OPEN ELECTIVE III (R17A0554) PYTHON

PROGRAMMING OBJECTIVES: To read

and write simple Python programs. To
develop Python programs with
conditionals and loops. To define Python
functions and call them. To use Python
data structures –- lists, tuples, dictionaries.
To do input/output with files in Python.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION DATA,
EXPRESSIONS, STATEMENTS Introduction
to Python and installation, data types: Int,
float, Boolean, string, and list; variables,
expressions, statements, precedence of
operators, comments; modules, functions-
-- function and its use, flow of execution,
parameters and arguments. UNIT II
CONTROL FLOW, LOOPS Conditionals:
Boolean values and operators, conditional
(if), alternative (if-else), chained
conditional (if-elif-else); Iteration: while,
for, break, continue. UNIT III FUNCTIONS,
ARRAYS Fruitful functions: return values,
parameters, local and global scope,
function composition, recursion; Strings:
string slices, immutability, string functions
and methods, string module; Python
arrays, Access the Elements of an Array,
array methods. UNIT IV LISTS, TUPLES,
DICTIONARIES Lists: list operations, list
slices, list methods, list loop, mutability,
aliasing, cloning lists, list parameters, list
comprehension; Tuples: tuple assignment,
tuple as return value, tuple
comprehension; Dictionaries: operations
and methods, comprehension; UNIT V
FILES, EXCEPTIONS, MODULES, PACKAGES
Files and exception: text files, reading and
writing files, command line arguments,
errors and exceptions, handling
exceptions, modules (datetime, time, OS ,
calendar, math module), Explore packages.
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
OUTCOMES: Upon completion of the
course, students will be able to Read,
write, execute by hand simple Python
programs. Structure simple Python
programs for solving problems.
Decompose a Python program into
functions. Represent compound data
using Python lists, tuples, dictionaries.
Read and write data from/to files in
Python Programs TEXT BOOKS 1.Allen B.
Downey, ``Think Python: How to Think Like
a Computer Scientist‘‘, 2nd edition,
Updated for Python 3, Shroff/O‘Reilly
Publishers, 2016. 2.R. Nageswara Rao,
“Core Python Programming”, dreamtech
3. Python Programming: A Modern
Approach, Vamsi Kurama, Pearson
REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Core Python
Programming, W.Chun, Pearson. 2.
Introduction to Python, Kenneth A.
Lambert, Cengage 3. Learning Python,
Mark Lutz, Orielly PYTHON
PROGRAMMING III
YEAR/II SEM MRCET INDEX
UNIT TOPIC PAGE NO I
INTRODUCTION DATA, EXPRESSIONS,
STATEMENTS 1 Introduction to Python
and installation 1 data types: Int 6 float 7
Boolean 8 string 8 List 10 variables 11
expressions 13 statements 16 precedence
of operators 17 comments 18 modules 19
functions ---- function and its use 20 flow
of execution 21 parameters and
arguments 26 II CONTROL FLOW,
LOOPS 35 Conditionals: Boolean values
and operators, 35 conditional (if) 36
alternative (if-else) 37 chained conditional
(if-elif-else) 39 Iteration: while, for, break,
continue. 41 III FUNCTIONS, ARRAYS
55 Fruitful functions: return values 55
parameters 57 local and global scope 59
function composition 62 recursion 63
Strings: string slices 64 immutability 66
string functions and methods 67 string
module 72 Python arrays 73 Access the
Elements of an Array 75 Array methods 76
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET IV
LISTS, TUPLES, DICTIONARIES 78 Lists 78
list operations 79 list slices 80 list methods
81 list loop 83 mutability 85 aliasing 87
cloning lists 88 list parameters 89 list
comprehension 90 Tuples 91 tuple
assignment 94 tuple as return value 95
tuple comprehension 96 Dictionaries 97
operations and methods 97
comprehension 102 V FILES, EXCEPTIONS,
MODULES, PACKAGES 103 Files and
exception: text files 103 reading and
writing files 104 command line arguments
109 errors and exceptions 112 handling
exceptions 114 modules (datetime, time,
OS , calendar, math module) 121 Explore
packages 134 PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET 1 UNIT
– I INTRODUCTION DATA, EXPRESSIONS,
STATEMENTS Introduction to Python and
installation, data types: Int, float, Boolean,
string, and list; variables, expressions,
statements, precedence of operators,
comments; modules, functions--- function
and its use, flow of execution, parameters
and arguments. Introduction to Python
and installation: Python is a widely used
general-purpose, high level programming
language. It was initially designed by
Guido van Rossum in 1991 and developed
by Python Software Foundation. It was
mainly developed for emphasis on code
readability, and its syntax allows
programmers to express concepts in fewer
lines of code. Python is a programming
language that lets you work quickly and
integrate systems more efficiently. There
are two major Python versions- Python 2
and Python 3. • On 16 October 2000,
Python 2.0 was released with many new
features. • On 3rd December 2008, Python
3.0 was released with more testing and
includes new features. Beginning with
Python programming: 1) Finding an
Interpreter: Before we start Python
programming, we need to have an
interpreter to interpret and run our
programs. There are certain online
interpreters like
https://ide.geeksforgeeks.org/,
http://ideone.com/ or http://codepad.org/
that can be used to start Python without
installing an interpreter. Windows: There
are many interpreters available freely to
run Python scripts like IDLE (Integrated
Development Environment) which is
installed when you install the python
software from
http://python.org/downloads/ 2) Writing
first program: # Script Begins Statement1
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET 2
Statement2 Statement3 # Script Ends
Differences between scripting language
and programming language: Why to use
Python: The following are the primary
factors to use python in day-to-day life: 1.
