(1Q).
What is Existing Knowledge explain in
detail?
(ANS)
1. Definition:
Existing knowledge refers to facts, information, and
research that already exist. It includes everything we
already know through books, articles, research papers,
and online sources.
2. Example:
A simple example of existing knowledge is: “Water boils at
100°C.” This is a well-known fact and not a new discovery.
3. Sources:
You can find existing knowledge in textbooks, academic
journals, previous studies, expert opinions, and reliable
internet sources.
4. Importance:
(A).It helps us avoid repeating mistakes made in the
past.
(B).It gives us a strong starting point for our own
ideas and research.
(C).It shows what has already been tested, proven, or
agreed upon.
5. Role in Learning and Research:
Existing knowledge forms the foundation for deeper
learning and further investigation. It guides us toward
asking better questions and exploring new areas.
6. Connection to New Knowledge:
New knowledge is built on existing knowledge. We must
first understand what is already known before we can go
beyond it and create or discover something new.
(2Q).What is New Knowledge?
(ANS)
Definition:
New knowledge refers to ideas, discoveries, or information that
are newly created or found.
It is something that was not known before, and it adds to what
we already understand.
Example:
A good example of new knowledge is:
“Discovering a new medicine for a disease.”
This is something new that did not exist before.
How It Is Created:
New knowledge is developed through:
• Scientific experiments
• Observations
• Problem-solving
• Research that brings original ideas or results
Importance:
• It helps improve our understanding of the world
• It leads to new inventions, solutions, and progress
• It keeps learning and science moving forward
Role in Learning and Research:
Creating new knowledge shows original thinking and
creativity.
Students and researchers use existing knowledge first, then try
to discover or contribute something new.
Connection to Existing Knowledge:
New knowledge is always built on what we already know.
Without existing knowledge, we wouldn’t have a strong base to
explore new ideas or make discoveries.
(3Q).Difference between New Knowledge & Existing
Knowledge?
(ANS)
Point Existing Knowledge New Knowledge
What we discover or
Meaning What we already know
create for the first time
Found in books, Comes from new
Source articles, research research, experiments,
papers, internet, etc. ideas, or observations
A new medicine for a
Example Water boils at 100°C
disease
Helps us learn what is Helps us add something
Use already tested and new to the existing
proven knowledge
Saves time and gives a Leads to innovation,
Importance starting point for growth, and deeper
learning or research understanding
Forms the base or Is built on top of existing
Connection
foundation knowledge
(4Q).What is the analysis and synthesis of prior art using
bibliographic databases, and why is it important?
(ANS)
1. Prior Art means all existing knowledge and inventions
like research papers, patents, books, and articles related
to your topic.
2. Bibliographic Databases are online/digital collections
(e.g., Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore) where you can find
these sources quickly.
3. Analysis involves carefully reading the sources to
understand main ideas, focusing on abstracts, keywords,
and conclusions.
4. Synthesis means combining information from different
sources to create a clear summary or new insight.
5. This helps you avoid repeating past work, identify gaps
for new research, and support your project with solid
background.
6. Steps to Analyze and Synthesize Prior Art:
o Search for relevant and recent sources in
bibliographic databases.
o Select useful papers, patents, or articles.
o Read and analyze key points carefully.
o Organize and combine important ideas.
Write a clear summary in your own words
(5Q).What is Web of Science?
(ANS)
1. Web of Science is a website that helps you find high-
quality research papers.
2. It is used by students, teachers, and researchers to get
useful information for projects and studies.
3. You can search for articles, authors, and topics on any
subject you want.
4. It shows how many times a paper has been read or used
by others—this is called a citation.
5. You can filter your search results by year, subject,
country, or author to find exactly what you need.
6. Web of Science provides only trusted and accurate
information — no fake or copied content.
7. It helps you do better projects and research by giving
you access to the best study materials.
8. Real-Time Analogy: Web of Science is like a smart
librarian who quickly finds the best and most trusted
books for you and shows how popular they are.
