Verrou
Verrou
Available online at
ScienceDirect
www.sciencedirect.com
Guidelines
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 22 December 2020
Accepted 3 February 2021
Available online 9 February 2021
1. English version the other venous axes. Given patient comorbidities (antineoplastic
chemotherapy-induced thrombopenia, hemostasis disorders and
1.1. Positioning of the issue, field of application and existing the prolonged periods during which patients depend on catheters),
guidelines their removal is not always easy. In the event of LTIVC-related
infection, “conservative” treatment may under certain conditions
Over recent years, the use of long-term intravenous catheters be contemplated, using an antibiotic lock. Conservative treatment
(LTIVC) has increased, and related infections constitute frequent is aimed at treating the infection and eradicating catheter coloniza-
and fearful complications, which are responsible for major mor- tion without having the device removed.
bidity in frail patients, especially those treated by antineoplastic The objective of this recommendation is to address and answer
chemotherapy and/or receiving parenteral nutrition. The refer- the question: “How and when is it possible to implement curative
ence treatment for catheter-related infection is catheter removal antibiotic-lock treatment in the context of LTIVC-related infections
associated with systemic antibiotherapy [1]. However, catheters in adults and children?” The field of application of this recom-
are often of precious assistance due to venous capital’s being mendation excludes dialysis catheters, PICC-Line◦ and Mid-Line◦ .
altered by thrombosis history or the extrinsic compressions of The long-term catheters included are consequently tunneled and
totally implantable venous access ports. The role of locks in the pre-
vention of LTIVC-related infections will not be considered here; it
∗ Corresponding author. shall rather be the subject of a specific recommendation.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idnow.2021.02.004
2666-9919/© 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Infectious Diseases Now 51 (2021) 236–246
After having provided some definitions, we will consider the 1.4. Indication and non-indication for antibiotic locks
indications (and non-indications) for antibiotic locks, the stabil-
ity data, the need (or the absence of need) to associate systemic 1.4.1. Argumentation
antibiotic treatment, and the monitoring of effectiveness by apply- In the event of an LTIVC-related infection, the following sit-
ing criteria defining failure of conservative treatment as well as uations necessitate catheter removal: local complication (tunnel
those allowing LTIVC reuse. Given the low number of publications infection or port-pocket infection), whether loco-regional (septic
on the subject and the absence of randomized studies leading to thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, osteoarticular infection) or sys-
solidly established conclusions, the recommendations presented temic (sepsis or septic shock) [1,5].
here have a low level of evidence, and may be viewed as “expert Given a high rate of failure in conservative treatment (45 to 90 %)
opinions”. and high attributable mortality and increased risk of hematogenous
complications [6–8], S. aureus and Candida spp. necessitate catheter
removal. That said, in the event of S. aureus or Candida spp. infection,
1.2. Rationale under exceptional circumstances a conservative treatment may be
considered (palliative care) [9]. In the event of polymicrobial infec-
The intraluminal colonization of LTIVCs and the ensuing infec- tion, the opinion of the referring infectologist is required.
tion are accompanied by biofilm formation on the inner side of the In the event of Gram-negative bacilli infection (including Pseu-
catheter. Bacteria embedded in biofilms are difficult if not impossi- domonas aeruginosa), a prospective study published after the
ble to eradicate by means of standard systemic antibiotic therapy. updating of the IDSA guidelines [1] suggested the feasibility of con-
In order to kill not only the sessile bacteria present in the biofilm, servative treatment, with a success rate exceeding 90 % [10]. Two
but also the free-living or planktonic bacteria, antibiotic concentra- more recent retrospective studies reported success rates of 75 and
tions must be at least 100 times as high as the minimum inhibitory 86 % under comparable conditions [11,12]. Caution nevertheless
concentration (MIC) of the microorganisms. An antibiotic lock is remains called for, particularly over the course of antineoplastic
based on the administration of highly concentrated antibiotic in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, during which LTIVC removal
the catheter lumen, the objective being to sterilize the device. may be discussed.
