RY LEARN PYTHON & C++ CODING < ib y The Complete C++ & Python OVER PTAA re) 0 Cece re) ae) eee 100% INDEPENDENTThe Complete Manual Series Available on Lx=rala|[U] rr | Taye a &iPadOS @ ae User Manual “he Complete 2 Complete 7 te Compete ‘the Complete \g Windows 11 Oogle FH Chromebook User Manual User Manual User Maal bres ed vest ie Networkii Computin Manual ng re re ¥ f Cara. £5) Papercut For a full list of titles available please visit: www.pclpublications.comThe Complete C++ & Python Manual Unleash the power of Python and C++ Having a basic knowledge of programming can open many different doors for the newcomer to explore. You can gain a better understanding of how hardware and software work together, how your computer or device functions and how incredible open-world gaming environments are converted from ones and zeros to what's on your monitor or TV. Technology is everywhere and it’s all connected through programming, Your TV, microwave, in-car entertainment and the Internet itself are all reliant on good programming to make them work the way you want them to. Within these pages are the building blocks to help you take your first steps into the world of programming, We've taken two of the most powerful and versatile programming languages available, Python and C++ ‘and broken them down into bite-sized tutorials and guides to help you learn how they work, and how to make them work for you. £3) Popercut www.pclpublications.comMD =) Contents Ss The Complete C++ & Python Manual 8 _WwhyPython? 10 Equipment You will Need 12 _ Getting to Know Python 14 How to Set Up Python in Windows 16 How toSet Up Python on a Mac 18 _ How toSet Up Python in Linux CUR euch ue ae 22__ Starting Python for the First Time 24 Your First Code 26 Saving and Executing Your Code 28 _ Executing Code from the Command Line 30 Numbers and Expressions 32__Using Comments 34 Working with Variables 36 User Input 38 Creating Functions 40 Conditions and Loops 42 _ Python Modules ae = 44) Working with Data 46 Lists 48 Tuples 50 Dictionaries 52__ Splitting and Joining Strings 54 Formatting Strings — — Ahonen) Date and Time Opening Files \Writing to Files Exceptions Python Graphics 68 Calendar Module 70 _OSModule 72__ Random Module 74 Tkinter Module 76 _Pygame Module 80 Create Your Own Modules (nouekon 84 WhyCH? 86 Equipment Needed 18 Howto Set Up C++ in Windows 90 _ Howto Set Up C++ on aMac 92 Howto Set Up C++ in Linux 94 Other C++ IDEs to Install( Contents ast ae) 3) 5 DOWNLOAD! SMe Leb Cy al ai ey CTO mature ut ule cy CeO ETDS Ube eC Lr) 98 Your First C++ Program 126 While Loop 100 Structure of a C++ Program 128 ForLoop 102 Compile and Execute 130 Do... While Loop 104 Using Comments 132 _F Statement 106 Variables 134 If... Else Statement 108 Data Types 110 Strings aes 412 C++ Maths 136) Working with Code QRS ens 138 Common Coding Mistakes . 140 Beginner Python Mistakes 116 User interaction 142 Beginner C++ Mistakes 118 Character Literals 144 Where Next? 120 Defining Constants 122 File Input/Output wor pepublations.comA P ( Say Hello to Python ‘There are many different programming languages available to learn and use. Some are complex and incredibly powerful and some are extremely basic and used as minor utilities for operating systems. Python sits somewhere in the middle, combining ease of use with a generous helping of power that allows the user to create minor utilities, a range of excellent games and performance- heavy computational tasks. However, there's more to Python than simply being another programming language. It has a vibrant and lively community behind it that shares knowledge, code and project ideas; as well as bug fixes for future releases. It's thanks to this community that the language has grown and thrived and now it’s your turn to take the plunge and learn how to program in Python. The First half of this book helps you get started with the latest version of Python and from there guide you on how to use some of the most common and interesting Functions and Features of the language. Before long, you will be able to code your own helpfulsystem tools, text adventures and even control a character as they move around the screen. 8 WhyPython? 10 Equipment You Will Need 12 _ Getting to Know Python 14 How to Set Up Python in Windows 16 How to Set Up Python on a Mac 18 How to Set Up Python in Linux wom pepubliationscomz= Say Hello to Python Why Python? Deena ae cumin) uct eee eee keel cn PI Reuee eric nciemac ecru h aides tcicee ete cle acters Ere Kelcsre Cece e nl AMM Com Cell PCr eRe mca enol Python out of all the rest? PYTHON POWER Ever since the earliest home computers were available, enthusiasts, users and professionals have toiled away until the wee hours, saving over an overheating heap of circuitry to create somet ‘These pioneers of programming carved their way into anew Frontier, Forging small routines that enabled the letter‘ to scroll ‘across the screen, It may not sound terribly exciting to a generation {that's used to ultrahigh definition graphics and open world, multi player online gaming, However, Forty-something years agoit was blindingly biliant. [Naturally these bedroom coders helped form the Foundations for, every piece of digital technology we use today. Some went on to become chief developers for top software companies, whereas ‘others pushed the available hardware tots limits and founded the billion pound gaming empire that continually amazes us. akin to magic Regardless of whether you use an Android device, iOS device, PC, Mac, Linux, Smart TV, games console, MP3 player, GPS device builtin tocar, settop box ora thousand other connected and smart’ appliances, behind them alis programming, ‘All those aforementioned digital devices need instructions to tell, them what to do, and allow them to be interacted with, These instructions form the programming core ofthe device and that core ‘canbe built using a variety of programming languages. ‘The languages in use today differ depending onthe situation, the platform, the device's use and how the device wil interact with ts ee = =a] | pra 1 eet ArrayCtrl::ChildLostFocus(), BR wece > ce sricisor ony)? ctrl: soutasotracus th: itlcurgor > 0) Pefreshrow (cursor): curt chr tacaserocus0? eee eae mY Semis Factors Reece Sree | void scractrt:esint(orme w) { Since” Seemn” ol “uanbt sine Siete So OS Sams’ (Goarmerce ||) fbetion sates Sonate boot Ranft = sarecvsoeer (0: = He Neeettaoatanhs arenes ay Bit he header eaters Bement” Soto 2 = 0) Soriitice Retr oo 7 Sephora rac Sinpaocse Btwcny olor fe = sland(scoloroiesbled, scoloreaper): f cree fermen, eeatea ue rt ara st Re sre samen lores Tires) onl ores ema He Pe ett: Saran” overs pares jo 1 cltn cecal, Sc eeutlleseene im ox heperSetabinatntns C++-is usually reserved For more complex ‘programs, operating systems, games and so on. resenvironment or users. Operating systems, such as Windows, macOS {and such are usually a combination of C++, C#, assembly and some Form of visual-based language. Games generally use C++ whilst web pages can use a plethora of available languages such as HTML, Java, Python and so on, ‘More general-purpose programming is used to create programs, apps, software or whatever else you want to call them. They're Widely used across all hardware platforms and sult virtually every conceivable application. Some operate faster than others and some are easier to learn and use than others. Python is one such general purpose language. Python is what's known as a High-Level Language, in that ‘talks! to the hardware and operating system using a variety of arrays, variables, objects, arthmetic, subroutines, loops and countless ‘more interactions. Whilst it's not as streamlined asa Low-Level Language, which can deal drectiy with memory addresses, call stacks and registers, ts benefitis that it's universally accessible and easy to learn. Fi Te_ revoke Java opore java lang. reFlect.*; ‘lass invoke { Public static void main( string [] args ) { try Gass ¢ Method m Dita D5 Object rét = m.inyoke( nul1, nul7 Systen.out printinc Class.forvane( args{0) ); ‘cugetwethod( args(1), new class ‘Thvoked static method: " + args (1) + of class: + args(0] +" with no args\nesults: " + ret); catch ¢ ClasshocFoundexcepeion e }.