guide to Homes

“Must reading for homeowners in the market for new appliances...contains a

wealth of information on how to make the appliances you own now work more
efficiently. The advice here will also save you hundreds of dollars a year in
energy costs.” — Better Homes and Gardens

“Don’t furnish your home until you’ve consulted [the Consumer Guide]. It’s a
must-have resource.” — Metropolitan Home

“There are a number of sources of information about the energy efficiency of

furnaces, boilers, water heaters, and air conditioners...perhaps the most useful to
the typical consumer is the [Consumer Guide] published by the American Council
for an Energy-Efficient Economy.” — Kansas Country Living

“You can save a lot of legwork by consulting [this book]...chock-full of tips on

energy considerations of each category of appliances, as well as energy efficient
tips for home renovators.” — The Green Consumer Letter

“...a clearly-written, well-illustrated guide to insulation, air sealing techniques,

heating and cooling systems, and energy-efficient lighting and appliances.”
— The Journal of Light Construction

“This book could have easily been titled The Encyclopedia of Home Energy
Savings. It’s the most comprehensive resource to home energy savings that I’ve
seen. Every homeowner and environmentally conscious (or utility paying) renter
should have a copy.” — Green Living
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy
Washington, D.C.
Cataloging in Publication Data:
A catalog record for this publication is available from the National Library of Canada.
© 1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2007 by the American Council for an
Energy-Efficient Economy. All rights reserved.
Book design by Linda Rapp. Cover and illustrations by Katie Ackerly and David Conover.
Printed in Canada. Second printing November 2007.
Paperback ISBN: 978-0-86571-602-5
Inquiries regarding requests to reprint all or part of the Consumer Guide to Home
Energy Savings, 9th Edition should be addressed to New Society Publishers or the
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy at the address below.
To order directly from the publishers, please call toll-free (North America)
1-800-567-6772, or order online at [Link]

Any other inquiries can be directed by mail to the publishers at:

New Society Publishers, P.O. Box 189, Gabriola Island, BC V0R 1X0, Canada
(250) 247-9737 OR
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)
1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 801, Washington, DC 20036

Portions of this book have been reprinted with the permission of Massachusetts Audubon
Society from the following guides: Saving Energy and Money with Home Appliances;
Oil and Gas Heating Systems; How to Weatherize Your Home or Apartment; All About
Insulation; and Contractor’s Guide to Sealing Air Leaks.

NOTICE: This publication was prepared by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient
Economy (ACEEE). Neither ACEEE, the authors of this publication, nor any person acting
on behalf of ACEEE: (a) makes any warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the use
of any information disclosed in this publication; (b) guarantees that such use does not
infringe privately owned rights; or (c) assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of,
or for damages resulting from the use of, any information disclosed in this publication.
ACEEE neither expresses nor implies any endorsement or recommendation, for or against,
any of the products discussed in this publication. The statistics, ratings, and other data
disclosed here are provided strictly for the purpose of providing information to the public
and readers are left to make their own judgments regarding use of the information.

Written comments on this publication are welcome; send your comments to:
Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings Editor
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy
1001 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 801
Washington, D.C. 20036-5525
[Link]/consumerguide

New Society Publishers’ mission is to publish books that contribute in fundamental

ways to building an ecologically sustainable and just society, and to do so with the
least possible impact on the environment, in a manner that models this vision. We are
committed to doing this not just through education, but through action. This book is one
step toward ending global deforestation and climate change. It is printed on acid-free
paper that is 100% post-consumer recycled (100% old growth forest-free), processed
chlorine free, and printed with vegetable-based, low-VOC inks, with covers produced
using Forest Stewardship Council-certified stock. Additionally, New Society purchases
carbon offsets based on an annual audit, operating with a carbon-neutral footprint.
For further information, or to browse our full list of books and purchase securely, visit
our website at: [Link]
NEW SOCIETY PUBLISHERS [Link]
Lists of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi
Home Energy Checklist for Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii

Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Chapter 2 15
Chapter 3 45
Chapter 4 61
Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Chapter 6 125
Chapter 7 149
Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Chapter 9 167
Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Chapter 12 203
Chapter 13 215

Appendix 223
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
About ACEEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

vii
Lists of Tables

Table 1.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Table 1.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Table 2.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Table 4.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Table 4.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Table 4.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

Table 5.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Table 5.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Table 5.3
. . . . . . . . .119

Table 6.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Table 6.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Table 6.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

Table 7.1
. . . . . . . . . . .151
Table 7.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

viii
Table 8.1
E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Table 10.1
. . . . .174

Table 11.1
. . . . . . .186
Table 11.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Table 11.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

Table 12.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Table 12.2
. . . . . . .207
Table 12.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Table 12.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . .212

Table 13.1
. . . . . .216
Table 13.2
. . . . . . . . .217
Table 13.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

ix
This book owes much to the energy conservation community: those
hardworking folks who have worked diligently (and quietly) to increase
the energy efficiency of the U.S. housing stock by one-third since 1973,
and whose trials and errors have produced the knowledge compiled here.

