The Intelligent Transportation Systems with

Advanced Technology of Sensor and Network

Muhammad Tanveer Riaz Sheikh Muhammad Aaqib Saeed Ahmad Sundas Amin
2021 International Conference on Computing, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (ICE Cube) | 978-1-6654-0154-8/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICECube53880.2021.9628331

Dept. of Mechanical Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Department of Information

Mechatronics and University of Engineering & Engineering, Security,
Manufacturing Engineering, Technology, Faisalabad University of Sargodha, The Islamia University of
UET Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan Sargodha, Pakistan Bahawalpur
Campus Faisalabad, Pakistan [email protected] [email protected] Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Email: [email protected] [email protected]
Haider Ali Sabir Husnain Sidra Riaz
Dept. of Mechatronics and Dept. of Mechatronics and Department of Physics,
Control Engineering, UET Control Engineering, UET University of Agriculture,
Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabas, Pakistan
Faisalabad, Pakistan Faisalabad, Pakistan Email: [email protected]
Email:
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— At present, the latest technologies in the field of sensor, technologies that can improve vehicle safety. As a result,
computing, and wireless communication technology have allowed technologies that are expected to help automate vehicle
the creation of a wide range of new applications in various fields, operations and remove people from control circuits will greatly
such as the transportation involved in civil and military contribute to improving road safety. To improve security,
operations, intelligence systems, personally used communications,
energy proficiency, and the best utilization of streets, vehicles
industrial and health care automation. Although the mechanical
image of the automobile, since its beginning, does not seem to have will be furnished with keen sensors and figuring and
changed much, the industrial structure is now converging towards correspondence technologies [2]. It will probably construct
the revolution in advanced automation and information independent vehicles to work without any human oversight.
technology. Therefore, the GPS based navigation systems are very Specifically, the defense section has indicated extraordinary
common these days such as; parallel parking driving assistance enthusiasm for this territory to limit workforce misfortunes by
technology, the control system for an adaptive cruise, and warning pulling in staff from risky military regions. Major competitions
system for changing the lane. This advanced technology has a lot sponsored by DARPA help accelerate the development of
of applications in improving the infrastructure of the traffic, like autonomous navigation technology in outside and urban
the automatic collection of toll taxes, monitoring of vehicles, an
environments [3]
early warning system for road accidents, etc. This research work
discusses the supporting technologies and advancement for By the assistance of mechanical robotics specialists from
intelligent transportation systems. Later in this paper, it is verified the Stanford University and Carnegie Mellon University,
that by improving the efficiency and service flexibilities the energy Google can explore independently utilizing vehicles with
consumption and total cost in the transportation system can be
reduced.
cutting edge sensors and incredible registering assets. Sensor
kits include laser scanners, radars, cameras, navigation systems
Keywords— Machine Learning, Sensors and Networks, Intelligent for inertial, wheel-sensors, and finally the GPS [4]. The man-
Transportation, Wireless Networks made intelligence (AI) algorithm incorporates the first
information produced by all the sensors to make a 3-D guide of
I. INTRODUCTION earth, remembering the encompassing vehicles for the street,
Over the past 100 years, innovation in the automotive traffic lights, people on foot attempting to go across the street,
industry has constructed the existing vehicles efficient, and so on. The control programming is answerable for the
powerful, intelligent, easily able to drive and control, reluctant constant age of vehicle security route choices in the
to accidents, energy, and fuel savings and more friendly to the encompassing rush hour gridlock. The driver realizes as far as
environment. However, if several points of view are considered, possible out and about chooses when it is sheltered to switch to
individual vehicles are not the most prudent or viable methods another lane and follows the course controlled by the GPS route
for transportation for individual city vehicles. Considering framework [5], [6].
across the board utilization of individual versatile vehicles in
the city, the present vehicles need adaptability in configuration, II. THE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ITS)
are not worked by particulars, involve a lot of physical size The ITS refers to the comprehensive application of
space, and possess countless streets and parking garages. Future information processing, communication, and control
innovative advancements ought to conquer these difficulties by technology in vehicles and transportation infrastructure. Main
building vehicles with effective electric drive frameworks, components of ITS consist of a collection of information, a
remote correspondences with different vehicles on streets and process that information, integration, and diffusion of
street foundation, and data innovation to improve the route, information, real-time and static information from the onboard
vitality productivity, security, and traffic the board [1]. sensors, satellite data, information about traffic, digital maps,
road sensors, and conditions of weather. Users of ITS involves
In order to reduce accidents, with the support of the
public transport customers, drivers, and business owners who
government and the private sector, some research and
based on them to make informed transportation in accordance
development initiatives are studying how to integrate
978-1-6654-0154-8/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE

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 with conditions of traffic, construction or maintenance on the collect and convey reliable and accurate data about the flow of
road, and the conditions of weather that can affect the time and traffic and road situations. ITS system contains traffic control
safety of transportation [7], [8]. technology, sensors, and communication. Vehicle recognition
and monitoring technology consist on the basis of traffic
From a past decade, a structural design for Internet of
statistics, speed monitoring, occurrence detection, distance
Things (IoT) has attained massive attraction because of the
recognition, motion data collection, and vehicle classification.
large number of applications in biomedical observation,
In this section, we will study its infrastructure technologies
industrial, smart cities, environmental monitoring agriculture,
currently available for roads [12] [13] [14].
and other sections. Figure 1 indicates the structural design of an
IoT application. The Intelligent devices communicates A. Road Sensor Technology
autonomously with each other in background and transfer data
freely. Area of Internet of Things from an individual person to A road sensor is a kind of sensor embedded in the road or
nationwide societies speaks to wide range of issues. basement or fixed on the road. An example explanation of a
road sensor is as follows:
The main advantage of ITS is to reduce the congestion of • When the vehicle tire passes through the rubber hose, the
traffic, which accelerates the issue of population rate, increasing pneumatic streetlight hose pressure sensor sends air
mobility, urbanization, and changing population densities in all pressure shock along with the rubber hose. The pressure
over the world [9]. Congestion increases the travel time, pulse turns off the electrical power connection, which is
consumption of fuel, and pollution in the Air. It also reduces the identified by an instrument.
overall efficiency of the transport infrastructure [10], [11]. • The induction loop vehicle detector (ILVD) detects the
III. ROADWAY ITS TECHNOLOGY occurrence of the conductive metal via introducing an
inductive current into the object. The frequency range of
In order to implement its services effectively, it is the circuit route is from 10 kH to 200 KH and more current
necessary to provide road and vehicle infrastructure, and timely excitation.