£ 77 Class. fornane(”) can't find the class catch’ ( NosuchMethodexception 2) 17 that method doesn't exist auch ( Tilegalaccesstxcept ion 3 ) { ZL ye gon’t'Rave' permission to invoke that inetho } Catch ( tnvocationtargetexception ef ) { 77-an exception ocurred while invoking that inethod’ re System out .princin yeeshethod threw an: " + e4. getTargetexception( ")"); Javaisa powerful language that's used in web pages, set-top boxes, TVs and 7 (why Python? Cll Python was created over twenty sixyears ago and has evolved to become an ideal beginner's language for learning how to program a ‘computer. I's perfect for the hobbyist, enthusiast, student, teacher ‘and those who simply need to create their own unique interaction between either themselves ora piece of external hardware and the computer itself Python is free to download, install and use and is available or Linux, ‘windows, macOS, MS:DOS, 05/2, BeOS, IBM iseries machines, and ‘even RISC OS. Ichas been voted one of the tap Five programming languages inthe world and s continually evolving ahead of the hardware and Internet development curve. So to answer the question: why python’ Simply put, i's Free, easy to lear, exceptionally powerful, universally accepted, effective and a superb learning and educational tool. BASIC was once the starter language thatearly ‘-bithome computer users learned. Seats cee a aa Python isa more modern take on BASIC, i's easy to learn ‘and makes for an ideal beginner's programming language. nnay z= SayHello to Python ) Equipment You Will Need pte ave eunnndieeCur eer Sem Unease ua ll Celotta eka anol] Ng Leet Reon) .0 UOT o ENR Men AR Le Ke iN ll] Com WHAT WE'RE USING ‘Thankfully, Python is a multi-platform programming language available for Windows, macOS, Linux, Raspberry Pi and more. If you have one of those systems, then you can easily start using Python. COMPUTER Obviously you're going to need a computer in order to learn how to program in Python and to test your cade. You can use Windows (fram XP onward) on either a 32 ‘or 64-bit pracessor, an Apple Mac or Linux installed PC. AN IDE AnIDE (Integrated Developer Environment) is used to enter and execute Python code. Itenables you to inspect your program code and the values within the code, 35, ‘wells offering advanced features. There are many different IDEs available so find the one that works For you and givesthe best results. PYTHON SOFTWARE ‘macOS and Linux already come with Python preinstalled as part of the operating system, as does the Raspberry Pi, However, you need to ensure that you're running the latest version of Python. Windows users need to download and install Python, which well cover shortly TEXT EDITOR Whilst atext editor isan ideal erviconment.to enter code int, it'snot an absolute recessity, You can enter and execute code directly From the IDLE but text editor, suchas Sublime Text or Notepad'+, offers more advanced features and colour coding ‘when entering code. = : INTERNET ACCESS Python is an ever evolving environment and as such new versions often introduce new concepts or change existing commands and code structure to make it amore efficient language. Having access to the Internet will keep you up-to-date, help you lout when you get stuck and give access to Python's immense number of modules. TIME AND PATIENCE Despite what other books may lead you to believe, you won't become a programmer in 24¢hours. Learning to code in Python takes time, and patience. You may become stuck at times and other times the cade wilflow ike water. Understand you'e leaning something entirely new, and you wil et there. BED oiscaunnentvouwineed CE THE RASPBERRY PI ‘Why use a Raspberry Pi? The Raspberry Piis a tiny computer that’s very cheap to purchase but offers the user a fantastic learning platform. Its main operating system, Raspbian, comes preinstalled with the latest Python along with many Modules and extras. Sa Ta aad ‘The Raspberry PiS isthe latest version incorporating a more powerful CPU, more memory, WiFi and Bluetooth support. You can pick up aPi 5 for around £59 or as part of akit ‘depending on the Pi madel you're interested in FUZE PROJECT ‘The FUZE's a learning environment built onthe latest modet of the Raspberry Pi, You can purchase the workstations that ‘ome with an electronicskitand even a robat arm for you to build and program. You can find more information on the FUZE at www.fuze.co.uk We have several great coding tiles available vi worm. ‘elpublications.com. Our Pi books cover how to buy your First Raspberry Pi, setit up and SAT ‘The Raspberry Ps main operating system isa Debian-based Linux distribution that comes with everything you need in ‘a simple to use package's streamlined forthe Piand is an idea platform for hardware and software projects, Python programming and even asa desktop computer. use it; there are some great step-by-step project examples ‘and guides to get the most From the Raspberry too, vwmpapaictonscon QTEay z= SayHello to Python ) Getting to Know Python unr ee col re emule) Cute kerr let rl SUE A AINA en eee Reo TMs (Ure enlace] to understand. WHAT IS PROGRAMMING? Ithelps to understand what a programming language is before you try to learn one, and Python is no different. Let’s take a look at how Python came about and how it relates to other languages. PROGRAMMING RECIPES Programs ae like recipes for computers. A recipe to bake a cake could go tke this: ‘Aprogramming language isallistof instructions that a computer folows. These instructions can be as simple as displaying your name or playing a music file, or as complex a building a ‘whole virtual word, Python isa programming language conceivedin the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum at Centrum Wiskunde & pot 100 grans of seif-raising flour in # boul 16s t00 sstianitres of wie ut 100 grams of selfralsing flour ina bowl ‘Add 100 grams of butter to the bowl, ‘Add 100 millilitres of milk Bake forhalf an hour CODE Just tke a recipe, @ program consists of instructions that you follow inorder. A program that describes a cake might run tke this Informatica (Cw) in the bowl = 0 Netherlands asa successor to flour = 100 the ABC language. [| butter = 50 Savi aes SEE Stace nee ay bon .append( [four buttermi KT) If cake. cookCbonl) Guido van Rossum, the father of Python. PROGRAM COMMANDS You might not understand some of the Python commands, lke bowl append and cake.cook(bowi) The first i alist, the second an object; we'l look at both inthis book. The main thing to know is that it’s easy to read commands in Python. Once you learn what the commands do, i's ea5y to Figure out how a program works. EBD een c+ coangHIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES Computer languages that are easy to ead are known as *highvtevel Thisis because they fly high above the hardware (also referred to as ‘the metal’) Languages thatTly close to the metal" like Assembly, ‘are known as “low-level”. Low-level languages commands read abit lice this:msg db ,@xa len equ $ ~ msg, PYTHON 3 VS PYTHON 2 (cetingtoroonxion CREE ZEN OF PYTHON Python lets you access ll the power ofa computer ina language that humans can understand, Behind all this isan ethos called “The Zen of Python." Ths sa collection of 20 software principles that influences the design ofthe language. Principles include “Beautiful isbetter than ualy” and “simpleis better than complex" Type import: this into Python and it wil display al the principles. ene e e t ee nce areetecoeeg eet re Lee eset eet nerd eee At ee ent! ee case eet Pee Recs a una urn pe ele eee ee {90 to programming languages For b nee ats PYTHON 3.x Jit perenne ent are eg eters pose ae eee ere a Pees Deore tg Seon etic cast eects See uae wooweehubicaionscon CEIz= Say Hello to Python) How to Set Up Python in Windows WVU lee aurea tui aro Downloads page. Whilst most seasoned Python developers may shun Windows as the platform of choice for building their code, it’s still an ideal starting point for beginners. INSTALLING PYTHON 3.X Microsoft Windows doesn’t come with Python preinstalled as standard, so you're going to have to install it yourself manually. Thankfully, i's an easy process to follow. FETED s2tbyopeningyourmeb browser towww.python, [ERIN choosing the Customise option allows you to ‘0ra/downloads/. Look for the button detailing the specify certain parameters, and whilst you may download link or Python 3.xx (in our case thsis Python 36.2 but as stay with the defaults, t's a good habit to adopt as sometimes (not ‘mentioned you may see later versions of 3) ‘with Python, thankfully) installers can include unwanted additional Features, On the fist screen available, ensure all boxes are ticked and click the Next button, J} Optional Features @ pyth