The information in this guide has evolved with the steady improvements
in residential appliances and changes in equipment efficiency standards.
Each new edition benefits from the suggestions of experts in this field.
The guide was originally co-produced with Home Energy Magazine, a
non-profit, monthly publication covering topics ranging from research into
new energy-saving technologies to tips on how to save energy in the
home. Visit [Link]/.

We thank all the individuals who have reviewed this or previous editions
for clarity and technical accuracy: Carl Blumstein, Fred Davis, Neal
Elliott, Howard Geller, Roger Harris, John Hayes, Drew Kleibrink, Michael
L’Ecuyer, Marc Ledbetter, Karina Lutz, Chris Mathis, Alan Meier, Steve
Nadel, Nancy Schalch, Mike Thompson, Hofu Wu, and Kate Offringa.
Special thanks to John Morrill who contributed substantially as a co-
author to past editions. We also owe special acknowledgment to the
International Dark Sky Association for their contribution to the outdoor
lighting section and to Harvey Sachs for authoring the new chapter on
Ventilation and Air Distribution for the 9th edition. Some of the material
in this chapter is adapted from the Ventilation Guide by Armin Rudd,
Building Science Press, 2006.

Some of the illustrations and design in this book were used in or adapted
from previous editions: illustrations by David Conover and layout and
cover designs by Chuck Myers.

We also thank our colleagues who have contributed to the production of

this guide: Harvey Sachs for his detailed review and input on updating
material; Renee Nida for her copyediting and proofreading; Monica
Rashkin for proofreading and indexing; and Glee Murray for her overview
of the entire process. As usual, the authors remain responsible for any
errors or omissions that remain.

xi
To Do Today
■ Turn down the temperature of your water heater to the warm
setting (120°F). You’ll not only save energy, you’ll avoid scalding
your hands.
■ Start using energy-saving settings on refrigerators, dishwashers,
washing machines, and clothes dryers.
■ Survey your incandescent lights for opportunities to replace them
with compact fluorescents. These new lamps can save three-
quarters of the electricity used by incandescents. The best targets
are 60-100W bulbs used several hours a day. Compact fluorescent
lamps (CFLs) will fit in most standard fixtures.
■ Check the age and condition of your major appliances, especially
the refrigerator. You may want to replace it with a more energy-
efficient model before it dies.
■ Clean or replace furnace, air-conditioner, and heat-pump filters.
■ If you have one of those “silent guzzlers,” a waterbed, make your
bed today. The covers will insulate it, and save up to one-third of
the energy it uses.

This Week
■ Visit the hardware store. Buy a water-heater blanket, low-flow
showerheads, faucet aerators, and compact fluorescents, as
needed. CFLs are now sold at most drug stores and grocery stores.
■ If your water heater is old enough that its insulation is fiberglass
instead of foam, it clearly will benefit from a water heater blanket
from the local hardware store or home supplies store.
■ Rope caulk very leaky windows.
■ Assess your heating and cooling systems. Determine if replace-
ments are justified, or whether you should retrofit them to make
them work more efficiently—to provide the same comfort (or
better) for less energy.

xii
This Month
■ Collect your utility bills. Separate electricity and fuel bills. Target
the biggest bill for energy conservation remedies.
■ Crawl into your attic or crawlspace and inspect for insulation.
Is there any? How much?
■ Insulate hot water pipes and ducts wherever they run through
unheated areas.
■ Seal up the largest air leaks in your house—the ones that whistle
on windy days, or feel drafty. The worst culprits are usually not
windows and doors, but utility cut-throughs for pipes (“plumbing
penetrations”), gaps around chimneys and recessed lights in
insulated ceilings, and unfinished spaces behind cupboards and
closets. Better yet, hire an energy auditor with a blower door to
point out where the worst cracks are. All the little, invisible cracks
and holes may add up to as much as an open window or door,
without you ever knowing it!
■ At night and whenever you leave your home, adjust your thermo-
stat to save heating energy in the winter and cooling energy in the
summer. Some people find it easier to install a programmable
thermostat.
■ Schedule an energy audit (ask your utility company or state energy
office) for more expert advice on your home as a whole.

