Uni

tII

Py
thon-Oper
ator
s

Let
'sRev
ise:

Programmingisapr ocessofcr
eat
ingasetofi
nst
ruct
ionsthatt
ellacomput erhowto
perf
orm atask.Programmingcanbedoneusi
ngavari
etyofcomputerlanguagessuch
asJav a,
Python,
andC++.

Ther
earethreetypesofcomputerl
anguages.Theyar
elow l
evell
anguage,assembl
y
l
anguageandhighlev
ell
anguage.

Thetranslat
orsareusedt
ot r
ansl
atethehighlevell
anguagesi
ntol
ow l
evell
anguage.
Thesetransl
ator
sarecompil
er,
int
erpr
eterandassembler
.

Py
thonPr
ogr
ammi
ng:

Pyt
honisaverysi
mpl
elanguage,andhasav
eryst
rai
ght
for
war
dsy
ntax.
Thefi
l
eextensi
onofapyt
honf i
l
eis.py

Number
s:
Pythonsuppor
tstwotypesofnumbers-i
nteger
sandfloat
ingpoi
ntnumber
s.(
Ital
so
support
scomplexnumbers,
whi
chwill
notbeexpl
ainedi
nthi
stut
ori
al)
.

Todef
ineani
nteger
,uset
hef
oll
owi
ngsy
ntax:

Exampl
e:

Code:

my i
nt=7
pr
int
(my
int
)
Out
put
:
7

Todef
ineaf
loat
ingpoi
ntnumber
,youmayuseoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngnot
ati
ons:
Code:
my f
loat=7.0
pri
nt(myfl
oat
)
my f
loat=fl
oat(
7)
pri
nt(myfl
oat
)
Output
:
7.0
7.0
St
ri
ngs:
St
ri
ngsar
edef
inedei
therwi
thasi
ngl
equot
eoradoubl
equot
e.

Code:
mystri
ng='hell
o'
pri
nt(myst
ri
ng)
mystri
ng=" hel
lo"
pri
nt(myst
ri
ng)
mystri
ng=" Don'twor
ryaboutapost
rophes"
pri
nt(myst
ri
ng)
Output
:
hel
lo
hel
lo
Don'tworr
yaboutapostrophes

Thediffer
encebet weent hetwoisthatusi
ngdoubl equot esmakesiteasytoincl
ude
apostr
ophes( whereasthesewouldter
minat
et hest
ringifusingsi
ngl
equotes)
Thereareaddi t
ionalv
ariati
onsondefi
ningst
ringsthatmakei teasi
ertoincl
udethi
ngs
suchascar r
iageretur
ns,backsl
ashesandUnicodecharacters.

EscapeChar
act
er:

Toi
nser
tchar
act
erst
hatar
eil
l
egal
inast
ri
ng,
useanescapechar
act
er.

Anescapechar
act
eri
sabacksl
ash\f
oll
owedbyt
hechar
act
ery
ouwantt
oinser
t.

Anexampleofani
l
legal
char
act
eri
sadoubl
equot
einsi
deast
ri
ngt
hati
ssur
roundedby
doubl
equotes:

t
xt="
Wear
etheso-
cal
l
ed"
Viki
ngs"f
rom t
henor
th.
"

Tofi
xt hi
spr
obl
em,uset
heescapechar
act
er\
",Ot
herescapechar
act
ersusedi
n
Py
thon:

\
' Si
ngl
eQuot
e

\
\ Backsl
ash

\
n NewLi
ne

\
r Car
ri
ageRet
urn

\
t Tab

\
b Backspace

\
f For
m Feed

\
ooo Oct
alv
alue
 \
xhh Hexv
alue

Si
mpl
eoper
ator
scanbeexecut
edonnumber
sandst
ri
ngs:

Code:
one=1
two=2
thr
ee=one+t wo
pri
nt(thr
ee)
hel
lo=" hell
o"
world=" worl
d"
hel
lowor l
d=hello+""+wor
ld
pri
nt(hel
loworl
d)

Out
put
:
hel
l
owor
ld

Mi
xi
ngoper
ator
sbet
weennumber
sandst
ri
ngsi
snotsuppor
ted:

Code:
one=1
two=2
hel
lo="hell
o"
pri
nt(
one+t wo+hel
lo)
Output
:
TypeErr
or:
unsuppor
tedoper
andt
ype(
s)f
or+:
'i
nt'
and'
str
'
>>>
#Thi
swi
l
lnotwor
k!

Basi
cOper
ator
s
Thi
ssect
ionexpl
ainshowt
ousebasi
coper
ator
sinPy
thon.

Ar
it
hmet
icOper
ator
s
Justasanyotherpr
ogrammingl
anguages,
theaddi
ti
on,
subt
ract
ion,mul
ti
pli
cat
ion,
and
di
visi
onoper
atorscanbeusedwi
thnumbers.

