1.

Introduction

UTM - A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester,[1] materials testing
machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of
materials. An earlier name for a tensile testing machine is a tensometer. The "universal" part of the
name reflects that it can perform many standard tensile and compression tests on materials,
components, and structures.

CTM - All the civil engineering works, some time or the other has to be tested on Compression
Testing Machine for assurance of quality of raw material, finished products etc. Compression Testing
Machine being a major tool for ascertaining quality of work, has to be reviewed for its efficiency and
correctness after regular time interval.

2. Aim of the Micro-Project-

1) Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic engineering to solve the broad-
based engineering related problems.

2) Apply laws of mechanics to solve day to day engineering related problems.

3. Intended Course Outcomes

 Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the result to solve engineering
related problems.
 Analyse Sructural behavior of materials under various loading conditions.
 This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
competency.

4. Literature Review

UTM- Tensile tests are conducted to obtained the force needed to break a plastic sample and the
maximum elongation before the breaking point. a stress-strain graph is obtained thatwill be used to
determine the tensile modulus. by having the results of the testing, it provides more information on the
specification of the material, designing products to have certain application .
 CTM- Digital Compression Testing Machine, Capacity 1000kN, Hand Operated is a four Pillar
type portable model available with a detachable Digital Display Unit operated through a rechargeable
battery. It is also supplied with the manufacturer NABL Calibration Certificate.The equipment
consists of a loading unit, an integral double-acting manually operated pumping unit fitted to the base
of the machine and a calibrated Digital Indicator on the top. The pump has a detachable handle. The
hydraulic cylinder is placed on the base of the Loading Unit.

5. Methodology

 UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE :-

o UTM Machine
The engineering tensile test is also known as tension test which vary widely used for providing
the base of the design information on the strength of material and as an acceptance test for the
specialaction of the materials. Tensile tests are very simple, relatively, inexpensive, and fully
standardized. Under the pulling type of loading a material, it can be very quickly determined how the
material will react to the these type of forces being applied in tension. As the materials are being
pulled, its strength and elongation can be found out. A lot about a substance can be learned from
tensile testing. As the machine continues to pull on the material until it breaks, a good, complete
tensile prole can be obtained. The stress - strain curve shows how the material reacts to the force
being applied. In the tension test a specimen is subjected to a continually increasing one directional
tensile force while simultaneous observations are made of the elongation of the specimen. The
resulting output from such a test is recorded as load versus displacement/elongation and can be
graphically displayed as a load - elongation curve. Load - elongation curve is then converted to
engineering-stress versus engineering-strain curve to evaluate the tensile properties of materials. Very
often engineering- stress versus engineering-strain curves need to be converted to true-stress versus
true-strain curves. The tensile properties that can be obtained from the stress-strain curves are yield
strength, tensile strength, fracture strength, percent total elongation, uniform elongation, strain
hardening exponent, modulus of resilience, and modulus of toughness

 The data produced in a tensile test can be used in many ways including:
 To determine batch quality
 To determine consistency in manufacture
 To aid in the design process
 To reduce material costs and achieve lean manufacturing goals
 To ensure compliance with international and industry standards
 1. Electromechanical UTMs :
2. Hydraulic UTMs :
3. Servo-Hydraulic UTMs :

Other Classifications :-

 By Capacity:
UTMs can also be classified by their load capacity, ranging from low-capacity machines for small
samples to high-capacity machines for heavy materials like steel and concrete.

 By Configuration:
Single-column UTMs are suitable for low-force applications, while dual-column machines are used for
medium to high-force testing.
  COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE

o CTM Machine :-

A Compression Testing Machine or Compression Tester is a machine or equipment used to test

the quality of the material by checking the compression resistance of that material. This can also be
defined as a machine that is used to test the compressive strength of any material using a standard
static force and a standard displacement rate.Because of the variety of uses, there are several
different types of compression testing machines available. The type of CTM machine used depends
on the material being tested and the type of information needed from the result. For example, some
types are used for gas cylinders (compression only), oil barrels, and for cylinder blocks. Others
measure tensile forces, but not torsional forces. Some are used for non-destructive evaluation (NDT)
for inspection and acceptance testing of pressure vessels and piping, welded joints, and castings.
Some machines can measure more than one feature at a time, such as different combinations of
force, pressure, and time; time-temperature curves; strain; torque; compression, or tension. The type
chosen should be based on what is most relevant to the users’ needs.
1. Based on Type of Load Application

a) Hydraulic Compression Testing Machine

b)Mechanical Compression Testing Machine

2. Based on Control Method

c) Manual Compression Testing Machine

d)Semi-Automatic Compression Testing Machine
e) Fully Automatic (Digital) Compression Testing Machine

4. Based on Frame Design

f) Single Frame Type

g)b) Dual Frame Type

6. Conclusion

The study and experimentation carried out using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and
Compression Testing Machine (CTM) have provided valuable insights into the mechanical
properties of various materials. Through these tests, we observed how materials behave under
different loading conditions such as tension, compression, bending, and shear. The UTM helped
determine important parameters like tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and Young’s
modulus, while the CTM provided information about the compressive strength of materials such as
concrete and other brittle substances.This project reinforced the importance of material testing in
engineering design and quality control. It demonstrated how these machines serve as essential tools
for verifying theoretical calculations with practical results, ensuring safety and reliability in
structural applications.
In conclusion, understanding the working principles, operation, and applications of UTM and CTM
is crucial for every engineering student, as it bridges the gap between material theory and real-world
performance. The experiment enhanced our technical knowledge and provided hands-on experience
in evaluating material strength and behavior under different types of mechanical loads.

7. Reference

1. https://chatgpt.com/?utm_source=google&utm_

2. https://www.google.com/search?q=chatgpt&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

3. https://chatgpt.com/c/68e4f205-dc60-8322-b0a9-5a118c3dd9d2

4. https://auth.openai.com/log-in-or-create-account

5. https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+utm+machine&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

6. https://amlinstruments.co.uk/advice/types-of-universal-testing-machine/?
srsltid=AfmBOoo6AbizpJfs13mSj4EMpO7MkQCQuA39K5TYgFalqeH8VJQyqYxh

7. https://www.google.com/search?
q=what+is+compression+testing+machine&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

8. https://heicoin.com/blog/compression-testing-machine-and-its-uses/

Thank you
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