This Year
■ Insulate. If your walls aren’t insulated, have an insulation contrac-
tor blow cellulose into the walls. Bring your attic insulation level up
to snuff.
■ Replace aging, inefficient appliances. Even if the appliance has
a few useful years left, replacing it with a top-efficiency model is
generally a good investment.
■ Upgrade leaky windows. It may be time to replace them with
energy-efficient models or to boost their efficiency with weather-
stripping and storm windows.
■ Reduce your air conditioning costs by planting shade trees and
shrubs around your house—especially on the west side.
■ Know that you are making a difference!

xiii
 1

Are you about to buy a new appliance? Remodel your house? Upgrade
your heating or cooling system? If you’re like most of us, you don’t do
these things very often. When you do, you want to make good choices,
both for your pocketbook and for the environment. But you probably
don’t have time to become an expert. That’s where this book can help.

The Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings will help you make wise
investment decisions and help you decide which products to buy and
how to use them for maximum energy savings. We’ve listed the best
ways to tighten up your house so that your heating and cooling
systems won’t have to work as hard—or use as much energy. We’ve
pulled together tips on operating new and existing appliances to reduce
energy use and improve performance. But before getting into the
details, let’s take a look at why it makes sense to buy the most efficient
appliances and conserve energy in the home.

The wonderful thing about saving energy is that, in addition to helping

the environment, you save money. It’s like contributing to a good cause
and ending up with more money in your pocket. Many of the energy-
efficient appliances and heating or cooling systems covered in this book
cost no more than their inefficient counterparts. With most others, the
extra cost is easily repaid in energy savings over just a few years. To top
it off, many energy-saving upgrades increase the comfort, convenience,
and aesthetics of your home.

1
Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings

■ Operating Cost
When you buy an appliance, you pay more than just the sales price —
you commit yourself to paying the cost of running the appliance for as
long as you own it. These energy costs can add up quickly. For exam-
ple, running a refrigerator 15–20 years costs as much as the initial
purchase price of the unit. That 100-watt light bulb you just put in will
cost about $7 in electricity over its (short) life.

The sum of the purchase price and the energy cost of running an
appliance or light bulb over its lifetime is called its life-cycle cost. The
life-cycle costs of energy-efficient appliances are lower than those of
average models even though the latter may cost less to buy. To deter-
mine a basic life-cycle cost, use the following equation:
LCC = Initial Cost + (Annual Operating Cost x Years of Operation),
where the operating cost can include energy costs, maintenance and
repair. For “years,” you would use the expected life of the equipment in
question.

■ Rebates
To increase the economic benefits of buying more energy-
efficient appliances and boosting your overall home efficiency, check
for rebates offered by your local energy and water utilities or tax incen-
tives available from your state or the federal government. Rebates are
most common for high-efficiency refrigerators, clothes washers, light-
ing products, and cooling equipment. Rebate programs are much more
common among electric companies than gas companies, although
some gas utilities offer rebates for high-efficiency furnaces and boilers.
If you plan to buy a major appliance soon, ask your utility if it offers
rebates for efficient models.

2
 Save Money, Save the Earth

Every time you buy a home appliance, tune up your heating system, or
replace a burned-out light bulb, you’re making a decision that affects
the environment. You are probably already aware that most of our
biggest environmental problems are directly associated with energy
production and use: global warming, urban smog, oil spills, acid
rain, and mercury deposition, to mention a few. You also probably know
that driving your car less is one of the best ways to reduce your
environmental impact. But you may not realize just how big a difference
each of us can make by taking energy use into account in our house-
hold purchasing and maintenance decisions.

For example, did you know that every kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity
you avoid using saves over one and a half pounds of carbon dioxide
(CO2) that would otherwise be pumped into the atmosphere? If you
replace a typical 1987, 20-cubic-foot refrigerator with an energy-
efficient 2007 model, you’ll save more than 500 kWh and almost 1,000
pounds of CO2 emissions per year!

Household
Emissions

Transportaion
Emissions 45%

55%

For a typical two-car, single-family household, energy used in the home

accounts for almost half of that family’s total greenhouse gas
contributions and energy costs!