(6Q). Difference Between Google and Google Scholar?
(ANS)
Aspect Google Google Scholar
Finds general Finds academic and
information like research papers like
Purpose
websites, news, images, journals, theses, and
and videos books
Includes blogs, social Trusted sources such as
Sources media, ads, and various universities, researchers,
websites and publishers
Provides mostly reliable
Results may not always
Reliability and scholarly
be accurate or reliable
information
Good for quick, Best for study, research,
Use Case
everyday searches and academic projects
Content Broad content including Scholarly articles, theses,
Type general knowledge and research documents
Allows easy citation
General search with copying (author, year,
Features
diverse results etc.) for academic
writing
Q7: What is a Literature Review and Why is it Important?
Answer:
A literature review is a summary and evaluation of existing
research, books, and articles about a specific topic. It helps you:
• Understand what is already known.
• Find gaps or missing information in previous work.
• See how your own project fits into what others have done.
In simple terms: It’s like doing homework to learn what others
have already done before starting your own work.
Main Objectives of a literature review:
1. Understand existing knowledge.
2. Identify gaps or unsolved problems.
3. Focus your research question to be useful and new.
4. Build on good ideas and methods from others.
5. Avoid repeating mistakes from past work.
Benefits:
• Saves time by avoiding repeated work.
• Improves quality with proven methods.
• Inspires new ideas.
• Builds credibility by showing you’ve researched well.
• Supports decision-making with the right tools and methods.
Q8: Write Literature Review on Library Management Systems in
(SQL Point of view)?
Answer:
What Others Have Done :-
Existing library management systems, according to past studies,
often have the following features:
• Storing only basic book details like title and author.
• Allowing addition and deletion of books.
• Managing data through Excel sheets or text files.
• Lacking systems to track book issues and returns.
Gaps identified from the literature:
• No way to track which student borrowed which book.
• Return dates are not monitored.
• Data is not organized in a formal database, causing
inefficiency.
Suggested improvements:
• Implement a relational database (e.g., MySQL or SQLite) to
organize and manage data properly.
• Add features to track book issue and return dates
accurately.
• Link student details with borrowed books using connected
tables for better record-keeping and management.
Conclusion:
Addressing these gaps and applying these improvements canmake
library management systems more efficient, reliable, and user-
friendly, improving overall library operations.
Q9: Why is effective searching important in research, and what
types of sources should be used?
Answer:
Effective searching is essential in research because it helps you
find accurate, relevant, and reliable information.
Knowing where and how to search allows you to build a strong
foundation for your study or project.
To get well-rounded information, it’s helpful to use both
scholarly and popular sources:
• Scholarly Publications:
o Written by experts or researchers in the field.
o Peer-reviewed for accuracy and quality.
o Use formal language and structure.
o Ideal for academic and professional research.
• Popular Publications:
o Written for the general public.
o Not peer-reviewed.
o Easier to read and understand.
o Useful for general awareness or recent news.
Using a combination of both types helps you cover both depth
(from scholarly sources) and context or current trends (from
popular sources).
Q10: What key things should I remember when searching for
information?
(ANS)
1. Use Multiple Sources:
o No single source has all answers.
o Combine scholarly and popular sources for a full picture.
2. Consider Availability and Timing:
o Not all information is online.
o Scholarly articles may take time to publish.
o Recent news may not yet be covered in scholarly work.
3. Search is an Ongoing Process:
o Try different keywords.
o Keep improving your search results.
o Use citations and references to find more useful sources.
Q10: What are the basic steps in a simple research process?
Answer:
The research process can be made simple by following three main
steps:
1. Do a Literature Review
o Start by searching for information related to your topic.
o Try using different keywords and look through multiple
sources.
o Keep refining your search until you find relevant and
useful materials.
2. Read and Take Notes
o Read the selected articles or sources carefully.
o Highlight key points or important ideas.
o Take notes or write short summaries in your own words to
help understand and remember.