Exampl
e1:
Code:
number=1+2*3/4.
0
pri
nt(
number
)

Out
put:
2.
5
Exampl
e2:
Code:
number=1+2*3/4.
0
pri
nt(
number
)

Out
put:
2.
5

Anotheroperatoravail
ableisthe modul
o(%)operat
or,whi
ch r
etur
ns t
he i
nteger
remainderoft
hedivi
sion.di
vi
dend%divi
sor=r
emai
nder.

Code:
squared=7* *2
cubed=2* *3
pri
nt(
squared)
pri
nt(
cubed)

Out
put
:

49
8

Usi
ngOper
ator
swi
thSt
ri
ngs
Py
thonsuppor
tsconcat
enat
ingst
ri
ngsusi
ngt
headdi
ti
onoper
ator
:

Code:
lot
sofhel
los="hel
l
o"*10
pri
nt(
lot
sofhel
l
os)

Out
put
:

hel
l
ohel
l
ohel
l
ohel
l
ohel
l
ohel
l
ohel
l
ohel
l
ohel
l
ohel
l
o

Rel
ati
onal
/Compar
isonOper
ator
s
Relat
ionaloperat
orsaresymbolsthatperf
orm operat
ionsondataandretur
nar esul
tas
true orf al
se depending on the comparison condit
ions.Thus,they are cer
tain
funct
ionali
ti
esthatdosomet hi
ngwithyourvari
abl
es.Thef oll
owi
ngtabl
egivesyoualist
ofalltherel
ati
onaloper
ator
s:

Rel
ati
onal Meani
ng Exampl
e
Operator

> Gr
eat
ert
han Code:
x=5
 y=3
pr
int(x>y)
Output:
#returnsTr
uebecause5i
sgr
eat
ert
han3
< Lesst
han Code:
x=5
y=3
pr
int(
x<y )
Output:
#returnsFal
sebecause5i
snotl
esst
han
3
>= Gr
eat
ert
hanorequal Code:
to x=5
y=3
pr
int(
x>=y)
Output:
#retur
nsTr
uebecausef
ivei
sgr
eat
ert
han
3

<= Lesst
hanorequal
to Code:
x=5
y=3
pri
nt(
x<=y )
Output:
#r et
urnsFalsebecause5i
snei
therl
ess
thanorequalto3
== Equal
s Code:
x=5
y=3
pr
int(x==y)
Output:
#returnsFal
sebecause5i
snotequal
to3
!= Notequal
to Code:
x=5
y=3
pr
int(x!=y)
Output:
#returnsTruebecause5i
snotequal
to3

Rel
ati
onal
oper
ator
scanbeusedt
ocompar
enumber
saswel
lasst
ri
ngs.

Fi
ndt
heOut
putoff
oll
owi
ngcode:

Code:
x=10
y=12
 #Output
:x>yisFal
se
pr
int
('
x>yis'
,
x>y)

#Output
:x<yisTrue
pr
int
('
x<yis'
,
x<y)

#Output
:x==yisFal
se
pr
int
('
x==yis'
,
x==y)

#Output
:x!
=yisTrue
pr
int
('
x!=yi
s'
,x!
=y)

#Output
:x>=yisFalse
pr
int
('
x>=yis'
,
x>=y)

#Output
:x<=yisTrue
pr
int
('
x<=yis'
,
x<=y)

Output:
x>yi sFalse
x<yi sTrue
x==yi sFalse
x!=yisTr ue
x>=yi sFalse
x<=yi sTrue

Logi
calOper
ator
s
Logi
caloper
ator
sareusedt ocombi
necondit
ionalst
atementsi.
e.thetr
ueorfalse
val
uesofvar
iabl
es(
orexpr
essi
ons)
.Thr
eel
ogicaloper
atorsar
eavai
labl
einPyt
hon:

Oper
ator Descri
pti
o Exampl
e
n

and Retur
ns Code:
True if x=5
both pr
int(x>3andx<10)
stat
ement
s
aretr
ue Output:
#returnsTr
uebecause5i
sgr
eat
ert
han3AND5i
slesst
han
10

or Retur
ns Code:
Trueifone x=5
of the pr
int(
x>3orx<4)
st
atements Output:
 i
str
ue #ret
urnsTr
uebecauseoneofthecondit
ionsar
etr
ue(
5is
gr
eatert
han3,
but5isnotlessthan4)

not Rev erse Code:

the r esult
, x=5
returns pr
int(not
(x>3andx<10) )
Falsei fthe
result i s Output:
true #returnsFal
sebecausenoti
susedt
orev
erset
her
esul
t

Fi
ndt
heout
putoff
oll
owi
ngcode:

Code:
x=True
y=False
pr
int
('
xandyis'
,xandy)
pr
int
('
xoryi
s',
xory )
pr
int
('
notxi
s'
,notx)

Output
:
xandyisFalse
xoryisTrue
notxisFal
se

Basi
cSt
ri
ngOper
ati
ons
St
ri
ngsar
ebi
tsoft
ext
.Theycanbedef
inedasany
thi
ngbet
weenquot
es:

Code:
astr
ing=" Hell
oworl
d!"
pri
nt("si
nglequot
esare''
"
)
pr
int
(len(ast
ri
ng))

Out
put
:

si
ngl
equot
esar
e''
12

Thatpri
ntsout12,because"
Hel
l
owor
ld!
"is12char
act
ersl
ong,i
ncl
udi
ngpunct
uat
ion
andspaces.

Code:
ast
ring=" Hel
l
owor l
d!"
pri
nt(ast
ri
ng.i
ndex
("o"
))

Out
put
:

4
Thatprintsout4,becauset helocationoft hef i
rstoccurrenceoft helet
ter"
o"is4
charact
ersawayf rom t hefir
stcharacter.Noti
cehow t hereareactuall
ytwoo'sinthe
phrase-thismet hodonl yrecogni
zesthef ir
st.
Butwhydi dn'titprintout5?I sn'
t"o"t hefif
thcharacterinthestri
ng?Tomaket hi
ngs
mor esi
mpl e,Python( andmostot herpr ogr
ammi nglanguages)star
tthingsat0i
nstead
of1.Sot heindexof" o"is4.

Code:
ast
ring=" Hel
loworld!
"
pri
nt(ast
ri
ng.count
("
l")
)
Output
:
3
Code:
ast
ring=" Hel
loworl
d!"
pri
nt(ast
ri
ng[3:
7])

Out
put
:

l
ow

Thispri
ntsasli
ceoft
hestr
ing,st
art
ingatindex3,
andendi
ngatindex6.Butwhy6and
not7?Again,mostpr
ogr
ammi nglanguagesdothi
s-itmakesdoingmathinsi
det
hose
bracket
seasier
.

Ifyoujusthaveonenumberinthebrackets,i
twil
lgiveyouthesingl
echaracteratthat
i
ndex.Ifyouleaveoutt
hefir
stnumberbutkeept hecol
on,itwi
llgiv
ey ouasl i
cefrom
thestartt
othenumberyoulefti
n.I
fy ouleaveoutthesecondnumber ,
itwi
llgiveyoua
sli
cefrom t
hefir
stnumbert
otheend.

Youcanev enputnegati
venumber
sinsi
det
hebracket
s.Theyar
eaneasywayof
star
tingattheendofthest
ringi
nst
eadoft
hebeginni
ng.Thi
sway,-
3means"
3rd
charact
erf
rom t
heend"
.

Code:
astr
ing="Ameri
can!"
pr
int
(ast
ri
ng[
3:7:
2])

Out
put
:

r
c

Thi
spr i
ntsthecharact
ersofthestr
ingfr
om 3t o7ski ppi
ngonechar
act
er.Thi
sis
ext
endedsli
cesynt
ax.Thegeneral
for
mi s[
star
t:
stop:
step]
.
 Code:
ast
ring=" Hel
loworld!
"
pri
nt(ast
ri
ng[3:
7])
pri
nt(ast
ri
ng[3:
7:1]
)

Out
put
:

l
ow
l
ow

Not
ethatbot
hoft
hem pr
oducesameout
put

Butwi
tht
heabov
ement
ionedt
ypeofsl
i
cesy
ntaxy
oucaneasi
l
yrev
erseast
ri
ngl
i
ke
thi
s

Code:
astri
ng="Hel
lowor
ld!
"
print(
ast
ri
ng[:
:
-1]
)
Output
:
!
dlrowoll
eH

Code:
ast
ring=" Hel
loworl
d!"
pri
nt(ast
ri
ng.upper
())
pri
nt(ast
ri
ng.l
ower()
)
Output
:
HELLOWORLD!
hel
lowor l
d!

These make a new st

ri
ng wi
th al
llet
ter
sconv
ert
ed t
o upper
caseand l
ower
case,
respect
ivel
y.

Code:
astri
ng=" Hel
loworld!"
pri
nt(ast
ri
ng.star
tswith(
"Hel
lo"
))
pri
nt(ast
ri
ng.endswith("
asdf
asdfasdf
"))
Output
:
True
False

Thi
sisused to deter
minewhethert
hestr
ing st
artswi
thsomethi
ng orendswith
somet
hing,r
espect
ivel
y.Thef
ir
stonewil
lpr
intTrue,ast
hestr
ingst
art
swith"Hel
l
o".
Thesecondonewi
l
lpr
intFal
se,
ast
hest
ri
ngcer
tai
nlydoesnotendwi
th"
asdf
asdf
asdf
".