windov oe a aaa pen ir tars ag cng FEPTSPRD click the download button for version 3x, and ESTEE The next page of options include some interesting save the file to your Downloads folder. When the File is downloaded, double-ick the executable and the Python installation wizard wil launch, From here you have two choices Install Now and Customise Installation, We recammend opting For the Customise instalation lnk. J Install Python 3.6.2 (32-bit) a. wind iad Python 346 to PATHE cone BED osc: additions to Python. Ensure the Associate file with Python, Create Shortcuts, Add Python to Environment Variables, recompile Standard Library and install for All Users options are ticked. These make using Python later much easier. Click install when you're ready to continue. ‘Advanced Options mt rane (acm nth fn fp yt) awl agar Fi aE aYes and Python will begin to install. Once the installation is complete he Final Python wizard page wil allow you to view the latest release notes, and Follow sorne online tutorials Setup was successful a & How to Set Up Python in Windows Cl icking on the IDLE Python 3.6 32-bit link wil launch the Python Shell, where you can begin your Python programming journey. Don't worry iF your version ismewer, as tong as’s Python 3.x our code will work inside your Python 3interface, windows FETTER Before you close the install wizard win however it'sbestto dick on the link next tothe shield detalled Disable Path Lenoth Limit This will allow Python 0 bypass the Windows 260 character limitation, enabling you to ‘execute Python programs stored in deep Folders arrangements. ‘Again, click Yes to authenticate the process; then you can Close the installation window. © Disable path length limit lose Windows 10 users will now find the installed Python a 3.x within the Start button Recently Added section, The first ink, Python 3.6 (32-bit) Me wil aunch the command ine version of Python when licked (more on that in a moment) To open the IDLE, ype IDLE into Windows start. ur oem 26.1 f you now clk onthe Windows Sat button aga SHEP) and this time type: CMD, you'll be presented with the Command Prompt ink, cick to gett the Windows commandline envionment. Toenter Python vin he command ine, ou need touype-python and press Ener BESERB) the command tne version of Python worksin much the samme way asthe Shell you opened in Step 8; note the three leftfacing arrows (>>>). Whilst its @ perfectly fine environment, it’s not too user friendly, so leave the command line For now. Enter: XTEC) to leave and close the Comman Prompt windowSay Hello to Python How to Set Up Python on a Mac Teer aia Ea CA Meena ner te ten Sen alee NSA a Aero la Kola ANON ELK Te Vane) (Lea OMA Uem OL Col CORMIER Role MATTIANe) TAC) Ca oOo INSTALLING PYTHON ‘Apple's operating system comes with Python installed, so you don't need to install it separately. However, Apple doesn’t update Python very often and you're probably running an older version. So it makes sense to check and update first. FETTER Oven anew Terminal window by clicking Go> FETTER ick on the latest version of Python 3x in our Utlities, hen double-click the Terminal icon. Now ase thsi the download button for Python 3.6.2. enter: python’ =-version. Youshould see Python 2.5.1" and This will automatically download the latest version of Python and even later, i Apple has updated the OS and Python instalation. ‘depending on how you've got your Mac configured, it automatically Either way, i's best to check forthe latest version starts the installation wizard PEPER) open safariang head over to www.python.org/ FETS withthe Python installation wizard open, click on downloads, Just as with the Windows setup the Continue button to begin the installation. Its procedure on the previous pages, ou can see two yellow download worth taking a moment to read through the Important information buttons: one for Python 3.6.2, and the other for Python 2.7.13. section, in case it references something that applies to your version Note, that version numbers may be different due tothe frequent of macOS. When ready, click Continue again. releases of Python. PR Coe Emad BED 2228-0FPTSEDD The next section details the Software License ‘Agreement, and whilst not particulary interesting to most folks it's probably worth a read. When you're ready, click on the Continue button once again. FETED Final you're be presented with the amount of space Python will take up on your system and an Install button, which you need to click to stat the actual installation ‘of Python 3.x on to your Mac. You may need to enter your password to authenticate the installation process. FSPTSEM) The installation shouldnt take too long; the older ‘Mac Mini we used inthis section isa little slower than more modern Mac machines andit only took around thirty seconds For the Installation Successful prompt tobe displayed, How to Set Up Python on a Mac Cl ESTEE There's nothing much else left to doin the Python Installation wizard so you can click the Close button. IF you now drop back into a Terminal session and re-enter the ‘command: python3 ==version, you can see the new version's, now listed, To enter the command ine version of Python, you need tocenter:python3. To ext, is: exitO. BETESED You nced to search in Finder For the Python IDLE; when you've found it, click to launch and it should look similar to that of the Windows IDLE version shown on, the previous page. The only difference being the Mac detected hardware platform it's running on. ° Pen 80 Se Pytnon 3.6.0 G9.6.8ehaF06Re3, bee 22 236, 17:23:0) PC 4.23 Cppie nc. bute Se6) Cant 2] on arcin ype Scorgsohty “crditet or svcaneeQ? for sore inforatin. ‘ws te Tam GiR (ancy eatin PEPPER Older Macversions may have trouble with the newer versions of Python, in which case you will need to revert toa previous Python 3.xbuild;as long as you're using Python 3.x the code in this book will work for you. Python 3.1-2 (r312;79360M, Mar 24 2010, 01:33:18) {6ce 4.0:1 (apple Ine. build 5493)} on’ darwin Type "copyright", “credits” or "1icense()" for mo pelnronmition. wowpepubletions comSay Hello to Python How to Set Up Python in Linux PYTHON PENGUIN Linux is such a versatile operating system that it's often difficult to nail down just one way of doing something. Different distributions go about installing software in different ways, so we will stick to Linux Mint 18.1 for this particular tutorial FETTER) Fistyouncedto ascertain which version of Python EINEM some Linux distros will automatically update iscurrently installed in your Linuxsystem; as we the instalation of Python to the latest versions ‘mentioned, we're going to be using Linux Mint 18.1 for this section. whenever the system is updated. To check, First do asystem update ‘Aswith macOS, drop intoa Terminal by pressing CtrlrAteT, and upgrade with aa sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade Sere Enter your password and et the system do any updates. PEPER Nextenter:python =-version into the Terminal VFM once the update and upgrade is complete, you screen. You should have the output relating to ‘may need to answer'Y’ to authorise ary upgrades, version 2.x of Python inthe display. Ours inthis particular caseis _enter: python. --version to see iF Python 3xs updated or even Python 2.7.12. installed, n the case of Linux Mint, the version we have is Python 3.5.2, whichis Fine For our purposes. davidedavid-mint Fle Edit View Search Terminal Help erst oat yon & Co CodingFETED Howeves iF you want the latest version, 3.6.2 as per the Python website atthe time of writing, youneed to build Python from source. Start by entering these commands into the Terminal: sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall sudo apt-get install Libreadline-gplv2-dev Libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev Libgdbm-dev Libc6-dev Libbz2-dev Open upyur Linx web browser ard to EUERG the Python download page: www.python.org/ downloads. Clckonthe Download Pthon 3.62 (0 whee version son vhen au oot to dwicadthe source Python Seataocfle Cee ure) Inthe Teminal, go the Downloads folder by Suey entering: ed Downloads/. Then unzip the contents ofthe Gounladed Pytonsoure coce with tat AVE Python-3.6.2. tar xz Now enterthe newly unpped folder with ed Python-3.6.2/. ( How to Set Up Python in Linux \within the Python folder, enter: configure sudo make altinstall Sd ‘This could alittle while depending on the speed of your computer. Once Finished, enter:python3.6 ==version to check the installed latest