Even though it does not necessarily represent an absolute con-
traindication to conservative treatment, the presence of implanted
1.3. Definitions device (cardiac valve, pacemaker, articular or vascular prosthesis)
necessitates the opinion of the referring infectologist.
Positive repeat blood cultures: at least 2 positive blood cul- Once the decision to remove the LTIVC has been made, installa-
tures (at least one out of the two blood bottles by pair) of the tion of an antibiotic lock is unnecessary and may even negativize
same microorganism (same species, same antibiotic susceptibility the bacteriological LTIVC culture.
testing).
LTIVC colonization: presence of microorganism in the blood
cultures systematically sampled from the LTIVC, but not in the con- Recommendation:
comitantly sampled blood cultures from the peripheral vein AND
absence of systemic (fever, shivering, sepsis) or local signs of infec- • R1. In the event of LTIVC-related infection, the fol-
tion. As for commensal bacteria of the skin (coagulase-negative lowing situations require LTIVC removal: local (tunnel
staphylococci or Corynebacterium spp. . . .), “positive repeat blood infection or port-pocket infection), locoregional (septic
cultures” are necessary in order to distinguish contaminated blood thrombophlebitis) or systemic (sepsis or septic shock, sep-
culture bottles from LTIVC colonization. tic emboli, endocarditis, osteoarticular infection) infection,
S. aureus or Candida spp. infection.
Probable LTIVC-related infection: presence of bacteria (or
• R2. Utilization of a curative antibiotic lock represents
yeasts) in the blood cultures sampled from the LTIVC, but not in
an option for the treatment of uncomplicated coagulase-
the concomitantly sampled blood cultures from the peripheral vein negative staphylococci or Enterococcus spp. LTIVC-related
AND presence of systemic signs of infection, in the absence of any infection.
other symptomology or local signs of infection. • R3. Utilization of a curative antibiotic lock can also be con-
LTIVC-related bloodstream infection (or fungemia): presence of sidered as treatment of an uncomplicated enterobacterial or
bacteria (or yeasts) in the blood cultures sampled from the LTIVC P. aeruginosa LTIVC-related infection.
and in the concomitantly sampled blood cultures from the periph- • R4. Utilization of a probabilistic antibiotic lock (without pos-
eral veins AND presence of general signs of infection. The blood itive blood culture) is not recommended.
• R5. Once the decision to remove the LTIVC has been made,
cultures sampled from the LTIVC must be positive at least 2 h before
an antibiotic lock must not be used.
the blood cultures sampled from the peripheral vein. This diagnos-
tic approach is associated with low negative and positive predictive
values for Candida spp. and Staphylococcus aureus [2–4]
Continuous antibiotic lock: injection into the catheter lumen of
a highly concentrated antibiotic, left in place 24/24 h. The LTIVC is 1.5. Practical modalities
consequently not used throughout the antibiotic lock treatment.
Intermittent antibiotic lock: After 72 hours using the continuous 1.5.1. Argumentation
antibiotic lock, the antibiotic solution is left in place in the LTIVC No study has assessed the effectiveness of antibiotic lock
lumen part of the time (at least 12/24 hours), the objective being therapy according to its practical modalities. The majority of
to permit alternate administration of other products, particularly prospective studies have reported conservative treatment of a
parenteral nutrition. duration ranging from 7 to 14 days (10 to 14 days, in most cases),
Dynamic vancomycin lock therapy by means of continuous per- and patients could be included if they received at least 8 to 12 h of
fusion of vancomycin through the LTIVC. The internal catheter antibiotic lock, every 24 h [6,10,13–16].
lumen remains in constant contact with an antibiotic concentration Several authors have proposed less frequent changing of the
at least 100 times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentra- locks (every 48–72 h), the objective being to simplify patient man-
tion (MIC). agement, and their success rates were comparable [10]. The experts
237
Infectious Diseases Now 51 (2021) 236–246
considered that in the present-day state of knowledge, maximum 1.5.1.4. What is the total duration of an antibiotic lock in conservative
duration of 48 h was reasonable. treatment of a LTIVC-related infection?.