Code:
astr
ing=" Hel
l
owor ld!"
afewwor ds=astr
ing.spl
it
(""
)
pri
nt(afewwords)
Output
:
['
Hell
o',
'worl
d!'
]

Thisspli
tst
hestri
ngintoabunchofstri
ngsgroupedtogetherinali
st.Sincethi
s
examplespl
i
tsataspace,t
hef
ir
sti
tem i
nthel
istwi
llbe"
Hello",andt
hesecondwil
lbe
"worl
d!"
.

Example:
Progr
am tofindsi
mpleint
erestforagivenpri
nci
pal
amount
,ti
meandrateofi
nter
est
.
Si
mpleinter
estfor
mulaisgivenby :
Si
mpleInter
est=(PxTxR) /100
Where,Pisthepri
nci
pleamount, Tist
het i
meand,Rist
her
ateofi
nter
est

Code:
p=3000
r=7
t=1

pr
int
('
Thepri
ncipalis'
,p)
pr
int
('
Theti
meper iodis',t
)
pr
int
('
Therat
eofi nter
estis',
r)
si
=(p*t*r )
/100
pr
int
('
TheSimpleInterestis'
,si
)

Out
put
:

Thepri
nci
palis3000
Theti
meperiodis1
Therat
eofinter
esti
s7
TheSimpl
eInter
esti
s210

Taki
ngi
nputf
rom user
:
i
nput():Thi sfunct
ionfir
sttakestheinputfr
om theuserandthenevaluat
est he
expressi
on,whichmeansPy thonautomati
cal
lyi
dent
ifi
eswhethert
heuserentereda
str
ingoranumberorl i
st.I
ftheinputpr
ovi
dedisnotcorr
ectt
heneit
hersy
ntaxerroror
excepti
onisrai
sedbypython.
 Code:

#Py t
honpr ogr
am showingauseofi
nput
()
val=input(
"Ent
eryourvalue:
")
pri
nt(
v al
)

Out
put
:

Ent
ery
ourv
alue:
123

Example:
Progr
am takesatemperat
ureindegr
eeCel
siusandconv
ert
siti
ntodegr
eeFahr
enhei
t.
Theyarerel
atedbyt
heformula:

cel
sius*1.
8=f
ahr
enhei
t-32

Code:
#Py
thonPr
ogr
am t
oconv
ertt
emper
atur
eincel
siust
ofahr
enhei
t

celsius=i nput("
Entert
emperatureinCel
sius:
")
#gi vei nputas37. 5
#cal cul at
ef ahrenhei
t
fahrenhei t=( celsi
us*1.8)+32
pri
nt( celsius’degreeCelsi
usisequalto’
)
pri
nt( fahrenheit’degr
eeFahrenheit
’)

Out
put
:

Entert
emperatureinCel
sius:
(gi
vevalueas37.5)
37.
5degr eeCelsi
usisequalt
o99.
5degr
eeFahr
enhei
t

Quest
ionandAnswer:
1.WhatisPython?Whatarethebenefi
tsofusi
ngPy
thon?
2.Whataretheappli
cat
ionsofPython?
3.Wri
tet
hedi
ffer
encebetween‘
+’i
nari
thmet
icoper
atorandst
ri
ng.
4.Howdoyoucommental i
neinpy
thon?
5.Whati
sastr
inginPyt
hon?
6.Howdoyouconcatenateastri
nginpy t
hon?
7.Whati
stheoutputofpri
ntstri
f,st
r='HelloWor l
d!'
?
8.Howwil
lyouconvertastri
ngtoalluppercase?
9.Howwil
lyougetthelengthofthestr
ing?
10.
Howdoyoutakeinputfrom t
heuserinPy thon?
Codei
tup:
1.Wri
teapythoncodet opri
ntyournameandaddr ess.
2.Wri
teapythoncodet oaddthreenumbers,taki
ngt hev aluefrom t
heuser.
3.Wri
teapythonpr ogr
am tofi
ndt heareaofasquar e,takingthevalueofthesi
de
ofasquar
ef r
om theuser.
4.Wri
tetheprogram i
npythontoswapt wonumber s.
5.Wri
teaprogram toaddyourfi
rstandthelastnameandpr intthef
ullname.
6.Wri
teaprogram inpyt
hontofindtheareaofar ectangle.
7.Wri
tetheprogram i
npythontofindt
hear eaofaci rcle.
8.Wri
teaprogram inpyt
hontofindthelengthofast ringgiven.
9.Wri
teaprogram inpyt
hontofindwhetherthegiv ennumberi soddoreven.
10.
Wri
teaprogram inpyt
hontofindtheareaofat ri
angl e.

Pr
oject
:

Makeasi
mpl
ecal
cul
atorpr
ogr
am i
npy
thon.