Mathematics I – Module 1: Functions of a Real
Variable
Course Introduction
Welcome to Mathematics I. This module will introduce students to the concept of functions of a real
variable, which is the foundation of most advanced mathematical and engineering concepts. This
first class will focus on presenting the course outline, introducing functions, recalling circular
functions, and finally introducing hyperbolic functions and their reciprocals. The aim is not to go too
deep, but rather to understand students’ background knowledge and identify their strengths and
weaknesses.
Course Outline (Progression Sheet)
1. Functions of a Real Variable (Functions, Limits, Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular, Hyperbolic
functions) 2. Differentiation of Functions 3. Taylor Series and Limited Developments 4. Simple
Integrals and Applications 5. Differential Equations
1. Introduction to Functions
- A function is a rule that assigns to each element in a set (domain) exactly one element in another
set (codomain). - Important concepts: Domain, Codomain, Range. - Representations: set notation,
equations, tables, mappings, graphs. - Types of functions: Linear, Quadratic, Polynomial, Rational,
Absolute Value, Piecewise, Exponential, Logarithmic, Trigonometric, Hyperbolic.
Class Activity: Sketch y = |x| and y = 1/x.
2. Circular Functions
- Recall: sine, cosine, tangent from right-angle triangles. - Properties: periodicity, symmetry. -
Graphs: sine and cosine (periodic, amplitude, symmetry). - Reciprocal circular functions: cosecant,
secant, cotangent – with restricted domains and asymptotes.
Quick Test: Evaluate sin(30°), cos(60°), tan(45°).
3. Hyperbolic Functions
- Definitions: sinh(x) = (e^x – e^(-x)) / 2 cosh(x) = (e^x + e^(-x)) / 2 - Properties: sinh is odd, cosh is
even. Identity: cosh²x – sinh²x = 1. - Graphs: sinh(x) resembles an odd curve, cosh(x) is U-shaped.
- Reciprocal hyperbolic functions: sech(x), csch(x), coth(x), with asymptotes.
Exercise: Verify cosh²x – sinh²x = 1 for x = 0 and x = 1.
Wrap-Up & Feedback
- Today we introduced functions, their types, and revisited trigonometric functions before exploring
hyperbolic functions. - Students are encouraged to revise algebra and trigonometry from secondary
school. - Next session will cover: Limits and Continuity of Functions.
Diagnostic Exercise: 1. Find the domain and range of f(x) = sqrt(x – 2). 2. Sketch y = sinh(x). 3.
State whether tan(x) and coth(x) have asymptotes.