version For the GUIIDLE, you need to enter the Following SIP) command into the Terminal: sudo apt-get install idle3 ‘The IDLE can then be started with the command: idLe3. Note, that IDLE runs a different version from the one you installed from source. ESTESET RD) You also need PiP(Pipinstalls Packages) whichis a tool to help you install more modules and extras. Enter: sudo apt-get install python3-pip PIP then installed; check For the latest update with pip3 install --upgrade pip ‘When complete, close the Terminal and Python 3x willbe available via the Programming section in your distro's menu. vwwwvpcgubezonscom — |Getting Started _ VViuan oa eaten ins ——»( Getting Started with Python Getting started with Python may seem a little daunting at first but the language has been designed with simplicity in mind. Like most things, you need to start slowly, learn how to get a result and how to get what you want from the code. Intthis section, we cover variables, numbers and expressions, user input, conditions and loops; and the types of errors you may well come across in your time with Python. Starting Python forthe First Time Your First Code Saving and Executing Your Code Executing Code from the Command Line Numbers and Expressions Using Comments Working with Variables User Input q “Condit Python Modules wor plpubliationscomz= Getting Started with Pytho ») Starting Python For the First Time WereSonic em latest version of Raspbian comes preinstalled with Python 3, version 3.4.2 to be exact, so as long as you have a version 3 Shell, all our code will work. STARTING PYTHON We're not going to go into the details of getting the Raspberry Pi up and running, there's plenty of material already available con that subject. However, once you're ready, fire up your Pi and get ready for coding. FETTSEDD With the Raspbian desktop loaded, click on the FSTISED For cxample, inthe Shell enter: 242 ‘Menu button followed by Programming > Python After pressing Enter, the next line displays the 3 (DLE). This opens the Python 3 Shell. Windows and Macuserscan answer: 4. Basically, Python has taken the ‘cade’ and produced the Find the Python 3 IDLE Shell from within the windows Start button relevant output. ‘meni and via Finder. ‘The Shell is where you can enter code and see the ‘The Python Shell acts very much lke a calculator, responses and output of code you've programmed since cade is basically a series of mathematical into Python. This sa kind of sandbox, where you're able totry out interactions withthe system. Integers, which are the infinite some simple code and processes. sequence of whole numbers can easily be added, subtracted, multiplied and so on.Starting Python for the First Time E yo ESTER While thats vey interesting it's not particularly exciting. Instead, try this: print(“Hello everyone!”) ust lke the code we enteredin Sublime in the Installing a Text itor section ofthis book well as quote marks in order to output content to the screen, inthis case the ‘Hello everyone! bit >>> print(“Hello everyone! ™) Helo everyone! ES Te eA You may have noticed the colour coding within the Python IDLE. The colours represent different elements of Python code. They are: Black Data and Variables Green—Strings Purple — Functions Orenge- Commands Blue — User Functions Dark Red ~ Comments Light Red -Error Messages IDLE Colour Coding [eotour [usetor [examples | Purple [Functor | ten print Daekred | Comments | Aaneaber VAR FERED) The Python OLE isa configurable environment. IF you don't like the way the colours are represented, then you can always change them via Options > Configure IDLE and licking on the Highlighting tab, However, we dont recommend that, as you won't be seeing the same as our screenshots. ae = Ss PED ust tke most programs available, regardless of the ‘operating system, there are numerous shortcut keys avallable. We don’t have room for them all ere but within the Options > Configure IDLE and under the Keys tab, you can see alist (of the current bindings. PEPPER Te Pithon IDLE is apower interface and one that’s actually been written in Python using one ‘of the available GUI toolkts. Fyou want to know the many ins and ‘outs ofthe Shel, we recommend you take afew moments to view ‘www.docs.python.org/3/library/idle.html, which details many oF the IDLE’ Features. a:z= Getting Started with Python Your First Code Essentially, you've already written your First piece of code with the ‘print("Hello everyone!”)’ Function From the previous tutorial. However, let's expand that and look at entering your code and playing around with some other Python examples. PLAYING WITH PYTHON With most languages, computer or human, it’s all about remembering and applying the right words to the right situation, You're not born knowing these words, so you need to learn them. TERED you've closed Python 3 IDLE, reopen itin whichever operating system version you prefer. In the Shell enter the Familiar following print(*Hello”) gee ips eet a" fr mre train, PEER sos v renin dovrtatonpensine BED sosscetteoee, 's fairly straightforward and doesn't require too much explanation. Now try print(*212") You can see that instead ofthe number 4, the ‘outputs the 2+2 you asked to be printed tothe screen. The quotation marks are defining what's being outputted tothe IDLE Shell to print the total of 2+2 you need to remove the quotes: print(2+2) You can continue as such, printing 2+2, 46442343 {and soon ta the Shell. An easier way sto use a variable, which s something we wil cover in more depth later. For now, enter:Your First Code ¢ CG \hatyouhave done here isassign the tesa SuePS and b two values: 2 and 2. These are now variables, which can be called upon by Python to output, add, subtract, divide ‘and So.on for as long as their numbers stay the same, Try this: print(a) print(b), Ee ESB Spine Hwee ESTEE The output ofthe last step displays the current valves of both a and b individually as you've asked them tobe printed separately. IF you want to add them up, you can use the following: print(avb) ‘This code simply takes the values of aand b, adds them together and outputs the result oe bash bn ean ee FETED Yu can play around with different kinds of variables and the Print Function. For example, you could ‘assign variables for someone's name: nane="David” print(name) FEED ow let'sadda surname: surnane="Hayward” print(surname) ‘You now have two variables containing a frst name and a surname ‘and you can print them independently, ie beh pg ons nds be BETTER ve were to apply the same routine as before, sing the + symbol, the name wouldnt appear New File. This will open a new window Inthe IDLE Editorasitisin the Shel, enabling you with Untitied as its name. Thisis the Python IDLE Ealtor and within it to better understand what's going on with your code. However, to Yyou can enter the code needed ta create your Future programs. ‘execute the code you need to first save it Press FS and you get a Save...Checkbox open, le ee FTE The OLE Editors, forall intents and purposes, a FeTe DD ick on the OK button in the Save box and select a simple text editor with Python features, colour destination where you't save all your Python code. coding and so on; much in the same vein as Sublime. You enter ‘The destination can be a decicated Folder called Python or you code as you would within the Shell so taking an example from the _canjust dump it wherever you lke, Remember to keepatidy drive previous tutorial, enter: though to help you out inthe Future. print(*Hello everyone!") eneera neersC Saving and Executing Your Code Cl Enter aname for your code, ‘print hello’ for ‘example, and clickon the Save button. Once the Python code is savedit's executed and the output willbe detailed in the IDLE Shell n this case, the words Hello everyone! FERED Thisishow the vast majority of your Python code willbe conducted, Enter itinto the Editor, hit 5, save the code and look atthe output inthe Shell Sometimes things will fer, depending on whether you've requested a separate ‘window, but essentially that’s the process.’ the process we will se throughout this book, unless otherwise stated Ifyou open the file Location ofthe saved Python code, you can see that it ends in a py extension. Thisis the default Python file name. Any code you create will be \whateverpy and any code downloaded from the many Internet Python resource sites willbe. Just ensure that the code is written for Python 3 Lets extend the code and entra few examples Sues from the previous tutorial: a2 b=? ‘name="David” surnane="Haynard” print(nane,. surname) print (asb) IF you press FS now youll be asked to save the fe, again, as t’sbeen modified from before. FETED you click the OK button, the filewill be ‘overwritten with the new code entries, and ‘executed, withthe output in the Shell k’snot a problem with just these few lines but if you were to edt a larger file, overwriting can become an issue. Instead, use File > Save As from within the Editor tocreatea backup, motes, FEET RD) Now create a new file. Clase the Editor, and open ‘anew instance File» New Fie from the Shel). Enter the following and save tas hellopy: ‘ax"Python” beris” c="cool!” print(a, b, ¢) ‘You will use this code in the next tutorial ninGetting Started with Python Executing Code from the Command Line COMMAND THE CODE Using the code we created in the previous tutorial, the one we named hello.py, let’s see how you can run code that was made inthe GUI at the command line level. Dihonintnnoneswintopestiewnsct EEG) vow oreatine canard ine we cos theres the Python 3tbraries command python and press Enter Ts wl pu you othe hough, drop into the command tine or Terminal on ynand line version of the Shel, withthe Familiar three right FETED fom here you're able to enter th looked at previously, suchas: a-2 printCa) ‘You can see that it works exactly the same. and macOS u get access 10 their command line by clicking Go> Utities» Terminal yon & Co CodingExecuting Code from the Command Line Cl ERED terccert0:cteteconnontinesion EEEEPB sh esting eon cae rom te mpt. Enter the Folder where you saved the code from the joesn't error out in any way, due to the differences between the previous tutorial and list the available Files within; hopefully you way Python 3 handles the Print command over Python 2, the result should see the helo.py ile isn't as we expected, Using Sublime forthe moment, open the hellopy file, aa - FETTER From within the same folder asthe code you're FETED Since Sublime Text isn't avallable For the Raspberry ‘ong to run, enter the Following into the Pi you're going to temporarily leave the Pi for the ‘command line: moment and use Sublime as an example that you don't necessarily need to use the Python IDLE. With the hello. file open, alter itto include the following: python3 hello. py This will execute the. fe we created, which to remind you's: . « nane=input(“What is your name? “) a="Python” print(*Hello,”, name) boris? c="cool!” a print(a, b, <) ay python3 hello. py PCLT. ‘The result wil be the original Python is cool! statement, toge with the added input command asking you For your name, and displaying iin the commat woowpemubicsionscon CERIN@) Getting Started with Python Numbers and Expressions Met eeu oe ear uel can Area RICE CMM n Ts MR ork a MEU Cd eam eM aaa] at Ikon (oll) UML AUN ent PA RSIn1 Col meat ee oR UATen AUREL Co IT’S ALL MATHS, MAN You can get some really impressive results with the mathematical powers of Python; as with most, if not all, programming languages, maths is the driving Force behind the code. Speipthecuvesionatton3.cimentones TREE Youceniae te nmatensta opto em you can use either the Shell or the Editor. For the Sua? divide, multiply, brackets and so on. Practise with a time being, you're going to use the Shelljustto warm our maths ew, For example: smuscle, which we believe isa small gland located at the back ofthe ve brain or not) o2 24283 G2)+"4) ee Sets tt me bon PEPER the shell enter the following: PEI You've no doubt notice, division produces a — decimal number. In Python these are called oats, ‘oF floating point arithmetic. However, you need an integer as, 4356434953245, Se ‘opposed to adecimal answer, then you can use a double lash: ve You can see that Python can handle some quite large numbers — ‘And soon,C Numbers and Expressions Cl ‘oun also wean operation tosee the remainder SuePS left over From division. For example: 10/3 ‘ill display 3.333333333, which i of course 3.3-ecurting Ifyou nowenter: 103, ‘This ill display 1, which i the remainder let over From dividing 10 into 3, FETED Next upwe have the power operator or exponentiation f you want to be technical. To work ‘ut the power of something you can use 3 double multiplication symbol or double-star on the keyboard: a3, 10°10 Essentially, is 2x2x2 but we're sure you already know the basics bbehind maths operators. This show you would workit out Python, BETA) This willbe splayed as‘0b11, converting the integerinto binary and adding the prefixOb tothe front. Fyou want to remove the Ob prefix, then you can use Format(3, ‘b") ‘The Format command converts value, the number 3,t03 Formatted representation as controlled by the Format specication, the’ part ESTESED 4 800lean Expression isa logical statement that wil either be true or False, We can use these to compare data and test to see fit's equalt, less than or greater than. Try this ina NewFile: a-=6 i - print(1, a == 6) 5 print(2, a == 7) i print(3, a == 6 and b == 7) E print(4, a == 7 and b == 7) EE print(S, not == 7 and b == 7) print(6, a == 7 or b == 7) print(?, a == 7 or b == 6) print(s, not (a == 7 and b == 6)) print(9, not a == 7 and b == 6) Numbers and expressions don't stop there. Python has numerous builtin Functions to work out sets (of numbers, absolute values, complex numbers and a host of ‘mathematical expressions and Pythagorean tongue-buisters. For ‘example, to convert @ number to binary, use: bina) Execute the code from Step 9, and you can see a series of True or False statements, depending on the result of the two defining values: 6 and 7. t's an extension of ‘what you've looked at, and an important part of programming. wncncnn CS@) Getting Started with Python Using Comments ICU AO Rm REN CIC a Tar Perce MR oll Ne se OTe Mola Telekom aol] Follow the code line by line but over time, it can become difficult to read. #COMMENTS! Programmers use a method of keeping their code readable by commenting on certain sections. fa variable is used, the ‘programmer comments on what it’s supposed to do, for example. I's just good practise. PETER) Seercby creating anewinstance ofthe OLE Editor — RINE esave the code and execute it. You can see thatthe (File > New Fle) and create a simple variable and ‘output in the IDLE Shell is stil the same as before, print command: despite the extra lines being added. imply put, the hash symbol (#) a ‘denotes ane of text the programmer can insert to inform them, print(“The value of A is,”, a) ~and others, oF what's going on without the user being aware. Save the file and execute the code. i Phen 42 Sel EE J Gaorer gy paralplbonmen fyten Comtamnerpra) = = = (ie ea Fame in tnt dom te ESTEE Punning the code willreturn the ine:The value of A [ESTESAWM Let's assume that the variable that we've created is, 10intothe IDLE Shell window, which is what we Is the number of lives ina game. Every time the expected. Now, add some ofthe types of comments you'd normally player dis, the value is decreased by 1. The programmer could seewithin code: insert aroutine along the lines of # Set the start value of A to 10 asa-1 0-10 print(*You've just lost a life!”) # Print the current value of A print(*You now have”, a, “Lives left!" print(“The value of A is,”, a)vs (Us Ce It: (Using Comments Cl hist we now that the variable Ais ves and Gus that the player has just lost one, a casual viewer or someone checking the code may nat now: Iagine fora moment thatthe coe s twenty thousand Ines lon, stead of stout seven, Youcan se howhands comments ar nine comment ar comments that follow asecton Gua3 of code. Take our examples from above, instead of inserting the code on a separate tne, we could use: 0-10 # Set the start value of A to 10 print(“The value of A is,”, a) # Print the current value of A ‘-a-1 # Player lost a life! print¢“You’ve just lost a life!”) print(“You now have”, a, “Lives left!”) # Inform player, and display current value of A (lives) Essentially the new code together with comments STEP could look tke: # Set the start value of A to 10 o-10 # Print the current value of A print(“The value of A is,”, a) # Player lost a life! ana-1 4 Inform player, and display current value of A lives) print(*You've just lost a life!”) print(*You now have”, a, “Lives left!") FETED The comment, the hash symbol, an also be used to comment out sections of code you don't want to be ‘executed in your program. For instance if you wanted to remove the fist print statement, you would use: # print(“The value of A is”, a) eee [eset the start value of A to 10 F Peine the current value of A Je peintc"The value of & is.", ail fe Player lost'a ite! oot #Toform player, and display current value of A (Lives) prine(-You've just lost a life!" Heranct-vou now have", a, “lives left You can use commentsin different ways, For example, Black Comments are a large section of text that details what's going on in the code, such as telling the code reader what variables you're planning on using: 4 This is the best game ever, and has been developed by a crack squad of Python experts ¥ who haven’t slept or washed in weeks. Despite being very smelly, the code at Least # works really well. You also use three single quotes to comment. ‘out a Block Comment or multiline section of ‘comments. Place ther before and after the areas you want to ‘comment for them ta work: This is the best game ever, and has been developed by a crack squad of Python experts who haven't slept or washed in weeks. Despite being very smelly, the code at least works really well.z= Getting Started with Python Working with Variables AWARE Con ecu) LLANE 1 CMe LM ene K soe F-]k-2-[eh At ELEN S Merona iituReercnanenbece tues eitecaeia) NUTONE VARIOUS VARIABLES You'll be working with the Python 3 IDLE Shell in this tutorial. IF you haven't already, open Python 3 or close down the pr IDLE Shell to clear up any old code. FS on vcswomsinnssonanecasce nane="David Hayward’ (or use your own name, unless you're also called David Hayward). ie at Sh Guy pens wn ‘You've seen previously that variables can be Sua? concatenated using the plus symbol between the variable names. In our example we can use: print Cname + “: “ + title). The middle part between the quotations allows us to adda oon anda space, asvaibesare connected tout spaces, Sowe edo add them menvaly [Be ESS) on Ete om ne PEPISPD) You can check the type of variable in use by issuing the type ()cornmand, placing the name of the variable inside the brackets. In our example, this would be: type name). Add anew string variable: title="Descended from Vikings”. PIR Youcanaiso combine variables within another variable. For ‘example, to combine both name and title variables into anew variable we use: charactersname +“: “+ title ‘Then output the content of the new variable as: print (character) Numbers are stored as different variables: age~44 ‘Type (age) (Which, as we know, are integers.@ Working with Variables Cl BEER Howeves, you can’t combine both strings and integer type variables inthe sare command, a5 You would a set of similar variables. You need to either turn one into the ‘other or vce versa. When you do try to combine both, youget an error message: print (name + age) Thispreset bit oF roblem when wan to SS work with a number that's been inputted by the use a5 age + 10 wont work due to beng astrng arable and an inteoe.nstend, you need enter int(age) + 10 ‘This ill TypeCast the age string into an integer that can be ‘worked with, FETTER Thisis2 process known as TypeCasting. The Python codes: print (character + “is “ + str(age) + “ years old.) or youcan use: print (character, “is, age, “years old.”) ‘Notice again that inthe last example, you dont need the spaces between the words in quotes as the commas treat each argument to print separately >>> print (nane + age) Traceback (ost recent call last): File “", Line 1, in rine’ (name * age) typebrror: can't convert “int* object to str implicitly BiB sprine (character's. is'= + str(age) +" years. old’ David Haynard: Descended from Vikings iz “4 years old. S3Sprant (character, "is", age, "years old." David Hayward: Descended from Vikings is 44 years old. Sa FETED The use of Typecastingis aso important when dealing with floating point arithmetic; remember: ‘numbers that have a decimal point in them. For example, enter: shirt=19.99 Now enter type(shirt) and you'llsee that Python has allocated the number as a oat’, because the value contains a decimal point. Python 54.7 Coefoule, Get TB 2048, 13:31 TV) ee 9.1 ot hie SB enaeeeiatbs Méredits” or “License()* for nore information. FETED “nother example of TypeCastingis when you ask For input from the user, such as a name. for example, enter ‘age= input (“How old are you? “) All data stored from the Input command isstored asa string variable. fle Gat Shel Debug Options wndows Hee ‘when combining integers and floats Python usually converts the integer to a float, but should the reverse ever be applied i's worth remembering that Python doesn't return the exact value, When converting a oat to an integer, Python will always round down to the nearest integer, ‘called truncating; in our case instead of 19.99 t becomes 19, eat 8 og prs sna Re eae ee a TT FE Se eta cmt fr me inant saree Ey onc@) Getting Started with Python User Input WASTE Co) uid erie ee Leno a ea Reels ice Ro mn elu od earlier, so now would be a good time to Focus solely on how you would get information Tee mace ahe ccna USER FRIENDLY The type of input you want From the user will depend greatly on the type of program you're coding. For example, 2 game may ‘ask for a character's name, whereas a database can ask For personal details. ESTEE it’s not already, open the Python 3 IDLEShell, Bene Now that we have the user's name stored ina and tart a New Fie inthe Editor Let's begin with couple of variables we can call them up whenever ‘something really simple, enter: we want: print(“Hello") printC‘Welcone”, firstname, surname, “. T hope firstname=input(“What is your first nane? “) you're well today.”) print(*Thanks.") ‘surnane=input(“And what is your surname? “) FREED Se and execute the code, and as you alreadyno ES EESPIB Run the code and you can see a sight issue, the doubt suspected, in the IDLE Shel the program will full stop after the surname follows a blank space. ask for your first name, storing its the variable Firstname, followed To eliminate that we can add a plus sign instead ofthe comma in by your surname; also stored in its own variable (surname). the code: printC‘Welcone”, firstname, surnames‘. I hope you’re well today.”)(User input Cl iG P| ‘ou dort abays haeto nude quoted tex thin SuePS the input command. For example, you can ask the User thername, and have the nput inthe Ine below print(“Hello. What’s your name?”) name=inputQ serinput py - Jhome/pi/Documents/Python Code/us! [Ele Edt Farmat fun Options Windows Help What youve create heres codon, which we Sues will cover soon. In short, we're using the input From theuser and mesuingit against condton So the ser enters Davids ther name, the guard willow them to pass unhindered Ete, they enter name other than Da, the guardchalenges themto afight iprant( elle, What's your ane?) F ramesinpst() ESTEE te cove from the previousstep soften regarded asbeing alittle neater than having alenathy amount of text inthe input command, but t's not rue thats etn stone, so do as you likin these situations. Expanding onthe code, ythis: print(*Halt! Who goes there?”) rnane=input) ESTEE DD st 25,00 learned previously, any input from a Users automatically string, soyou needto apply a “TypeCastin order to turn it into something ese. This creates some interesting adctions tothe input command. For example: # Code to calculate rate and distance print(“Input a rate and a distance”) rate = floatCinput(“Rate: “)) ES TeGEAD 52 g00d tart to atext adventure game, perhaps? Now you can expand on t and use the raw input from the user to flesh out the game alittle: if nane=="David": printC*Welcome, good sir. You may pass.") else: print(*I know you not. Prepare for battle! BPTD) %o finalise the rate and distance code, we can ade: distance = float Cinput(“Distance: “)) printCTime:”, (distance / rate)) Save and execute the code and enter some numbers. Using the Float(input element, we've told Python that anything enteredisa floating point number rather than a string wnoncnnz= Getting Started with Python Creating Functions INC e RTT Cel R CREE econ RUS iR NT] ONCE Ne MSM aoe ea Mn cto eLel dC CiMten (oie UAUELCcTeMUSteRCAW AT ee Se CA eS eco eho a ea1e0A) enables you to define your own functions. FUNKY FUNCTIONS ‘A function isa command that you enter into Python to do something. It's alittle piece of self-contained code that takes data, ‘works on it and then returns the result, RS x natnnremtonusoen heen length or type oftems. Basically, a function isa short word that's Followed by brackets. For example, len(,list0 or type(). et aro tm oe teri, ‘Afunction takes data, usually variable, works on Tedepending on what the Function is programmed to do andreturnsthe end value. The data being worked on goes Inside the brackets, so if you wanted to know how many letters are in the word antidisestablishmentarianism, then you'd enter: Len¢“antidisestablishmentarianisn’) and the number 28 would return, Fare RD You can pass variables through functions in much the sare manner. Let's assume you want the number of letters in person's surname, you could use the following code (enter the text editor for this example): ‘name=input “Enter your surmane: “) count=Len(nane) print (*Your surname has“, count, “Letters in it.”) Press FS and save the code to execute it. Python has tens of functions builint i, Fartoo ‘many to get intoin the limited space availabe here. However, o view the list of builtin functions available to Python 3, navigate to wwww.docs.python.org/3/library/Functions.htm, These arethe predefined functions but since users have created many more, theyrenot the only anes available.