Computer Science
As Per Latest
CBSE Class XI
Syllabus
Flow of control in Python
Flow of Control:
Flow of Control refers to the order in which statements are executed in a program.
Types of Flow:
1.Sequential Flow – one statement after another (default)
2.Conditional Flow – decision-making using if statements
3.Iterative Flow – repeating a set of instructions using loops
Indentation in Python :
Python uses indentation to define blocks of code.
Rules:
•Use consistent indentation (typically 4 spaces)
•Required after if, for, while, etc.
# Example
if x > 0:
print("Positive")
print("Done") # This is outside the if block
Sequential Flow :
In Sequential Flow, statements are executed line-by-line in the order they appear.
# Example
x=5
y = 10
sum = x + y
print("Sum:", sum)
All statements are executed once in order.
Sequential Flow Conditional flow :
Conditional flow uses decision-making statements to control execution
1. if
2. if-else
3. if-elif-else
1. The if Statement in Python
The if statement is used to execute a block of code only when a condition is true.
Syntax:
if condition:
# Block of code to execute if condition is true
Conditional flow in Python :
# Example
x=7
if x > 0:
print("Positive number")
Use if when there's a single condition to check.
2. The if-else Statement in Python
The if-else statement is used to execute one block if the condition is true,
and another if it is false.
Syntax:
if condition:
# Block if condition is true
else:
# Block if condition is false
Conditional flow in Python :
# Example
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num % 2 == 0: Syntax (if-elif-else):
print("Even number") if condition1:
else:
# Block if condition1 is true
print("Odd number")
Use if-else when you need to choose between two outcomes. elif condition2:
# Block if condition2 is true
elif condition3:
3. The if-elif-else Statement in Python # Block if condition3 is true
The if-elif-else structure allows you to check multiple conditions else:
one by one.
# Block if all conditions are false
Conditional flow in Python :
# Example
marks = int(input("Enter marks: "))
if marks >= 90:
print("Grade: A")
elif marks >= 75:
print("Grade: B")
elif marks >= 50:
print("Grade: C")
else:
print("Grade: D")
Use if-elif-else when you need to handle
three or more conditions..
Iterative Flow Control in Python :
Loops: Iterative Flow Control
Loops are used to repeat code until a condition is met.
Two types in Python:
1. for loop (definite iteration)
2. while loop (condition-based)
Iterative Flow Control in Python :
The for Loop
Used when the number of iterations is known in advance. The for loop is used to iterate over a sequence
(like a list, string, or range of numbers). It runs the block of code for each item in the sequence.
Syntax:
for variable in sequence:
# code block
#Example
for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)
# Here, i takes values from 1 to 5 one by one. For each value, the print(i)
statement runs.
The range() Function :
The range() Function
• range() is a built-in function that returns a sequence of numbers.
• It is often used with for loops to define how many times to run the loop.
Syntax:
range(start, stop, step)
•start: beginning value (optional, default is 0) #Examples:
•stop: loop ends before this value range(5) # 0 to 4
range(1, 6) # 1 to 5
•step: difference between values (optional, default is 1)
range(2, 10, 2) # 2, 4, 6, 8
Iterative Flow Control in Python :
The while Loop
• A while loop is used when the number of repetitions is not known in advance.
• The loop continues as long as the condition is true.
Syntax:
while condition :
# code block
#Example:
i=1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1
#Here, the loop runs as long as i is less than or
equal to 5. After each iteration, i increases by 1.
break, continue, and pass
Statements:
Loop control statements are used to alter the normal flow of loops.
break Statement: Terminates the loop immediately and transfers control to the next statement after the loop.
# Example:
for i in range(1, 6):
if i == 4:
break
print(i)
#When i becomes 4, the loop is exited.
continue Statement: Skips the current iteration and moves to the next iteration of the loop.
#Example:
for i in range(1, 6):
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)
#When i is 3, the print(i) statement is skipped.
break, continue, and pass
Statements:
pass Statement Acts as a placeholder; it does nothing and allows the program to continue.
Useful when a statement is syntactically required but no action is needed.
#Example:
for i in range(1, 6):
if i == 3:
pass
else:
print(i)
#When i is 3, pass is executed (which does nothing), and the loop continues.
Nested Loops :
Nested Loops
• A nested loop means using one loop inside another.
• Useful for printing patterns or working with 2D data structures.
Pattern Printing: Use nested for loops to print patterns.
# Example:
rows = 5 OUTPUT
for i in range(1, rows + 1): *
for j in range(1, i + 1): **
***
print("*", end="") ****
*****
print()