3. Compare What You Found
o Review all your sources together.
o Identify what ideas are common and what differs between
them.
o Look for patterns, trends, or any contradictions in the
information.
4. Keep Learning
Research is not a one-time task.
As you read more, you may find new questions or
ideas.
Keep searching and updating your work with new
information.
(Q11).What is Technical Reading and what are its main objectives?
Answer:
Technical Reading is the process of reading materials that contain
specialized or complex information—usually related to science,
engineering, technology, or other professional fields.
It requires careful, focused reading to understand facts, instructions,
data, and key concepts.
Main Objectives of Technical Reading
1. Focus on Understanding, Not Just Finishing the Text
o The goal is to fully grasp the meaning.
o Sometimes you need to re-read parts to understand them
better.
2. Identify Key Information
o Look for important content such as definitions, formulas,
steps, diagrams, and data.
o Take notes or highlight key points as you read.
3. Use Visuals and Context Clues
o Charts, graphs, and diagrams are often used to explain
complex ideas.
o Use them to help understand the text more clearly.
4. Build Subject Vocabulary
o Technical texts often include terms specific to the subject.
o Keep a list of new words and their meanings to improve
your understanding over time.
Q12: What is Conceptualizing Research and What Are Its Key Steps?
Answer:
Conceptualizing research means carefully thinking about what you
want to study and planning how to study it before you begin.
This step helps you understand your topic clearly and prepares you to
find meaningful answers.
6 Key Steps in Conceptualizing Research
1. Pick a Clear Problem
o Choose a simple, specific topic or question to focus on in
your research.
2. Learn What Others Have Found
o Read books, articles, or studies to understand what has
already been discovered about your topic.
3. Set Your Goals
o Decide what you want to achieve or find out through your
research.
4. Ask Research Questions
o Create clear and focused questions that your research will
try to answer.
5. Choose How to Research
o Select the best method for collecting information, such as
surveys, experiments, or interviews.
6. Explain Important Words
o Define any technical or special terms so your research is
easy to understand.
Q13: What is Critical Reading and Why is it Important?
Answer:
Critical reading means reading a text carefully and thinking deeply
about what it says. Instead of simply accepting the information, you
ask questions, check facts, and decide if the ideas make sense.
Key steps About Critical Reading
1. Understand and Analyze the Text
o Focus on truly understanding the meaning and how the
ideas are presented.
2. Question the Author’s Ideas
o Don’t believe everything immediately—ask if the points
are clear, true, or well-supported.
3. Think Logically
o Use your thinking skills to check if the arguments make
sense.
4. Look for Evidence
o Good writing includes facts, examples, or data to support
ideas. Look for these.
5. Judge the Quality of Information
o Decide if the information is reliable, biased, or misleading.
6. Example:
o Ask questions like:
▪ “Is this really true?”
▪ “What proof does the author give?”
▪ “Does this match with what I already know?”
Q14: What is Creative Reading and How Does It Help You?
Answer:
Creative reading means using your imagination and thinking in new
or different ways while reading. Instead of just understanding the
text, you use it as inspiration to come up with your own ideas,
solutions, or interpretations.
Key steps About Creative Reading
1. Imagine New Ideas
o Go beyond the text and think about new possibilities.
2. Connect and Expand Ideas
o Link the reading to other knowledge and explore different
meanings or uses.
3. Be Open-Minded and Imaginative
o Read with curiosity and a willingness to think differently.
4. Explore New Solutions or Views
o Use the text to think about alternative viewpoints or
creative answers to problems.
5. Develop Original Ideas
o Let the text inspire fresh thoughts or innovative thinking.
6. Example Questions to Ask While Reading:
o “What else could this mean?”
o “How can I use this idea in a new way?”
Q15: Why is it Important to Take Notes While Reading, and How
Can You Do It Effectively?
Answer:
Taking notes while reading helps you remember key information,
understand the topic better, and prepare for studying or writing
assignments later.