Considering patients dependent on parenteral nutrition, an
“alternating” protocol can be proposed, after 72 h of treatment and
in the event of clinical improvement: 12 h of parenteral nutrition in
the LTIVC, followed by 12 h of antibiotic lock; this strategy allows
for outpatient treatment with expert nurses [10]. Recommendation:
In the event of conservative treatment, management of the
• R10. Practical modalities of antibiotic locks are depicted on
Huber needle is the same as in treatment of a patient undergo-
Fig. 1
ing continuous LTIVC perfusion; the needle can be left in place for
7 consecutive days before being changed [17].
When there is no possible peripheral venous route and when an
oral relay is no possible, an alternative strategy can be proposed: 1.5.1.5. How should antibiotic lock be performed?.
the dynamic lock. The principle of this strategy consists in continu-
ous perfusion through the LTIVC of a highly concentrated antibiotic
in an electrical syringe. Given the difficulties in peripheral venous
approach, this method is widely used in pediatrics with vancomycin
Recommendation:
[9].
• R11. Intermittent lock should be performed as continuous
lock but the dwelling period is limited in time (12 h minimum
rather than 24 h).
Recommendation:
Recommendation:
1.5.1.7. How can a dynamic vancomycin antibiotic lock be per-
• R7. After 72 h de treatment and in the event of clinical formed?.
improvement, an intermittent lock may be possible, pro-
vided that the LTIVC is the single vascular access and when
it is indispensable (patient depending exclusively on par- 1.6. Choice of the antibiotic lock solution according to bacterial
enteral nutrition. . .). Some teams utilize this type of lock, identification
even though no published study attests to its effectiveness.
1.6.1. Argumentation
Taking into account the available stability data, the experts con-
1.5.1.2. When should the intermittent lock be considered?. sider that the antibiotics proposed above are stable at 37◦ for 48 h
[18–24]
In the event of systemic administration, an association of
heparin with the lock solution presents a risk of anticoagulant over-
Recommendation: dose, particularly in children. Moreover, in the literature there are
no clear and convincing data on its usefulness in terms of improved
• R8. A dynamic lock may be considered in situations neces- diffusion of the antibiotic in the intra-luminal bacterial biofilm [25].
sitating systemic vancomycin treatment and in the absence Considering sodium citrate, there are not enough data in the lit-
of any other vascular access.
erature to justify recommendations of its association with curative
antibiotic locks.
238
Infectious Diseases Now 51 (2021) 236–246
Fig. 1. Practical modalities of antibiotic locks *. * In pediatrics the volume varies according to the catheter in place, which depends on the child’s weight.
Table 1
R13 : choice of antibiotic and means of preparation of the lock.
Bacteria Antibiotic Solvent Solvent dilution Final concentration Lock volume* Stability
reconstitution
1.7. What are the indications for concomitant systemic antibiotic IDSA recommendation does not take into account the patient’s clin-
therapy? ical status. Some authors have proposed as a criterium: “probable
catheter-related infection in the event of (unexplained) fever, asso-
1.7.1. Argumentation ciated with multiple positive catheter-drawn blood cultures but
In the 2009 IDSA guidelines, a “catheter colonization” is defined with negative blood cultures drawn form a peripheral vein” [26].
by multiple positive catheter-drawn blood cultures, with negative In 21 cases of catheter colonization (no fever) by coagulase-
blood cultures drawn form a peripheral vein. The therapeutic con- negative staphylococci or gram-negative bacilli, a recent retrospec-
sequence consists in treating patients by means of antibiotic locks tive study credits this strategy with a 90 % success rate (lock alone,
(10–14 days), without concomitant systemic treatment [1]. The without systemic antibiotherapy) [12].
