Example: Calculate the distribution factor for a single-phase alternator having 6
slot/pole (i) when all the slots are wound and (ii) when only four adjacent slots per
pole are wound, the remaining slots being unwound.
Solution: (i) when all slots are wound
n=6, slot angle, α= 180o/6=30o(electrical)
𝑛𝛼
sin( )
2
Distribution factor, kd= 𝛼
𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
6∗30
sin( )
2
Kd= 30 =0.644
6𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
(ii) when only 4 adjacent slots per pole are wound
n=4, slot angle, α= 180o/6=30o(electrical)
𝑛𝛼
sin(2
)
Distribution factor, kd= 𝛼
𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
4∗30
sin( )
2
Kd= 30 =0.037
4𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
Example: An alternator has 9 slots per pole. If each coil spans 8 slot pitches, what
is the value of the pitch factor?
8
Solution: coil pitch=9 ∗ 180𝑜 = 160𝑜 (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)
Coil is short-pitched by β=180o-160o=20o(electrical)
Pitch factor Kp=cos(β/2)=cos(20o/2)=0.985
Example: The stator of a 3-phase alternator has 9 slots per pole and carries a
balanced 3-phase, double-layer winding. The coils are short-pitched and the coil
pitch is 7 slots. Find the distribution factor and pitch factor.
180𝑜 180𝑜
Solution: slot angle, α=𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = =20o(electrical)
9
No. of slots/pole/phase, n=9/3=3
7
Coil pitch=9 ∗ 180𝑜 = 140𝑜 (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)
Coil is short-pitched by β=180o-140o=40o(electrical)
𝑛𝛼
sin( )
2
Distribution factor, kd= 𝛼
𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
3∗20
sin( )
2
Kd= 20 =0.9598
3𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
Pitch factor Kp=cos(β/2)=cos(40o/2)=0.9397
Example: Calculate the distribution factor for a 36 slots, 4-pole, single layer three-
phase winding?
Solution: no. of slots/pole m=36/4=9
α= 180o/9=20o(electrical)
n=(36/4)/3=3
𝑛𝛼
sin( )
2
Distribution factor, kd= 𝛼
𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
3∗20
sin( )
2
Kd= 20 =0.96
3𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
Example: A part of an alternator winding consists of six coils in series each coil
having an e.m.f. of 10 V r.m.s. induced in it. The coils are placed in successive slots
and between each slot and the next, there is an electrical phase displacement of 30o.
Find the e.m.f. of the six coils in series.
Solution: α=30o(electrical)
n==6
𝑛𝛼
sin( )
2
Distribution factor, kd= 𝛼
𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
6∗30
sin( )
2
Kd= 30 =1/(6*2.588)
6𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
Arithmetic sum of voltage induced in 6 coils =6*10= 60 V
Vector sum=Kd * arithmetic sum =60/(6*2.588)=38.64 V
Example: A 3-phase , 16-pole alternator has a star-connected winding with 144 slots
and 10 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.03 wb. Sinusoidally distribution
and the speed is 375 r.p.m. Assume full pitched coil.
2𝑝𝑁 16∗375
Solution: f= 120 = =50Hz
120
Since Kp is not given, it would be taken as unity.
No. of slot/pole=144/16=9 , α= 180o/9=20o(electrical), n=(144/16)/3=3
3∗20
sin( )
2
Kd= 20 =0.96
3𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
No. of conductor in phase Z=144*10/3=480
T=480/2=240/phase
Eph=4.44 Kp Kd f φ T = 4.44 *1* 0.96*50*0.03*240=1534 V
Line voltage, EL=√3Eph= √31534 =2658 V
Example: Find the no-load phase and line voltage of a star-connected 3-phase, 6-
pole alternator which runs at 1200 r.p.m. having flux per pole of 0.1 wb sinusoidally
distribution. Its stator has54 slots having double layer winding each coil has 8 turns
and the coil is concentrated by 1.
Solution: Since winding is concentrated by one slot.
It is short-pitched by 1/9 or 180o/9=20o
Pitch factor Kp=cos(β/2)=cos(20o/2)=0.985
2𝑝𝑁 6∗1200
f= 120 = =60Hz
120
no. of slot/pole=54/6=9, α= 180o/9=20o(electrical), n=(54/6)/3=3
3∗20
sin( )
2
Kd= 20 =0.96
3𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
No. of conductor in phase Z=54*8/3=144
T=144/2=72/phase
Eph=4.44 Kp Kd f φ T = 4.44 *0.98* 0.96*60*0.1*72=1805 V
Line voltage, EL=√3Eph= √31805 =3125 V