Instead of just reading, note-taking keeps you active, organized, and
focused.
How to Take Good Notes: 6 Easy Steps
1. Focus on Key Ideas
o Write only the main points, facts, or definitions.
o Don’t copy everything—summarize in your own words.
2. Use Headings and Subheadings
o Organize your notes by topic, chapter, or section.
o Makes it easier to review later.
3. Highlight or Underline
o Mark important words or sentences (if allowed).
o Use different colors for different types of information
(e.g., ★ dates, → definitions).
4. Write Questions While Reading
o Jot down any questions that come to mind.
o This keeps you engaged and curious.
5. Use Short Sentences and Symbols
o Use brief points instead of full sentences.
o Save time using arrows (→), stars (★), and abbreviations.
6. Review and Summarize
o After reading, quickly go over your notes.
o Write a short summary to help remember the main ideas.
Q16: What is Reading Mathematics and Algorithms, and How Can
You Do It Effectively?
Answer:
Reading mathematics and algorithms means carefully understanding
math expressions, formulas, and step-by-step procedures (called
algorithms) used to solve problems.
This type of reading needs focus, practice, and logical thinking.
6 Key Steps to be followed for Reading Mathematics and Algorithms
1. Take It Slow and Step-by-Step
o Don’t rush. Understand each part of the formula or
algorithm one step at a time.
2. Understand Symbols and Notations
o Learn what each symbol (like +, −, =, ∫) means.
o Pay close attention to variables, constants, and operators.
3. Follow the Logic of Algorithms
o Algorithms are step-by-step instructions.
o Make sure you understand both the order and reason
behind each step.
4. Work Through Examples
o Practice solving problems using the formulas or steps.
o Examples help you see how abstract ideas are used in real
problems.
5. Use Diagrams and Visuals
o Draw flowcharts, graphs, or diagrams to break down
complex processes.
o Visual tools make it easier to understand and remember.
6. Write Notes and Summaries
o Write down key formulas and the purpose of each
algorithm.
o Summarize what each part does in simple words.
Q17: What is a Datasheet and How Do You Read It Effectively?
Answer:
A datasheet is a technical document that provides detailed
information about a product, device, or component. It explains what
the item is, how it works, and how to use it safely and effectively.
6 Key Steps to be followed for Reading a Datasheet
1. Start with the Overview
o Read the introduction or summary to understand what
the product is and what it does.
2. Check the Specifications
o Look at details like size, power, speed, and performance
limits.
o These help you understand how the product functions.
3. Understand the Pin or Connection Diagram
o For electronic components, review the pin layout and
what each pin does.
o This tells you how to connect the device correctly.
4. Read the Operating Conditions
o Check limits such as temperature, voltage, or current.
o Using the product within these ranges ensures it works
safely.
5. Look at Typical Applications
o Many datasheets include example uses or sample circuits.
o These give ideas for real-life usage.
6. Note Warnings and Precautions
o Always read safety instructions and alerts.
o This prevents damage to the product and ensures safe
handling.
Q18: What are the Benefits and Limitations of Using Bibliographic
Databases?
Answer:
Benefits of Bibliographic Databases:
1. Easy Access to Research
Quickly find articles, books, and papers on your topic without
searching manually.
2. Organized Information
Information is well-arranged with details like author names,
titles, and publication dates, making browsing easier.
3. Reliable Sources
Most databases include peer-reviewed and trustworthy
academic publications.
4. Search and Filter Tools
Powerful tools let you narrow results by keywords, dates,
authors, or journals.
Limitations of Bibliographic Databases:
1. Access Restrictions
Some require paid subscriptions or institutional login to use.
2. Incomplete Coverage
They may not have every publication or the very latest studies.
3. Learning Curve
Advanced search options can be hard to use for beginners.
4. Language and Regional Bias
Mostly contain publications in major languages like English,
which may limit global perspectives.
[Link] are attribution and citation, and why, when, and how
should I use them?