Fig. 1. Structural design of an IoT applications

Figure 2: Framework of Internet of Things

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 • The magnetic field sensor is a passive device to identify the effectively implement the most advanced ITS services. This
existence of the metal objects by finding the disturbance of section describes the technologies currently available for
metal objects in the magnetic field of the earth. navigation assistance, lateral path monitoring system, blind-
• A piezoelectric sensor is used to produce electrical energy spot monitoring, drowsy driver alert system, automatic accident
(voltage) when it is subjected to mechanical force or shock. alert systems, sign recognition, collision avoidance, and
adaptive cruise control.
B. Over Roadway Sensor Technology
A. Navigation Assistance
Over the roadway, sensors do not need to be installed
directly on, in, or under the road surface. It is installed on the Navigation assistance based on the series of onboard
center of the road or the side of the road through sensors [15] sensors, which includes speedometer, position, distance, time,
[16]. An example explanation of a road sensor is as follows: compass, arrival time display, and remaining distance, driver's
• The video image processor (VIP) usually contains one or turn indication, and real-time on the spot traffic data. The global
more than one camera, a microprocessor unit used for the positioning system (GPS) has become a basic element of
scan, and to process the images, and software used for navigation assistance. Its process is based on a satellite
inferring images and changing them into traffic movement constellation that provides location, time information, and
information. The video image processor can replace
speed anywhere on the world, with four or more satellites
multiple induction loops on the road, detect vehicles in
multiple lanes, and ultimately reduce maintenance costs. having a clear line of sight. With the latest GPS navigation aids,
• The microwave radar (radio detection and telemetry) you can update maps, get real-time on the spot traffic data, event
utilizes radio beams in the spectrum of microwave (1 GHz news, information about delays, travel and arrival times, and
to 30 GHz) to detect objects, speed, and measure distance. suggest alternative routes [17].
The microwave radar sensor placed on the roadside
transmits radio waves from the ceiling antenna to the road B. The lateral Path Monitoring System
area. It is a driving aid technology that informs the driver if the
• Infrared sensors (IR) classifies into active and passive vehicle leaves the lane without using the turning signal
sensors. It can be used in traffic monitoring applications. correctly. Their system has two types:
The active infrared sensor uses the small power infrared
energy provided by laser-diode in the near-infrared • A system that warns the driver only through visual,
spectrum of 0.851 μm to illuminate the detection area. The auditory or vibration feedback; and
wave returned by moving vehicles is focused on the • Lane leaving warning system and track maintenance
infrared-sensitive receiver through the optical system. By system can use the combination of sensors, involving video
the Use two or more than two infrared beams, lidar is used sensors installed on the back of the windshield, laser
to calculate the vehicle’s velocity by record the time when sensors installed in front of the vehicle, and sensors
the vehicle arrives in the coverage area of every beam. installed on the back of the windshield, which is becoming
Active IR sensors deliver information on the occurrence of the standard for new models [18]. It's useful to warn drivers
vehicles in traffic lights, volumes, speeds, lengths, and when they are distracted or sleepy and are off the lane.
queues. Passive IR sensors identify the energy emitted by
C. The Blind-Spot Monitor
automobile or vehicles, roads, further items in the arena of
vision and the atmosphere without transmitting their Blind-spot monitor sensor is used with a vehicle warning
energy. Passive IR sensors are used to find the number of technology that discovers other vehicles incoming the side and
vehicles, street occupancy recognition, volume, and queue rear blind spots of the vehicle. Visual and auditory signals can
identification. be used as warnings of the system. can be given by. Radar
• The ultrasonic sensors emit energy in the form of sound at sensors and side cameras can be used for the screening of
a frequency range between 25 kHz to 50 kHz above the vehicles in the sightless spot or to quickly approach vehicles
easy to hear a range of human beings. Most of the entering the blind spot [19]. With new automotive technologies
ultrasonic sensors use pulse waveform to measure the or systems, such as the infinity sightless spot intervention
displacement to the lane and vehicle and detect the entrance technology, the system can take precautions by applying brakes
time of the reflected wave from the distance defined by the on the reverse side to keep the vehicle on the right track to avoid
beam-width of the transmitter to the sensor. collision.
• The passive network acoustic sensors use 2-dimensional
network microphones to detect vehicle traffic from D. The Drowsy Driver Alert System
different sources in each vehicle and the sound energy It uses video sensors to observe the movement of eyes and
generated by the interaction between vehicle tires and road. detects symbols of driver drowsiness. Then this sensor sends a
The increase of sound energy detected when the vehicle vibration, audio, or video alert to car drivers to avoid risky
comes to the detection area is treated by the use of the driving conditions. Drowsiness during driving can also be
signal processing unit to create a vehicle occurrence. In identified according to the driver's speed, direction, and lateral
order to reduce interfering, noise from places outer the and longitudinal acceleration. Researches presents that sleepy
recognition area is diminished. passive network acoustic drivers tend to drive erratically, making it difficult to maintain
sensors can find speed and traffic presence. an accurate route in the lane [20]. They make minor driving
IV. I.T.S TECHNOLOGY FOR IN-VEHICLE mistakes, which are often quick and cruel to correct.
In addition to the technology of road sensors described in E. The Automatic Collision Alert System
the earlier section, vehicles need to become more intelligent and
It consists of onboard equipment, such as deploying airbags
provide their vehicle sensors and communication technology to
or other sensors, to identify signs of a collision or accident [21].