Python is object-oriented Structure
supports such concepts as polymorphism,
operation overloading and multiple
inheritance. 2. Indentation Indentation is
one of the greatest feature in python
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET 3 3. It’s
free (open source) Downloading python
and installing python is free and easy 4.
It’s Powerful Dynamic typing Built-in
types and tools Library utilities Third
party utilities (e.g. Numeric, NumPy, sciPy)
Automatic memory management 5. It’s
Portable Python runs virtually every
major platform used today As long as
you have a compaitable python
interpreter installed, python programs will
run in exactly the same manner,
irrespective of platform. 6. It’s easy to use
and learn No intermediate compile
Python Programs are compiled
automatically to an intermediate form
called byte code, which the interpreter
then reads. This gives python the
development speed of an interpreter
without the performance loss inherent in
purely interpreted languages. Structure
and syntax are pretty intuitive and easy to
grasp. 7. Interpreted Language Python is
processed at runtime by python
Interpreter 8. Interactive Programming
Language Users can interact with the
python interpreter directly for writing the
programs 9. Straight forward syntax The
formation of python syntax is simple and
straight forward which also makes it
popular. Installation: There are many
interpreters available freely to run Python
scripts like IDLE (Integrated Development
Environment) which is installed when you
install the python software from
http://python.org/downloads/ Steps to be
followed and remembered: Step 1: Select
Version of Python to Install. Step 2:
Download Python Executable Installer.
Step 3: Run Executable Installer. Step 4:
Verify Python Was Installed On Windows.
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET 4 Step
5: Verify Pip Was Installed. Step 6: Add
Python Path to Environment Variables
(Optional) Working with Python Python
Code Execution: Python’s traditional
runtime execution model: Source code
you type is translated to byte code, which
is then run by the Python Virtual Machine
(PVM). Your code is automatically
compiled, but then it is interpreted.
Source Byte code Runtime Source
code extension is .py Byte code extension
is .pyc (Compiled python code) There are
two modes for using the Python
interpreter: • Interactive Mode • Script
Mode m.py m.pyc PVM
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
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Running Python in interactive mode:
Without passing python script file to the
interpreter, directly execute code to
Python prompt. Once you’re inside the
python interpreter, then you can start.
>>> print("hello world") hello world #
Relevant output is displayed on
subsequent lines without the >>> symbol
>>> x=[0,1,2] # Quantities stored in
memory are not displayed by default. >>>
x #If a quantity is stored in memory,
typing its name will display it. [0, 1, 2] >>>
2+3 5 The chevron at the beginning of
the 1st line, i.e., the symbol >>> is a
prompt the python interpreter uses to
indicate that it is ready. If the programmer
types 2+6, the interpreter replies 8.
Running Python in script mode: PYTHON
PROGRAMMING III
YEAR/II SEM MRCET 6
Alternatively, programmers can store
Python script source code in a file with the
.py extension, and use the interpreter to
execute the contents of the file. To
execute the script by the interpreter, you
have to tell the interpreter the name of
the file. For example, if you have a script
name MyFile.py and you're working on
Unix, to run the script you have to type:
python MyFile.py Working with the
interactive mode is better when Python
programmers deal with small pieces of
code as you can type and execute them
immediately, but when the code is more
than 2-4 lines, using the script for coding
can help to modify and use the code in
future. Example: Data types: The data
stored in memory can be of many types.
For example, a student roll number is
stored as a numeric value and his or her
address is stored as alphanumeric
characters. Python has various standard
data types that are used to define the
operations possible on them and the
storage method for each of them. Int: Int,
or integer, is a whole number, positive or
negative, without decimals, of unlimited
length. >>> print(24656354687654+2)
24656354687656 >>> print(20) 20 >>>
print(0b10) 2 PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET 7 >>>
print(0B10) 2 >>> print(0X20) 32 >>> 20
20 >>> 0b10 2 >>> a=10 >>> print(a) 10
# To verify the type of any object in
Python, use the type() function: >>>
type(10) <class 'int'> >>> a=11 >>>
print(type(a)) <class 'int'> Float: Float, or
"floating point number" is a number,
positive or negative, containing one or
more decimals. Float can also be scientific
numbers with an "e" to indicate the power
of 10. >>> y=2.8 >>> y 2.8 >>> y=2.8
>>> print(type(y)) <class 'float'> >>>
type(.4) <class 'float'> >>> 2. PYTHON
PROGRAMMING III
YEAR/II SEM MRCET 8 2.0
Example: x = 35e3 y = 12E4 z = -87.7e100
print(type(x)) print(type(y)) print(type(z))
Output: <class 'float'> <class 'float'>
<class 'float'> Boolean: Objects of
Boolean type may have one of two values,
True or False: >>> type(True) <class
'bool'> >>> type(False) <class 'bool'>
String: 1. Strings in Python are identified
as a contiguous set of characters
represented in the quotation marks.