239
Infectious Diseases Now 51 (2021) 236–246
Recommendation:
Recommendation :
• R24. The criteria allowing LTIVC reutilization are:
• R18. In the event of LTIVC colonization, whatever the iden-
◦ apyrexia
tified microorganism, it is possible to propose treatment by
◦ no local signs of infection around the LTIVC
means of antibiotic lock alone, without systemic antibiotic
◦ blood cultures sampled at end of treatment (D11), negative
therapy, for 10 days.
at 48 h (D13)
• R19. In the event of probable LTIVC-related coagulase-
◦ with intermittent lock, see recommendation R7.
negative staphylococci or Enterococcus spp. infection, it
remains possible to propose treatment by means of antibi-
otic lock alone for 10 days. However:
◦ In case of febrile neutropenia, a majority of expert panel
members adjudicate in favor of adding systemic antibiotic Contribution of work group members
therapy active against the identified microorganism.
◦ In case of persistent fever 48 h after initiation of the above
*Manuscript writing and proofreading
strategy and/or appearance of positive blood cultures
**Manuscript proofreading
drawn form a peripheral vein, adding systemic antibi-
otic therapy active against the identified microorganism is Work group members “Sous les Verrous Study Group”:
required. Albert Odile **:
• R20. In case of probable LTIVC-related Gram-negative bacilli Infirmière à l’Unité Cathéter. Hôpital saint Louis. Paris. France.
infection, treatment should be similar to treatment of LTIVC- Bonnet Eric *:
related bloodstream infection (systemic antibiotic therapy is Équipe Mobile d’Infectiologie. Hôpital Joseph Ducuing. Clinique
mandatory). Pasteur. Clinique Médipôle Garonne. Toulouse. France.
• R21. In case of LTIVC-related bloodstream infection, what- Cassard Bruno *:
ever the identified microorganism, systemic antibiotherapy Service de Pharmacie, GHSIF, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Île-de-
is mandatory.
France. Melun. France.
Chambrier Cécile **:
Service de Nutrition Clinique Intensive. Centre Labellisé de
Nutrition Parentérale à Domicile. Hôpital Lyon Sud. Hospices civils
1.8. Lock failure criteria (=indication for LTIVC removal) de Lyon. France.
Charmillon Alexandre *:
Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales. Hôpital Brabois.
CHRU Nancy. France.
Recommendation: Diamantis Sylvain *:
Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales. GHSIF, Groupe
• R22. A single criteria is required to define failure: Hospitalier Sud Ile de France. Melun. France.
◦ On D4 of antibiotic treatment: Fever considered as related Gachot Bertrand *:
to the LTIVC-related infection and/or persistent positive Unité de Pathologie Infectieuse. Département Interdisci-
blood culture(s), whatever the sampling site, with the same plinaire d’Organisation des Parcours Patients. Hôpital universitaire
microorganism as initially identified. Gustave-Roussy. Cancer Campus – Grand Paris. France.
◦ Positive blood culture(s), whatever the sampling site, with Mathieu Lafaurie * :
the same microorganism as initially identified, 24 h of more
SMIT. Responsable de l’U2i (Unité d’intervention en infectiolo-
after the end of antibiotic treatment.
◦ Appearance during or after the lock treatment of secondary gie). Hôpital saint Louis. Paris. France.
septic localizations (endocarditis, septic emboli . . .). Lebeaux David *:
Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris. Service de Microbiologie,
Unité Mobile d’Infectiologie, AP–HP, Hôpital européen Georges-
Pompidou. Paris. France.
240
Infectious Diseases Now 51 (2021) 236–246
241
Infectious Diseases Now 51 (2021) 236–246
Recommandation :
242
Infectious Diseases Now 51 (2021) 236–246
Recommandation :
Recommandation :
• R13. Choix antibiotique et modalités de préparation du ver-
• R9. La durée totale du traitement conservateur incluant des rou* : Tableau 1.
verrous continus d’antibiotique du CIVLD est de 10 jours.
2.5.2.3. Quelle est la durée totale du verrou d’antibiotique pour le *Il existe d’autres alternatives antibiotiques qui ne seront pas
traitement conservateur d’une infection liée à un CIVLD ?. détaillées par souci de simplicité.
Recommandation : Recommandation :
• R10. Modalités pratiques de réalisation des verrous antibio- • R14. Nous recommandons, compte tenu des volumes morts
tiques (Fig. 1) des « CIVLD », un volume de verrou antibiotique d’environ
3 mL. Ce volume est à adapter en fonction des dispositifs
utilisés notamment en pédiatrie où les volumes morts sont
2.5.2.4. Quelle sont les modalités de réalisation d’un verrou plus faibles. Pour plus d’informations, se référer à la fiche
d’antibiotique ?. technique du dispositif médical utilisé.