( Creating Functions Cl Additional functions can be added to Python through modules. Python has vast range of ‘modules availabe that can cover numerous programming duties, ‘They ad functions and can be imported as and when required, For ‘example, to use advanced mathematics Functions enter ‘import math ‘Once entered, you have access to all the math module Functions. Tose funcionfrom a module ete the name of SIS the module followed by a full stop, then the name (of the Function. For instance, using the math modu, since you've just imported it into Python, you can utilise the square root Function, To.doso, enter math. sqrt(16) ‘You can see thatthe code is presented as module function(data. FORGING FUNCTIONS fF i Es Cee pena arr cid pee oe eeu a eee Seu ees e ee eee: print (“Hel to™)| Reto) Cee (ile Paes Eee ecu eals Ey {def HelloCnane):) print C"Helto™, nane)} HeLloC David} en ee eerie oe eee aad ar the last line in th cre co What you've just done i import the Hella Function From the saved Hello.py program and then usedit i, This is how modules and functions work: you wuwwecgubicatonscam —z= Getting Started with Python Conditions and Loops (eon ORE CO Se MURA eT es ered en eT LL ele meoly ol eag OWA UMM Tu Ke one Sek CNMI Ane Cele NRK} achieve; they could be the number of lives left in a game or just displaying a countdown. TRUE CONDITIONS Keeping conditions simple to begin with makes learning to program a more enjoyable experience. Let's start then by checking if something is TRUE, then doing something else iftisn't. eG RED t's create 2 new Python program that wil ask FETED Now you can use anif statement to check ifthe the user to input a word, then check ito see it's word length variable is equal to Four and print a a fourletter word or not, Startwith Fie > New Fle, andbeginwith friendly conformation fit applies tothe ule: ea word=input(“PLease enter a four-letter word: “) word-input(“Please enter a four-letter word: “) word_Length=len(word) if word_length == 4: print (nord, “is a four-letter word. Well done. ‘The double equal sign (-=) means check something is equal to something else. PEPTSP DD Now we can create anewvariable,then use helen [EBB the colon atthe end off tells Python that if this Function and pass the word variable through it to statement i true do everything after the colon ‘get the total number of letters the user has just entered: that'sindented. Next, move the cursor back to the beginning of word=input (“Please enter a four-letter word: el word_Length=Len(word) word=input(“Please enter a four-letter word: “) word_Length=Len(word) if word_length == 4: print (word, “is a four-letter word. Well re een ert 7 else: print (word, “is not a four-letter word.)Press FS and save the code to excite Enter Gu a four-letter word in the Shell to begin with, you should havethe returned message that tthe word four eters Now pest apn an rerun te rogram baths tne enter, fetter word The Sell play tats nota foucltter word LOOPS (Conditions and Loops Cl Now expand the code to include another concitions. SUS Eventually, it could become quite complex. We've ‘added a condition for three letter words word=input(“PLease enter a four-letter word: “) word_Length=Len(word: if word_length == 4: print (word, “is a four-letter word. Well done.) elif word length == 3: print (Word, “is a three-letter word. Try again.”) else print (word, “is not a four-letter word.) ‘Aloop looks quite similar to a condition but they are somewhat different in their operation. A loop will run through the same ee Re iene ee nse eae f recat Ce ney ore check tos PEPER the citference between if and while is when while Cee are Pee pniee vec: sete ey ints the current value of x, then adds on Seemed that value, When x do ae ees eet er tee) eee terse roe ae jrords-[*Cat™, “Dog™, “Unicorn™ for word in words:| print Cword)) ae nse ieee STEP 4 ates for xin range C1, 10):) print Go] ec eee semenGetting Started with Python Python Modules MASTERING MODULES Think of modules as an extension that's imported into your Python code to enhance and extend its capabilities. There are countless modules available and as we've seen, you can even make your own, Although good, the builtin functions within Python are limited. The use of modules, however, allows us 10 make more sophisticated programs. As you are aware, modules | step2 ) ‘Some modules, espedially on the Raspberry Pi are included by default, the math module being a prime example. Sadly, other madules aren't always avallable. A good ‘example on non-Pi platformss the pygame module, which contains many functions tol Ty: import pygame. yon & Co Coding FED The resuttis an errorin the DLE Shell asthe pygame module isn't recognised or installed in Python. To install a module we can use PIP (Pip Installs Packages) Close down the IDLE Shell and drop into a command prompt or Terminal session, At an elevated admin command prompt, enter: pip install pygane BEEP the PP installation requresan elevated status due it installing components at different locations. Windows users can search for CMD via the Start button a the result then click Run as Administrator. Linux a the Sudo command, with sudo pipr (Python Modules Cl Close the command promt or Terminal and SuePS relaunch the IDLE Shell. When you now enter: import. pygane, the mode wl be Imported into te code whout ary problems, Yul find that most code downloaded o Copied from the tenet il contain a module, manstream of trigue, thes are sul the source of eosin exeation veto them bing missing ‘Multiple modules can be imported within your code. To extend our example, use: import random import math for I in range(s): print(random.randint(1, 25)) print(math.pi) a “The modules contain the extra code needed to Siar achieve a certain result within your own code, as we've previously experimented with. For example: ‘import random Brings in the cade From the random number generator module. You can then use this module to create something ike: for i in range(10): printCrandom.randint(1, 25)) a ‘The result is string of random numbers Followed bythe value of Pi as pulled from the math module using the print(math,pi Function, You can also pullin certain Functions from a module by using the From and import commands, such as: from random import randint for i in range(s): printCrandint(1, 25)) a This code, when saved and executed, will display ten random numbers from 1 to 25. You can play around with the code to display more or less, nd from a great or lesser range. For example: ‘import random for i in range(25): printCrandom.randint(1, 100)) ‘This helps create a more streamlined approach to STEP 10 programming. You can also use import modules, ‘which wil import everything defined within the named module. However, it's often regarded as a waste of resources but it works nonetheless. Finally, modules can be imported as aliases: import math as m print(m.pi) ‘Of course, adding comments helps to tel others what's going on, Daten evita A - ax oncom CSa woe aah i) oi fe( Working with Data Data is everything. With it you can display, control, add, remove, create and manipulate Python to your every demand. Over these coming pages we look at how you can create lists, tuples, dictionaries and multi-dimensional lis and see how to use them to forge exciting and useful programs. Then, you can learn how to use date and time Functions, write to Files in your system and even create graphical user interfaces that take your coding skills to new levels and into new project ideas. 