Python allows for either pairs of single or
double quotes. • 'hello' is the same as
"hello". • Strings can be output to screen
using the print function. For example:
print("hello"). >>> print("mrcet college")
mrcet college >>> type("mrcet college")
<class 'str'> PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET 9 >>>
print('mrcet college') mrcet college >>> "
" ' ' If you want to include either type of
quote character within the string, the
simplest way is to delimit the string with
the other type. If a string is to contain a
single quote, delimit it with double quotes
and vice versa: >>> print("mrcet is an
autonomous (') college") mrcet is an
autonomous (') college >>> print('mrcet
is an autonomous (") college') mrcet is an
autonomous (") college Suppressing
Special Character: Specifying a backslash
(\) in front of the quote character in a
string “escapes” it and causes Python to
suppress its usual special meaning. It is
then interpreted simply as a literal single
quote character: >>> print("mrcet is an
autonomous (\') college") mrcet is an
autonomous (') college >>> print('mrcet
is an autonomous (\") college') mrcet is an
autonomous (") college The following is a
table of escape sequences which cause
Python to suppress the usual special
interpretation of a character in a string:
>>> print('a\ ....b') a....b >>> print('a\ b\
c') PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET 10 abc
>>> print('a \n b') a b >>> print("mrcet
\n college") mrcet college Escape
Sequence Usual Interpretation of
Character(s) After Backslash “Escaped”
Interpretation \' Terminates string with
single quote opening delimiter Literal
single quote (') character \" Terminates
string with double quote opening
delimiter Literal double quote (") character
\newline Terminates input line Newline is
ignored \\ Introduces escape sequence
Literal backslash (\) character In Python
(and almost all other common computer
languages), a tab character can be
specified by the escape sequence \t: >>>
print("a\tb") a b List: It is a general
purpose most widely used in data
structures List is a collection which is
ordered and changeable and allows
duplicate members. (Grow and shrink as
needed, sequence type, sortable). To use
a list, you must declare it first. Do this
using square brackets and separate values
with commas. We can construct / create
list in many ways. Ex: >>>
list1=[1,2,3,'A','B',7,8,[10,11]] >>>
print(list1) [1, 2, 3, 'A', 'B', 7, 8, [10, 11]]
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET 11 -----
----------------- >>> x=list() >>> x [] -----
--------------------- >>> tuple1=(1,2,3,4)
>>> x=list(tuple1) >>> x [1, 2, 3, 4]
Variables: Variables are nothing but
reserved memory locations to store
values. This means that when you create a
variable you reserve some space in
memory. Based on the data type of a
variable, the interpreter allocates memory
and decides what can be stored in the
reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning
different data types to variables, you can
store integers, decimals or characters in
these variables. Rules for Python variables:
• A variable name must start with a letter
or the underscore character • A variable
name cannot start with a number • A
variable name can only contain alpha-
numeric characters and underscores (A-z,
0-9, and _ ) • Variable names are case-
sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three
different variables) Assigning Values to
Variables: Python variables do not need
explicit declaration to reserve memory
space. The declaration happens
automatically when you assign a value to
a variable. The equal sign (=) is used to
assign values to variables. The operand to
the left of the = operator is the name of
the variable and the operand to the right
of the = operator is the value stored in the
variable. PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET 12 For
example − a= 100 # An integer
assignment b = 1000.0 # A floating
point c = "John" # A string print (a)
print (b) print (c) This produces the
following result − 100 1000.0 John
Multiple Assignment: Python allows you to
assign a single value to several variables
simultaneously. For example : a = b = c =
1 Here, an integer object is created with
the value 1, and all three variables are
assigned to the same memory location.
You can also assign multiple objects to
multiple variables. For example − a,b,c =
1,2,"mrcet“ Here, two integer objects with
values 1 and 2 are assigned to variables a
and b respectively, and one string object
with the value "john" is assigned to the
variable c. Output Variables: The Python
print statement is often used to output
variables. Variables do not need to be
declared with any particular type and can
even change type after they have been
set. PYTHON PROGRAMMING
III YEAR/II SEM MRCET 13 x = 5
# x is of type int x = "mrcet " # x is
now of type str print(x) Output: mrcet To
combine both text and a variable, Python
uses the “+” character: Example x =
"awesome" print("Python is " + x) Output
Python is awesome You can also use the +
character to add a variable to another
variable: Example x = "Python is " y =
"awesome" z = x + y print(z) Output:
Python is awesome Expressions: An
expression is a combination of values,
variables, and operators. An expression is
evaluated using assignment operator.
Examples: Y=x + 17 >>> x=10 >>>
z=x+20 >>> z 30 PYTHON
PROGRAMMING III
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