3
Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings

TABLE 1.1

Notes:
1 See Table 1.2 for CO2 emissions factors for each fuel. For gasoline, assumes 157 lbs
CO2/gallon.
2 Assumes lights on five hours per day.
3 Average 1987 model uses 1,000 kWh per year; 2007 model uses 450 kWh per year.
4 Assumes 1,850 ft2 house with 6.95 Btu/ft2 x ºF-day and northern climate (6,300
heating degree-days)
5 Assumes 350 ft2 window area; replacing double-glazed, aluminum-framed windows
with triple-glazed, dual-low-e, argon-filled superwindows
6 Data from Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, Calif. Based on computer
simulations for various locations around the country.
7 Assumes two-panel system providing 14.25 million Btu/year (75% of demand)
8 Boosting energy performance from 6.95 Btu/ft2 x ºF-day to 1.37 Btu/ft2 x ºF-day;
assumes high-efficiency heating system.
9 Carpooling, biking, or using public transit to eliminate two 20-mile roundtrip
commutes per week; assumes vehicle getting U.S. average light-duty fuel economy
(2005) of 21.0 mpg.
10 Replacement of average 2005 model vehicle (21.0 mpg) with hybrid getting 40 mpg;
assumes vehicle driven 15,000 miles per year.

4
 Save Money, Save the Earth

CO2 is the number one contributor to global warming, a process that

scientists say could raise the earth’s temperatures by 3–7°F over the
next hundred years. Worldwide, we pump some 27.5 billion metric tons
of CO2 into the atmosphere each year — more than four tons for every
man, woman, and child on earth. The United States is responsible for
more than 20% of that, or close to 6 billion tons per year. On a
per-capita basis, that comes to almost 20 tons for each American,
though some of us produce a lot more than others. Reducing CO2
emissions by a few tons per year may not seem like a lot, but the
collective actions of many will have a dramatic effect.

There are numerous energy-saving products and improvements around

the home that can help the environment. Table 1.1 shows the reduc-
tions in CO2 emissions achieved from a few energy improvements. With
some of these you’ll notice different CO2 savings depending on the type
of fuel used. That’s because some fuels give off less CO2 than others.

If you are interested in reducing your carbon footprint, Table 1.2

provides a comparison of the CO2 emissions from common household
energy sources. With this information, it’s easy to calculate just how

TABLE 1.2 2

2 2

1 If the wood is harvested on a sustainable basis, there is no net CO2 emission because
the growing trees absorb more CO2 than is released when burning the wood.

5
Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings

much CO2 you are introducing into the atmosphere through your
energy use. Simply look at your energy bills to find out how much fuel
you are using: gallons of oil, therms of natural gas, kilowatt-hours of
electricity, etc. Multiply that value by the quantity of CO2 produced per
unit of fuel in Table 1.2.

Carbon dioxide is only one of the environmentally harmful gases

resulting from energy use. Others, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide,
carbon monoxide, and ozone, have much more direct effects — effects
that can be seen and smelled in every major urban area of the country.

You may notice that CO2 emissions per unit of energy are much higher
for electricity. That difference stems from inefficiencies in the process of
converting fuel to electricity and distributing the power through the grid
to end-users in their homes and workplaces. Electricity often travels
great distances from the power plant to the buildings where it is used.
The figure below illustrates the losses attributed to each stage of
electricity generation, transmission, and distribution.

Generation Losses

Transmission
57–70% & Distribution
8–16% Losses

100%
Fuel Energy 25–
30%

Only one third of fuel source energy reaches your home as electricity.

Despite this drawback, electricity remains vital to our way of life and
our economy, and it offers a number of benefits over other fuels for
many end-uses. To minimize the negative impacts, we must learn to get
the most out of every kWh by using energy as efficiently as possible
and looking for new opportunities to support renewable power sources
and on-site or local power production.

6
 Save Money, Save the Earth

The federal government and many state governments have recognized

the importance of energy efficiency to our nation’s security and
economic prosperity. Appliance efficiency standards that took effect in
the early 1990s saved more than 88 billion kWh in 2000 — about 28
million tons of CO2. Updates to these standards will save more than
250 billon kWh in 2010. Despite these impressive gains, standards only
eliminate the lowest efficiency products from the market. It is up to
consumers to do the rest and demand more from the marketplace. If
the roughly 40 million households in climates with large heating needs
boosted their furnace or boiler efficiencies from 70% to 90%, some 45
million tons of CO2 emissions would be eliminated each year. Substi-
tuting compact fluorescent lamps for the ten most frequently used
incandescent lamps in every house in the country would reduce CO2
emissions by about the same amount!

To get a sense of just how effective energy conservation can be, take a
look at the 1970s and 1980s. From 1973 to 1986, the U.S. gross
national product grew 36% with no increase in energy use at all. Had
efficiencies remained at 1973 levels, we would be spending an extra
$150 billion in energy bills each year and pumping 11⁄2 times more CO2
into the atmosphere! We are already saving the equivalent of 13 million
barrels of oil each day — half of the OPEC output — and, compared
with 1973 projections, we’re getting by with 250 fewer large power
plants than would have otherwise been required.

7
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