• R15. La concentration privilégiée pour le verrou de van-
comycine est celle de 12.5 mg/mL, qui comparativement à
celle à 5 mg/mL, permet une seule manipulation minimisant
ainsi le risque d’erreur, tout en ayant une concentration intra-
Recommandation : luminale plus élevée.
• R16. Nous ne recommandons pas l’association d’héparine
• R11. La réalisation du verrou intermittent est la même que ou de citrate de sodium à la solution verrou.
le verrou continu mais sa durée de maintien est réduite (12 h • R17. Nous recommandons afin de sécuriser les pratiques,
au minimum sur 24 h). l’intégration au sein du logiciel de prescription médicale,
de protocoles spécifiques avec l’ensemble des informations
nécessaires à la préparation, à la mise en place et au renou-
2.5.2.5. Quelle sont les modalités de réalisation d’un verrou vellement des verrous d’antibiotiques.
d’antibiotique intermittent ?.
Recommandation :
243
Infectious Diseases Now 51 (2021) 236–246
Fig. 1. Modalités pratiques de réalisation des verrous antibiotiques*. *En pédiatrie le volume n’est pas le même selon le type de KT en place qui dépend du poids de l’enfant.
Tableau 1
R13. Choix antibiotique et modalités de préparation du verrou : Tableau 1.
2.8. Critères d’échec des verrous (=indication à l’ablation du Équipe mobile d’infectiologie. Hôpital Joseph Ducuing. Clinique
CIVLD) : Pasteur. Clinique Médipôle Garonne. Toulouse. France.
Cassard Bruno * :
2.9. Surveillance des patients traités par verrous d’antibiotique Service de pharmacie, GHSIF, groupe hospitalier Sud Île-de-
France. Melun. France.
2.10. Critères de réutilisation du CIVLD Chambrier Cécile ** :
Service de nutrition clinique intensive. Centre labellisé de nutri-
tion parentérale à domicile. Hôpital Lyon Sud. Hospices civils de
Lyon. France.
Contributions des membres du groupe de travail
Charmillon Alexandre * :
Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales. Hôpital Brabois.
*Rédaction et relecture du manuscrit.
CHRU Nancy. France.
** relecture du manuscrit.
Diamantis Sylvain * :
Membres du groupe de travail « Sous les Verrous Study Group » :
Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales. GHSIF, groupe
Albert Odile ** :
hospitalier Sud Île-de-France. Melun. France.
Infirmière à l’unité Cathéter. Hôpital Saint-Louis. Paris. France.
Gachot Bertrand * :
Bonnet Eric * :
244
Infectious Diseases Now 51 (2021) 236–246
Recommandation : Recommandation :
• R18. En cas de colonisation du CIVLD, quel que soit le • R23. La surveillance des patients traités par verrous
microorganisme identifié, il est possible de proposer un d’antibiotique doit être :
traitement par verrou antibiotique seul (c’est à dire sans ◦ Clinique : température, signes généraux d’infection, com-
antibiothérapie systémique) durant 10 jours. plications locales ou locorégionale (cf. supra).
• R19. En cas d’infection liée au CIVLD probable à staphylo- ◦ Microbiologique (Fig. 2) :
coque à coagulase négative ou à entérocoque, il est possible – une hémoculture sur CIVLD et en périphérie à j4 de ver-
de proposer un traitement par verrou antibiotique seul rous
durant 10 jours. Néanmoins : – une hémoculture sur CIVLD à j11 (lendemain de l’arrêt
◦ En cas de neutropénie fébrile, la majorité du panel des verrous)
d’experts se prononce en faveur de l’adjonction d’une – une hémoculture sur CIVLD juste avant la réutilisation du
antibiothérapie systémique active sur le microorganisme CIVLD
identifié.