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 Once car’s sensor detects an accident, the collision alert system and acting if necessary, to avoid imminent danger on the track.
connects with the call-center and transmits data about the This is an addition of the other protection systems discussed
collision and car’s position. The OnStar cooperation service is above, involving line crossing alert, adaptive cruise control, and
an example of this technology. It is available for general motors blind-spot monitoring. As an example, the predictive radar for
and recently available to the public. In addition to accident ACC can detect whether the vehicle is too close to other
notification, the angel also provides navigation assistance, vehicles ahead and warn or brake the driver to avoid accidents.
remote diagnosis, road rescue, hands-free call, stolen car In addition to onboard different sensors and actuators,
tracking, and vehicle safety. Anji star provides service which is communications with other nearby vehicles and road
based on data communication and CDMA mobile voice. infrastructure management, as well as weather information and
real-time traffic, are used to improve safety and prevent vehicle
F. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
collisions [24].
ACC is the same as the conventional cruise control system
because it keeps a preset vehicle velocity. Though, it can V. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS BETWEEN VEHICLE
automatically alter the velocity for the safe tracking distance. The communication system between vehicles is the new
ACC technology uses predictive radar systems to identify the research area of this technology. Vehicle and road units
speed and distance of vehicles ahead. If the forward-moving communicate efficiently and cooperatively by forming a
vehicle slows down or the radar detects another article, the distributed node network that transmits information through
sensor transmits a signal to the engine controller to slow down radio communication. This radio communication system can
the vehicle. When the track is clear from traffic, VAC work out of the route of sight for the radar and visibility
accelerates the vehicle to return it to the preset speed. The solutions proposed above. In this way, vehicles and this
updated ACC system has been extended to include a collision infrastructure can work together to detect possibly hazardous
alert feature that alerts the driver via visual or audible alerts situations in a longer place and time range [25]. Networked
when a collision/accident is imminent and instant action is automobiles can help to form the basic infrastructure of ITS and
compulsory [22]. deliver numerous application services to improve security and
comfort zone.
G. Sign Recognition
A general trend of introducing a vehicle communication
Sign recognition is an advanced technology composed of system is to use WLAN, which is suitable for vehicle mobile
computation and sensors, which enables vehicles to identify applications. The upcoming IEEE 801.11p is a revision of
signs placed on the road, such as turn, traffic lights, or speed 802.11 to add wireless access to the vehicle environment to
limits. In general, Sign recognition relies on real-time image support it. Improvements involve information interchange
processing and visual sensors to detect and recognize road between mobile vehicles and between vehicles and road
signs. Such a driving assistance system can help the driver to infrastructure in the authorized 5.9 GHz band. One of these
significantly improve driving safety and allow an independent specific technologies is the ad-hoc vehicle network (VANET),
process of intelligent self-propelled robot vehicles [23]. which creates an ad-hoc mobile network by forming nodes with
H. Collision Avoiding System mobile cars and possible roadside units. VANET supports multi
binding wireless communication to support vehicle to
It shows the change in vehicle safety vision of automobile infrastructure, infrastructure to the vehicle, and vehicle to
manufacturers. Traditionally, the focus has been on reducing vehicle communication. A roadmap is shown in Figure 3, that
injuries to people in crashes, such as by providing a stronger contains the technology drivers and key application
vehicle chassis, airbags, and seatbelts. The concern now is on consequences expected in the next decade [5].
avoiding collision with the system. This situation consists of a
system of different sensors on the vehicle warning the driver

Fig. 3. The technological developments in the applications of IoT domains [31]