46 Lists 48 Tuples 50 _ Dictionaries 52__ Splitting and Joining Strings 54 Formatting Strings 56 Date and Time 58 Opening Files 60 Writing to Files 62 _ Exceptions 64 Python Graphicseer eon Toe Rated aU Celery Python. A list is simply a collection of items, or data if you prefer, that can be accessed Pee emu ict na Tench WORKING WITH LISTS Lists are extremely handy in Python. list can be strings, integers and also variables. You can even include Functions and lists within lists. ists, Aliisasecunceof asad er cu EREERE Youcon stones rinse Renny SIE create the name of your list Followed by an equals Sua? using the minus sign before the item number [1], sign, then square brackets and the tems separated by commas; _orthe second to last item with [2] and so on. Trying to reference an ote that strings use quotes: iter that iat in the list, such as [10} wil return an exror: numbers = [1, 4, 7, 21, 98, 156] unbers [1] mythical_creatures - [“Unicorn”, “Balrog”, imythical_creatures[=4] “Vanpire”, “Dragon”, “Minotaur"] FETED <2 you've defined your list you can call each FETED Stcing issimitar to indexing but you can retrieve by referencing its name, followed by anumber. Lists ‘multiple tems na lst by separating tem numbers start the first item entry as 0, Followed by 1, 2,3 and so on, with a colon. For example: For example: unbers[1:3] GinbsrE will outputthe 4 and 7, being item numbers 1 and 2. Note that the Tocall up the entire contents of the list. returned values dontinclude the second index postion (as you 3021 would numbers[t:3] to retum 4, 7 and 21) To call the third From zera temin the lst (21 in this case).‘You can update items within an existing list, remove items and even join lists together. For example, to Join two lists you can use: everything = nunbers + mythical_creatures. ‘Then view the combined list with: everything Items can be added to alist by entering nunbers=nunbers+[201] Or for strings: nythical_creatres-nythical_creatures+[“Griffin"] (Or by using the append Function mythical_creatures.append(“Nessie”) ‘nunber's .append(278) Removal of tems can be done in two ways. The first Sis Isby the tem number: del nunbers[7] Altematively, by item name: mythical_creatures. renoveC“Nessie”) Youcanview what can be dane wth sts by entering IS dir(list) Into the Shell. The output is the available Functions, for exemple, insert and pop are used to add and remove items at certain positions To insert the number 62 at item index 4 hunbers-insert(4, 62) To remove: runberspopC4) Bcd ito its components. For example: list(“David”) Breaks the name David into toanewlist You also use the list function to break a string down Thiscan then be passed ane=List*David Hayward”) rane oge=[44) User = nane + age user Based on that, you can create a program to store STEP 10 someone's name and age as alist: hane=inputCWhat”s your name? “) ‘Uname=List(name) ‘age=intCinput (“How old are you: “)) ‘Lage-[age] user = Inane + lage ‘The combined name and age lists called user, which canbe called by entering user into the Shel. Experiment and see what you can do,Tuples are very much identical to lists. However, where lists can be updated, deleted or changed in some way, a tuple remains a constant. This is called immutable and they're Pred OMe Ke lcd THE IMMUTABLE TUPLE Reasons for having tuples vary depending on what the program is intended to do. Normally, a tuple is reserved for something special but they/re also used for example, in an adventure game, where non-playing character names are stored. FETED stuvieiscreated the samewayasalistbutin this EIB youcan create grouped tuples into lists that contain instance you use curved brackets instead of square ‘multiple sets of data. For instance, here is tuple brackets. For example: ‘called NPC (Non Playable Characters) containing the character name twonths=C*January”s “February”; “March; “Aprit®, dhe combat ating For an adventure game: “way”, “June”) NPC=[C*Conan™, 100), (“Belit”, 80), (“Valeria”, months 95)] | eat ont gee oe wae oe er ae eae er Sar ey os PPE DD ust acwith ists, che items within anamed tuple can [PRIMM cach of these data items can be accessed asa be indexed according to their position inthe data whole by entering NPCinto the Shell or they can be range, te indexed according to ther postion NPC), You can also index the months] indvual tuples within the NPC list: mmonths[5] Neco} t1) However, any attempt at deleting or adding tothe tuple will result willisplay 100. inan errarin the Shel,isworhrcingttwbenfeereng mute ETERS Now srk tetera 0 SuePS tuples within a list, the indexing is slightly different. Sues corresponding variables: from the norm. Yuwould expect te 95 combat rating ofthe character Valeria to be NPC[4][5], but it’s not. It’s actually: Come pesca naDEHES nectz101) You can now check the values by entering name and combat. rating, Mes erep em Set Mae” o “mn fo sre tomato FETISED Remember, as with sts, you can also index tuples Using negative numbers which count backwards From the end of the data list. For our example, using the tuple with multiple data tems, you would reference the Valeria character with: Nec2I[-0 Which a you can mapine,getsa ite confusing when you've gota lotof tuple data to deal wth eee elise BSTSE DD Terlesthough utilise a Feature called unpacking, BNR) You can use the max and min functonsto find the where the data items stored withina tuple are highest and lowest values ofa tuple composed of assigned variables. First create the tuple with two items(nameand numbers. For example: combatting) runbers=(10.3, 23, 45.2, 109.3, 6.1, 56.7, 99) NPC=C*"Conan”, 100) ‘The numbers can be integers and floats. To output the highest and lowest, use: print (max(nunbers)) print(minCnunbers))Terre eaten eu TE NAC a arlene Ay of dealing with data items, They can be tricky to get to grips with at first but you'll soon ITED eo MnO oll men aole a KEY PAIRS. alist but instead each data item comes as a pal these are known as Key and Value. The Key part must be ‘unique and can either be a number or string whereas the Value can be any data item you like. FETE RED t's sev you want to create a phonebook in Python. ‘You would create the dctionary name and enter the data in curly brackets, separating the key and value by 8 colon Key:Value. For example: phonebook={“Enma”: 1234, “Daniel”: 3456, “Hannah”: 6789} Just as with most lists, tuples and so on, strings Siar need be enclosed in quotes single or double), whilst integers can be left open. Remember thatthe value can be either a string or an integer, you just need to enclose the relevant ‘one in quotes: phonebook2= David": “0987 654 321"} Aswith sts and tuples, youcanchekthe contents Sua? of a dictionary by giving the dictionary a name: phanebook inthis example This ply the tatemsyouve tetered na sina fshion toast whch youre no dove farsa with by now, Ree ‘The benefit of using a dictionary s that you Bary canenter the key to index the value. Using the phonebook example from the previous steps, you can enter: phonebook [“Enma”] phonebook [*Hannah‘Adding toa dictionary esto. Youcan include SuePS anew data item entry by adding the new key and vale ems the phonebook[“David"] = “0987 654 321” phonebook Nest, you need to defn the wsernputs and Sues variables: one for the person's name, the other for their phone number (let's keep it simple to avoid lengthy. Python coe ane=inputC“Enter name: hunber=intCinputC“Enter phone nunber: “)) BETTS You can also remove items from a dictionary by Issuing the del command Followed by the item's key; the value willbe removed as wel since both work as a pair of data items: el phonebook[*David"] STEI "Note we've kept the number as an integer instead (ofa string, even though the value can be both ~aninteger ora string, Now you need to add the user's inputted variables to the newly created blank dictionary. Using the same process asin Step 5, you can enter: phonebook{nane] = nunber Taking this astep further, how about creating a piece of code that will ask the user forthe dictionary key and value items? Create a new Ecitor instance and start by coding in a new, blank dictionary: phonebook={} fags. Now when you save and execute the code, Python willask For a name and a number. fe will then insert those entriesinto the phonebook dictionary, which you can test by entering nto the Shel phonebook phonebook[“David”] IF the number needs to contain spaces you need to make ita string, so remove the int part ofthe input. ww pgubieatons com