◦ En cas de persistance d’une fièvre à 48 h de cette
stratégie et/ou apparition d’hémocultures périphériques
positives, l’adjonction d’une antibiothérapie systémique
active sur le microorganisme identifié est nécessaire. Recommandation :
• R20. En cas d’infection liée au CIVLD probable à bacille à
Gram négatif, il convient de traiter comme une bactériémie • R24. Les critères de réutilisation du CIVLD sont :
liée au CIVLD (antibiothérapie systémique indispensable). • apyrexie
• R21. En cas de bactériémie liée au CIVLD, quel que soit le • CIVLD propre, pas de signes locaux d’infection
microorganisme identifié, une antibiothérapie systémique • hémoculture prélevée en fin de traitement (j11), négative à
est indispensable 48 h (j13)
• En cas de verrou intermittent, se reporter à la recommanda-
tion R7.
Recommandation :
SMIT. Responsable de l’U2i (Unité d’intervention en infectiolo-
• R22. Un seul critère, parmi les suivants, suffit à définir gie). Hôpital Saint-Louis. Paris. France.
l’échec : Lebeaux David * :
• À j4 du traitement par verrous : Fièvre considérée en lien Université de Paris, 75006 Paris. Service de microbiologie,
avec l’infection liée au CIVLD et/ou persistance hémocul- unité mobile d’infectiologie, AP–HP, Hôpital européen Georges-
ture(s) positive(s) (quelqu’en soit le site) au microorganisme Pompidou. Paris. France.
en cause dans l’infection. Lucas Nolwenn ** :
• Hémoculture(s) positive(s) (quel que soit le site de prélève-
Service de réanimation. Département interdisciplinaire
ment) au même microorganisme en cause dans l’infection
d’organisation des parcours patients. Hôpital universitaire
24 h ou plus après la fin du traitement par verrous.
• Apparition au cours ou décours du traitement par verrous de Gustave-Roussy. Cancer Campus–Grand Paris. France.
localisations septiques secondaires (endocardite, emboles Strady Christophe * :
septiques. . .). Cabinet d’infectiologie. Groupe Courlancy. Reims. France.
Toubiana Julie ** :
Infectiologue pédiatre. Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades. Paris
France.
245
Infectious Diseases Now 51 (2021) 236–246
References [13] Del Pozo JL, Alonso M, Serrera A, Hernaez S, Aguinaga A, Leiva J. Effectiveness
of the antibiotic lock therapy for the treatment of port-related enterococci,
[1] Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, Craven DE, Flynn P, O’Grady NP, et al. Clin- Gram-negative, or Gram-positive bacilli bloodstream infections. Diagn Micro-
ical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular biol Infect Dis 2009;63:208–12.
catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of [14] Del Pozo JL, Rodil R, Aguinaga A, Yuste JR, Bustos C, Montero A, et al. Dapto-
America. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1–45. mycin lock therapy for grampositive long-term catheter-related bloodstream
[2] Bouzidi H, Emirian A, Marty A, Chachaty E, Laplanche A, Gachot B, et al. Differ- infections. Int J Clin Pract 2012;66:305–8.
ential time to positivity of central and peripheral blood cultures is inaccurate [15] Fortún J, Grill F, Martín-Dávila P, Blázquez J, Tato M, Sánchez-Corral J,
for the diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus long-term catheter-related sepsis. J et al. Treatment of long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia with
Hosp Infect 2018;99:192–9. antibiotic-lock therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:816–21.
[3] Kaasch AJ, Rieg S, Hellmich M, Kern WV, Seifert H. Differential time to positivity [16] Rijnders BJ, Van Wijngaerden E, Vandecasteele SJ, Stas M, Peetermans WE.
is not predictive for central line-related Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream Treatment of long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia with
infection in routine clinical care. J Infect Dis 2014;68:58–61. antibiotic lock: randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother
[4] Bouza E, Alcalá L, Muñoz P, Martín-Rabadán P, Guembe M, Rodríguez-Créixems 2005;55:90–4.