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 movement of vehicles. It does not need to install external
VI. WIRELESS CONTROL SENSOR NETWORKS IN circuits or pipes or communication and power cables to the
SMART ENVIRONMENT main controlling station.
Due to the high cost of roadside electronic devices to • Dust Networks SmartMesh is shown in figure 4(c). It can
support VANETs, research groups are considering inexpensive reliably detect the real-time status (vacant, occupied, or
complementary technologies. One of the complementary expired) of place for parking. Local authorities can utilize
solutions consists of a wireless sensor network (WSN). The this data for the monitoring of parking spaces in urban
nodes of the wireless self-organized sensor network are usually roads and parking lots, provide real-time parking data for
based on battery-powered, low-cost, energy-saving acquisition, the drivers, and reduce traffic crowding caused by drivers
communication, and processing technologies. These low-power looking for parking spaces. Streetline is a smart parking
nodes can usually run on a pair of AA batteries for many years, solution provider. Using the smart mesh wireless sensor
thus reducing maintenance requirements. Because of its low network solution of dust networks, it has a very low-power
power consumption, and low cost, a high number of road-side IEEE 802.15.4 node, which can run on two AA batteries
WSNs can be placed economically to assist the vehicle for many years.
communication technology [26] .
Installation of wires is the main cost factor for the
installation of road traffic infrastructure and road traffic
monitoring. By using wireless network solutions, installation
and maintenance costs can be significantly reduced. In addition,
the system provides more flexibility by making it easy to
replace and update sensor nodes and to reconfigure the network Fig. 4. (a) Groundhog® G-8 MagMapper Magnetometer and Nu Metrics depth
configuration. The following are some examples of wireless sensor, (b) Sensystm networks vds 240 wireless sensor, (c) Dust Networks
nodes provided by ITS, which can be used in various detection SmartMesh [32]
and monitoring applications: In this section the development comparison for the
• Groundhog® G-8 MagMapper Magnetometer and Nu Intelligent Transportation System with the help of internet of
Metrics depth sensor technology. This magnetometer is things (IoT) is illustrated. Table 1 shows the smart environment
powered by the battery and it is an autonomous wireless which includes subsystems and application domains. From a
sensor, as shown in figure 4(a). It is deployed on the technological perception, their features are briefly listed in this
sidewalk, but it does not need to install external circuits or table. It should be well-known that every sub domain discuss
pipes or communication and power cables to the main about various focus groups and data will be shared between
controlling station. This magnetometer wirelessly sends them. According to their impact zones, these applications
information in a 2.45 Gega Hertz velocity spectrum band domains are gathered. It contains the consequence on different
to a main controlling station located 3 hundred feet away citizens considering well-being and health matters;
from the installation place. transportation system considering its influence on the mobility,
pollution, productivity; and different services in terms of
• Sensystm networks vds 240 wireless sensor technology, as serious community facilities provided and managed by local
shown in figure 4(b), is a 3-axis magnetometer. It is used administration to urban residents.
for the measuring of x, y, and z components of the earth's
magnetic field. It is used to identify the occurrence and
TABLE 1: THE APPLICATION DOMAINS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMART ENVIRONMENT [27]

Application Smart Smart Retail Smart City Smart Smart Water Smart Transport
Domain Home/Office Agriculture/Fores
t
Network size Small Small Medium Medium/Large Large Large
users Very Few, Few, Many, Few, landowners. Few, government Large, general
family community policy Policy makers public
members level makers,
general
public
Energy Rechargeable Rechargeabl Energy Energy Energy Energy harvesting,
Battery e Battery harvesting, harvesting harvesting Rechargeable
Rechargeabl battery
e battery
Internet Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G Wi-Fi, 3G, Wi-Fi, 3G, Wi-Fi, satellite Microwave links, Wi-Fi, satellite
Connectivity LTE, backbone 4G LTE, 4G LTE, communication satellite communication
backbone backbone communication
Data Local Server Local Server Shared Local Server, Shared Server Shared Server
Management Server Shared Server
IoT Devices RFID, WSN Smart Retail RFID, WSN WSN Single Sensors RFID, WSN,
Single Sensors
Bandwidth Small Small Large Medium Medium Medium/Large
requirement
Example Aware Home SAP Future Smart SiSViA GBROOS, A few trial
testbeds Retail center Stantander SEMAT implementations
CitySence [28-30]

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