Attribution means saying who created something (like words,
images, or ideas), while citation means giving full details of where
you found it. These are important because they give credit to the
original creator, help you avoid plagiarism, and allow others to check
or explore your sources.
You should cite:
• Words or ideas that are not your own
• Quotes, facts, or statistics from books, websites, videos, or
people
• Creative works like images, music, or videos
You don’t need to cite:
• Your own thoughts or experiences
• Common knowledge (e.g., The Earth orbits the Sun)
To give credit simply for a website, use this format:
Author's Name, "Title of Page," Website Name, Year, Link
Example: John Smith, "The History of Space Travel," [Link], 2022,
[Link]/space
Use in-text citations right after using someone’s words or ideas, like
this: (Smith, 2022).
20Q Giving Credit Wherever Due – 7 Simple Points
ANS
1. Giving credit means saying who created the idea, words,
images, or information you use in your work.
2. It shows you are honest and that you respect other people's
work.
3. It helps you avoid plagiarism, which is using someone else's
work without permission.
4. Give credit when you use someone else's words, ideas, photos,
videos, music, or data.
5. You don’t need to give credit for your own ideas or common
knowledge (e.g., The sun rises in the east).
6. To give credit, include the author’s name and source.
Example: John Smith, “Healthy Living,” Health News, 2023.
7. Not giving credit can lead to serious consequences like losing
marks, getting in trouble, or damaging your reputation.
[Link] & ATTRIBUTES OF CITATION
Functions of Citations (What They Do)
1. Give credit to the original author or creator.
2. Avoid plagiarism by showing the source of
information.
3. Support your ideas with trusted evidence.
4. Help readers find the original source for more details.
5. Show that your work is researched and trustworthy.
[Link] trust with your reader by showing you're using
reliable sources.
Attributes of Good Citations (What They Include)
1. Author’s name – Who created the work?
2. Title of the work – What is the name of the article,
book, or page?
3. Source – Where was it published? (Website, book,
journal, etc.)
4. Date – When was it published or updated?
5. Link or page number – Where exactly can it be
found?
6. Format or style – How the citation is written (APA,
MLA, Chicago, etc.).
21Q Impact of Title and Keywords on Citations – 7 Simple Points
Ans
1. Catchy and clear titles grab attention and encourage people to
read your work.
2. A strong title helps your paper appear in search results for
related topics.
3. Important keywords in the title make your work easier to find
for other researchers.
4. Keywords summarize your main ideas, helping databases and
search engines index your paper correctly.
5. Using relevant keywords boosts the chances that your paper
will be cited by others in the same field.
6. Titles that clearly explain the topic or study help readers
understand and trust your work.
7. Well-chosen titles and keywords help your research reach a
wider audience, leading to more citations.
22Q What is the Knowledge Flow through Citation?
1. Citations connect ideas by showing where information or ideas
come from.
2. They help share knowledge between researchers and readers.
3. When you cite a source, you build on earlier work instead of
starting from scratch.
4. Citations create a network of information that links related studies.
5. This network helps others discover important research quickly.
6. Knowledge flows forward as new research cites older studies,
advancing understanding in a field.
7. Good citations ensure knowledge is credited properly and keeps
growing over time.
23Q Impact of Title and Keywords on Citations ?
1. Catchy and clear titles grab attention and encourage people to
read your work.
2. A strong title helps your paper appear in search results for
related topics.
3. Important keywords in the title make your work easier to find
for other researchers.
4. Keywords summarize your main ideas, helping databases and
search engines index your paper correctly.
5. Using relevant keywords boosts the chances that your paper
will be cited by others in the same field.
6. Titles that clearly explain the topic or study help readers
understand and trust your work.
7. Well-chosen titles and keywords help your research reach a
wider audience, leading to more citations.
24Q What should I know about citing datasets?
1. Datasets are collections of data used for research or analysis.
2. Just like books or articles, datasets need to be cited when you use
them in your work.