M, et al. Can microbiologists help to assess catheter involvement in candi- [17] SF2H. Prévention des infections associées aux chambres à cathéter
daemic patients before removal? Clin Microbiol Infect 2013;19:129–35. implantables pour accès veineux. Recommandations profession-
[5] Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, nelles par consensus formalisé d’experts; 2012 [https://www.sf2h.
et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/SF2H recommandations prevention-des-
(Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016;315:801–10. IA-aux-chambres-a-catheter-implantables-pour-acces-veineux-2012.pdf
[6] Fernandez-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Calleja R, Ruiz I, Planes AM, Rodriguez D, (consulté le 18/12/2020)].
et al. Antibiotic-lock therapy for long-term intravascular catheter-related bac- [18] Bookstaver PB, Rokas KE, Norris LB, Edwards JM, Sherertz RJ, Bookstaver PB,
teraemia: results of an open, non-comparative study. J Antimicrob Chemother et al. Stability and compatibility of antimicrobial lock solutions. Am J Health
2006;57:1172–80. Syst Pharm 2013;70:2185–98.
[7] Maya ID, Carlton D, Estrada E, Allon M. Treatment of dialysis catheter-related [19] Battistella M, Vercaigne LM, Cote D, Lok CE. Antibiotic lock: in vitro stability
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with an antibiotic lock: a quality improve- of gentamicin and sodium citrate stored in dialysis catheters at 37 degrees C.
ment report. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;50:289–95. Hemodial Int 2010;14:322–6.
[8] Fowler Jr VG, Justice A, Moore C, Benjamin Jr DK, Woods CW, Camp- [20] Ho PC, Soh H, Lim SM, Yow KL. Stability of extemporaneously prepared gen-
bell S, et al. Risk factors for hematogenous complications of intravascular tamicin ophthalmic solutions. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:1293–4.
catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40: [21] Zhang Y, Trissel LA. Stability of Amikacin Sulfate in AutoDose Infusion System
695–703. Bags. Int J Pharm Compd 2003;7:230–2.
[9] Alby-Laurent F, Lambe C, Ferroni A, Salvi N, Lebeaux D, Le Gouëz M, et al. [22] Wood MJ, Lund R, Beavan M. Stability of vancomycin in plastic syringes
Salvage Strategy for Long-Term Central Venous Catheter-Associated Staphy- measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Clin Pharm Ther
lococcus aureus Infections in Children. Front Pediatr 2019;6:427. 1995;20:319–25.
[10] Funalleras G, Fernández-Hidalgo N, Borrego A, Almirante B, Planes AM, [23] Curti C, Lamy E, Primas N, Fersing C, Jean C, Bertault-Peres P, et al. Stability
Rodríguez D, et al. Effectiveness of antibiotic-lock therapy for long-term studies of five anti-infectious eye drops under exhaustive storage conditions.
catheter-related bacteremia due to Gram-negative bacilli: a prospective obser- Pharmazie 2017;72:741–6.
vational study. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:e129–32. [24] Cote D, Lok CE, Battistella M, Vercaigne L. Stability of trisodium citrate and
[11] Freire MP, Pierrotti LC, Zerati AE, Benites L, da Motta-Leal Filho JM, gentamicin solution for catheter locks after storage in plastic syringes at room
et al. Role of Lock Therapy for Long-Term Catheter-Related Infections temperature. Can J Hosp Pharm 2010;63:304–11.
by Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018;62, [25] Luther MK, Mermel LA, LaPlante KL. Comparison of linezolid and vancomycin
e00569-18. lock solutions with and without heparin against biofilm-producing bacteria.
[12] Zanwar S, Jain P, Gokarn A, Devadas SK, Punatar S, Khurana S, et al. Antibiotic Am J Health Syst Pharm 2017;74:e193–201.
lock therapy for salvage of tunneled central venous catheters with catheter [26] Lebeaux D, Larroque B, Gellen-Dautremer J, Leflon-Guibout V, Dreyer C, Bialek
colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infection. Transpl Infect Dis S, et al. Clinical outcome after a totally implantable venous access port-related
2019;21:e13017. infection in cancer patients: a prospective study and review of the literature.
Medicine 2012;91:309–18.
246