MATH 1211-01 -AY2025-T5 / Assignment Unit 5 1

Ephraim Owusu-Duah

Departments of Computer Science: University of the People

MATH 1211-01: Calculus

Instructor: Anson Xuan

July 19, 2025

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Question 1: Rolle’s Theorem Verification

Given: f (x)=x2 −5 x +3 on [−2 ,2]

Rolle’s Theorem Conditions

Let f (x) be a function continuous on a closed interval [a, b] differentiable on the open interval

(a ,b) and f (a)=f (b) . Then, there exists at least one point ∈(a , b) such that: f ' (c )=0

Step 1: Check the Three Conditions

Continuity:
2
f ( x )=x −5 x +3 is a polynomial, so it's continuous everywhere.

Differentiability:

All polynomials are differentiable on R, hence differentiable on (-2, 2).

Endpoints Equality:
2
f (−2 )=(−2 ) −5 (−2 ) +3=4 +10+3=17
2
f ( 2 )=( 2 ) −5 ( 2 ) +3=4−10+3=−3

f (−2 ) ≠ f ( 2 ) so, the third condition fails

Conclusion: Since f (−2 ) ≠ f ( 2 ) ,Rolle’s Theorem does not apply. No point c exists such that f'(c)

= 0 under Rolle’s Theorem for the interval [−2,2].

Citation Source: Herman & Strang (2020). Calculus Volume 1, OpenStax – Section 4.2: Rolle’s

Theorem.

Question 2: Mean Value Theorem (MVT) Verification

1
Given: f (x)= on [1, 4]
x

Mean Value Theorem Statement

If a function is:
 MATH 1211-01 -AY2025-T5 / Assignment Unit 5 3

 Continuous on [a , b]

 Differentiable on (a ,b)

Then there exists c ∈(a , b) such that:

f (b)−f ( a)
f ' (c)=
b−a

Step 1: Check Conditions

1. Continuity on [1, 4]:

1
f (x)= is continuous on [1, 4] (no discontinuities in the interval).
x

2. Differentiability on (1 , 4):

' −1
f ( x)= 2 is differentiable on (1 , 4) since derivative exists everywhere in that interval.
x

Since both conditions are satisfied, the MVT applies.

Step 2: Apply the Mean Value Theorem

The MVT states that there exists a c ∈(1, 4)such that:

f (4 )−f (1)
f ' (c)=
4−1

Compute f (4 )and f (1):

1
f (4 )= , f (1)=1
4

Compute the average rate of change (secant slope):

1 −3
−1
f (4)−f (1) 4 4 −1
= = =
4−1 3 3 4

Set f ' (c)equal to the secant slope and solve for c:

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' −1 −1
f (c)= =
c
2
4

1 1 2
= ⟹ c =4 ⟹ c=± 2
c 4
2

Since c must lie in (1 , 4), we take: c=2

Citation source: Yoshiwara, K. (2020). Modeling, Functions, and Graphs. American Institute of

Mathematics. Section 3.2 and OpenStax Section 4.4 (Mean Value Theorem)

Question 3: Limits and L'Hôpital's Rule

(
i. lim ⁡x→ π tan ⁡x−
2
2 x sec ⁡x
π )
 Indeterminate Form: ∞−∞

 Demonstration:
−¿ ¿
π
As x →
2
 tan x →+∞
 sec ⁡x →+∞
2 x sec ⁡x
 Thus, →+∞
π
Hence, the result: + ∞−(+ ∞) is indeterminate.

x
x e −log ⁡(1+ x)
ii. lim ⁡x→ 0
x2

0
 Indeterminate Form:
0

 Demonstration:

Numerator:
x
 x e → 0 ⋅1=0
 MATH 1211-01 -AY2025-T5 / Assignment Unit 5 5

 log ( 1+ x ) → 0

Denominator: x 2 → 0

0−0 0
Hence, the result: = (indeterminate).
0 0

( )
x
5
iii. lim ⁡x→ ∞ 1+
x

 Indeterminate Form: 1∞

 Demonstration:

5
 Base: 1+ →1
x

 Exponent: x → ∞

Hence, the result: 1∞ (classic indeterminate form).

2
log ⁡(1+k x )
iv. lim ⁡x→ 0
1−cos ⁡x

0
 Indeterminate Form:
0

 Demonstration:

 Numerator: log ⁡(1+k x 2) → log ⁡1=0

 Denominator: 1−cos ⁡x → 1−1=0

0
Hence, the result: (indeterminate).
0

2
v. lim ⁡x→ 1 (x −1)tan ⁡ ( πx2 )
 Indeterminate Form: 0 ⋅∞

 Demonstration:

 First term: x 2−1 →0

 MATH 1211-01 -AY2025-T5 / Assignment Unit 5 6

 Second term: tan ( π2 ) approaches ± ∞

Hence, the result: 0⋅∞ (indeterminate).

b. Limit Evaluations:

(
i. lim ⁡x→ π tan ⁡x−
2
2 x sec ⁡x
π )
Rewrite: lim ⁡x→ π
2
( cos x π cos ⁡x )
sin x
−
2x
=lim ⁡
x→
π
2
π sin ⁡x−2 x
π cos ⁡x

Apply L'Hôpital's Rule (0/0):

π cos ⁡x−2 0−2 2

⟹ = .
−π sin ⁡x −π π
x
x e −log ⁡(1+ x)
ii. lim ⁡x→ 0
x2

Apply L'Hôpital's Rule (0/0):

x x 1
e + xe −
1+ x
.
2x

x x x 1
e +e + x e + ¿
¿¿

( )
x
5
iii. lim ⁡x→ ∞ 1+
x

( )
x
5
Let y= 1+ . Take logarithms:
x

( 5x )≈ x ⋅ 5x =5 ⟹ y=e .
ln ⁡y =x ln ⁡ 1+ 5

2
log ⁡(1+k x )
iv. lim ⁡x→ 0
1−cos ⁡x
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Apply L'Hôpital's Rule (0/0):

2 kx
2
1+k x 2 kx
≈ =2 k .
sin x x

2
v. lim ⁡x→ 1 (x −1)tan ⁡ ( πx2 )
2
x −1
lim ⁡x→ 1
Rewrite
( )
cot
πx
2

Apply L'Hôpital's Rule (0/0):

2x 2 −4
= = .
−π
2 ( )
2 πx
csc ⁡
2
−π
2
π

Source: OpenStax Section 4.8 (L'Hôpital's Rule).

Key Observations:

1. Type I ∞−∞: Requires algebraic manipulation (e.g., combine terms) before applying

L'Hôpital's Rule.

0
2. Type II ( ¿ : Directly amenable to L'Hôpital's Rule.
0

3. Type III (1∞): Requires logarithmic transformation to resolve.

0
4. Type IV ( ): Standard L'Hôpital's Rule application.
0

0 ∞ 0 ∞
5. Type V (0 ⋅∞ ): Rewrite as or to convert to or .
1/∞ 1/0 0 ∞

Source: OpenStax Calculus, Section 4.8 (L'Hôpital's Rule).

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References

Herman, E., & Strang, G. (2020). Calculus Volume 1. OpenStax.

[Link]

Yoshiwara, K. (2020). Modeling, Functions, and Graphs. American Institute of

Mathematics. [Link]