3. Citing datasets gives credit to the people who collected or created
the data.
4. It helps others find the exact dataset you used to check or reuse it.
5. A good dataset citation includes the author/creator, title, year,
version, and source or link.
6. Proper citation of datasets supports transparency and
reproducibility in research.
7. Use citation tools or guides (like APA or MLA) to format dataset
citations correctly.
25Q. What are the different styles for citations and why do they
matter?
1. Citation styles are rules for how to write citations correctly.
2. Different fields and schools use different styles, so it’s important to
know which one to use.
3. APA style is often used in social sciences and psychology.
4. MLA style is common in literature, arts, and humanities.
5. Chicago style is used in history and some other humanities
subjects.
6. Each style has specific rules for formatting author names, titles,
dates, and sources.
7. Using the right style helps your work look professional and makes
it easy for readers to find your sources.
26Q What are the common citation styles and how do they work?
1. APA Style (American Psychological Association) is mainly used in
social sciences, psychology, education, and related fields.
2. APA focuses on the author’s name and publication year in in-text
citations, like (Smith, 2020).
3. The reference list in APA is titled “References” and entries include
author, year, title, and source.
4. MLA Style (Modern Language Association) is popular in literature,
arts, and humanities.
5. MLA uses the author’s name and page number for in-text citations,
like (Smith 45), without a comma.
6. The list of sources in MLA is called “Works Cited”, focusing on the
author, title, and publication details.
7. Chicago Style is used in history, some humanities, and publishing,
and offers two systems:
• Notes and Bibliography (footnotes/endnotes)
• Author-Date system similar to APA
Chicago is flexible and detailed, often preferred for longer,
complex works.
27Q What are acknowledgments and attributions, and
why are they important?
1. Acknowledgments are where you thank people or
organizations who helped you with your work.
2. This can include advisors, funders, colleagues, or
anyone who supported your project.
3. Attributions mean giving credit to the original creators
of ideas, words, images, or data you used.
4. Both acknowledgments and attributions show respect
and honesty in your work.
5. Attributions help avoid plagiarism by clearly stating
where information or materials came from.
6. Acknowledgments are usually found in a special
section of a paper, book, or project.
7. Proper attributions are included in citations, captions,
or notes throughout your work.
28QWhat Should Be Acknowledged?
1. People who gave you help, advice, or guidance
during your work.
2. Organizations or institutions that provided funding
or resources.
3. Anyone who reviewed or edited your work.
4. Individuals who offered technical support or special
assistance.
29QHow do I write acknowledgments in books and dissertations?
1. Purpose
To thank people and organizations who helped you with your work.
2. Tone
Use polite and respectful language. Books can be a bit more
personal; dissertations should be formal.
3. Who to Thank
• Teachers, supervisors, or advisors
• Funding organizations
• Friends, family, or anyone who gave support or help
4. Where to Put It
• In books: near the beginning or the end
• In dissertations: usually after the abstract or introduction
5. Length
Keep it short—about one page or less.
6. Order
First thank formal or professional helpers, then personal supporters.
7. What to Avoid
• Being too casual or funny (especially in dissertations)
• Writing too much or irrelevant details
• Forgetting to mention important help or funding
30Q Difference Between Dedication and Acknowledgments (7
Simple Points)
Point Dedication Acknowledgments
To honor or dedicate the
To thank people who helped
1. Purpose work to someone
you with the work.
special.
Polite and formal (especially in
2. Tone Personal and heartfelt.
dissertations).
Usually mentions one or
Mentions many people or
3. Content a few people (like family
organizations.
or a mentor).
Very short (a sentence Can be longer (a paragraph or a
4. Length
or two). page).
5. At the very beginning of Comes after the dedication or
Placement the book or dissertation. after the abstract.
Focuses on love, Focuses on gratitude and
6. Focus
respect, or memory. support.
“I thank my advisor, my friends,
“For my parents, who
7. Example and my funding agency for
always believed in me.”
their help.”
