Title:-
To Study the Variations in Current Flowing in a Circuit Containing an LDR Due to
(a) Variation in the Power of an Incandescent Lamp (Fixed Distance)
(b) Variation in the Distance of an Incandescent Lamp (Fixed Power)
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1. Introduction
Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) are fascinating components widely used in
modern electronics and automation. They exhibit the property of changing
resistance with varying light intensity, making them ideal for light-sensing
applications such as streetlights, cameras, and alarm systems. An LDR’s resistance
decreases as light intensity increases, allowing more current to flow in a circuit.
This project aims to investigate how the current in a simple LDR circuit varies
under two different conditions: (a) when the power of an incandescent lamp is
changed while keeping the distance constant, and (b) when the distance of a fixed-
power lamp from the LDR is varied. Understanding these dependencies is crucial,
as it demonstrates the inverse relationship between resistance and light intensity
and highlights the application of Ohm’s Law and the inverse square law of light
intensity. By systematically analyzing these variations, we can better understand
the fundamental principles governing light sensors, leading to more effective and
efficient use of LDRs in real-world technology. This experiment provides a
practical approach to exploring theoretical concepts, bridging the gap between
physics theory and practical application.
A Light Dependent Resistor, or LDR, is an electronic component whose resistance
changes based on the amount of light falling on it. It is usually made from a
semiconductor material, such as cadmium sulfide. When light photons hit the
surface of the LDR, they excite electrons in the semiconductor material. This
energy allows the electrons to move from the valence band to the conduction band,
thereby increasing the number of charge carriers. As a result, the resistance of the
LDR decreases, and more current can flow through it.
In darkness or low-light conditions, the resistance of the LDR is very high—often
in the range of megaohms—and only a very small current can pass through it.
However, when bright light falls on the LDR, the resistance drops to a few hundred
ohms, allowing a larger current to flow. This behavior makes LDRs useful for
detecting light levels in various applications.
An LDR can be connected in a circuit, such as a voltage divider, to convert light
levels into a measurable voltage. This voltage can then be used to trigger other
electronic components, such as relays, alarms, or microcontrollers. The
relationship between the light intensity and the resistance of an LDR is non-linear,
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meaning that the resistance does not decrease proportionally with increasing light.
In general, the resistance of the LDR is inversely proportional to the intensity of
light falling on it.
In a physics investigatory project, the LDR can be used to study how the intensity
of light affects the flow of current in a circuit. By varying the light intensity and
measuring the corresponding resistance or voltage, the change in electrical
behavior can be analyzed and plotted, demonstrating the working of the LDR.
The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is widely used in various electronic circuits
because of its ability to change its resistance based on light intensity. One common
application of the LDR is in automatic street lighting systems. In such systems, the
LDR is used to detect the ambient light level. During the daytime, when the
intensity of light is high, the LDR’s resistance is low, allowing current to flow in a
way that keeps the street lamp turned off. As night approaches and the light
intensity decreases, the LDR’s resistance increases, triggering the circuit to switch
on the street lamp automatically.
Another application of the LDR is in burglar alarm systems. Here, the LDR is
placed near doors or windows, and any sudden change in light levels caused by
movement can alter its resistance, thereby activating an alarm circuit.
LDRs are also used in light meters to measure light intensity. By calibrating the
circuit, the voltage or current output from the LDR circuit can be converted into a
measurement of the light level, which is useful in photography, horticulture, and
laboratory experiments.
Furthermore, LDRs are often used in electronic devices that require automatic
adjustment of brightness, such as smartphone screens and televisions, where the
screen brightness can adjust automatically according to ambient light.
In the context of a physics investigatory project, the LDR can be used to study the
relationship between light intensity and electrical resistance. By varying the light
intensity falling on the LDR and recording the corresponding resistance or voltage,
students can analyze the data and understand how the LDR works and where it can
be applied in real-life scenarios.
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2. Objective
To study:
How current in an LDR-based circuit varies with the power of incandescent
lamps, placed at a fixed distance.
How current changes with varying distances of a fixed-power lamp from the
LDR.
3. Apparatus Required
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
Incandescent bulbs: 25W, 40W, 60W
Fixed DC power supply
Ammeter (0–500 mA)
Voltmeter
Fixed Resistor (e.g., 1 kΩ)
Breadboard or connecting wires
Stand and scale for lamp positioning
Ruler or measuring tape
4. Theory
Ohm’s Law: I=V/R
The LDR’s resistance inversely depends on light intensity.
Light intensity from a point source follows the inverse square law:
I α 1/d 2
where d is the distance from the source.
Hence, higher power or shorter distances reduce LDR resistance, increasing
current.
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5. Experimental Setup
A simple series circuit was built with the LDR and fixed resistor. The lamp was
directed at the LDR, either varying the lamp’s power or its distance.
6. Circuit Diagram:
7. Procedure
(A) Lamp Power Variation (Fixed Distance - 20 cm):
1. Connect the circuit using the 25W lamp at 20 cm from LDR.
2. Note the current on the ammeter.
3. Replace the lamp with 40W, then 60W, keeping the same position.
4. Record readings.
(B) Distance Variation (Fixed Lamp - 60W):
1. Place the 60W lamp at 10 cm from the LDR.
2. Note current. Repeat for 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm.
3. Keep voltage constant throughout.
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8. Observations
(a) Current vs Power (at 20 cm)
Lamp Power (W) Current (mA)
25 ...
40 ...
60 ...
(b) Current vs Distance (for 60W lamp)
Distance (cm) Current (mA)
10 ...
20 ...
30 ...
40 ...
50 ...
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9. Calculations
Apply Ohm’s Law:
I=V/R
If V and fixed resistor R are known, calculate how the LDR resistance varies with
different light intensities.
Also, relate the trend in current with inverse square law.
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10. Graphs:
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10. Results
Current increases with increasing lamp power at fixed distance.
Current decreases with increasing distance of the lamp (with fixed power).
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11. Conclusion
LDR resistance is inversely proportional to light intensity.
LDRs can effectively detect both strength and proximity of light sources.
The results support the inverse square law and Ohm's Law.
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13. Precautions
Perform in a dim room to avoid ambient light interference.
Use the same LDR for consistency.
Ensure proper alignment of light with the LDR.
Avoid heating the LDR excessively with nearby lamps.
14. Bibliography
NCERT Class 12 Physics Textbook
www.physicstutorials.org
CBSE Physics Lab Manual
Arduino and LDR Circuit References
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