Notes: Ms.

Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar

Q1) What is the function and significance of Napier's Bone in early computing?
Ans) John Napier developed the manually operating calculating device Napier's Bone for the
function of multiplying and dividing through nine separate strips (bones) which were marked
with numerals. Its significance is marked as being the first machine to calculate using the
decimal point system.
Q2) How did Charles Babbage's Difference Engine differ from the Analytical Engine?
Ans) Difference Engine:
1.Difference engine was the mechanical computer that could do basic computations.
2.It was a steam powered calculating machine.
3.It is used to solve numerical problems.
Analytical Engine
1.Analytical engine was a mechanical computer that took input from punch cards.
2.It could solve any mathematical problems.
3.It can store data in memory.
3) What is the primary goal of fifth-generation computers?
Ans) The primary goal of fifth-generation computers is to develop devices which utilize Al
(Artificial Intelligence) and are able to understand natural languages. This would include
having the capability to learn, think, innovate, reason and solve problems automatically and
independently.
Q4) Name the three types of memory mentioned on the motherboard in the Von Neumann
architecture?
Ans) 1.RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
2.ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)
3.CACHE MEMORY
Q5) Difference Between Volatile and Non-Volatile memory.
Ans) Volatile Memory Non-Volatile Memory
1.Volatile memory is temporary memory. 1.Non-volatile memory is permanent memory.
2.Data is lost when the computer is 2.Data is not lost when computer is switched
switched off. off.
3.It is faster than non-volatile memory. 3.It is slower than volatile memory.
4.It has less storage capacity. 4.It has more storage capacity.
5.Data can read and write. 5.Data can only read.
6.Example: RAM and Cache memory 6.Example: ROM
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar

Q6) Show memory hierarchy with the help of diagram.

Ans)

Q7) Why is the word size of a processor important and how does it affect the computer
performance?
Ans) The larger word size of a processor can transfer the greater amount of data to the CPU in
one pass. This is an important factor to the processor performance. Word size refers to the
number of bits that a computers CPU can process or manipulate in a single instruction or
operation.
The word size of a CPU is a fundamental characteristic that affects its performance and
capabilities for example, a CPU with 32-bit word size can process data in 32-bit chunks while a
CPU with a 64-bit word size can process data in 64-bit chunks. A larger word Size generally
allows the CPU to handle larger integers, perform more complex arithmetic operations, and
address larger memory spaces.
Q8) What is pipelining and how does it improve the efficiency of a computer?
Ans) Pipelining is technique where multiple instructions overlap during execution. Pipeline is
divided into stages and these stages are connected with one another to form a pipe like
structure. Instructions enter from one end and exit from another end. Pipelining increases the
overall instruction throughout.
Many modern CPU 'S use pipe lining to increase efficiency. In a pipeline multiple instruction
are in different stages of execution simultaneously. This allows for better utilization of the
CPU'S resources and faster execution of instructions.
Q9) Imagine you are building a custom computer for a friend. Give three considerations you
would take into account when choosing the type and size of memory for this compute.
Ans) Memory Type: Ensure selected memory is compatible with your motherboard and meets
the requirements of your processor. Check the type, speed, and capacity of the memory your
motherboard supports to avoid compatibility issues.
Memory Speed: Consider the memory's speed and timing. Faster memory improves system
performance, particularly for demanding applications like gaming, video editing, or data
processing.
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar

Memory Capacity: Determine the amount of memory (RAM) you need for your system based
on usage requirements.
Q10) You are a computer technician tasked with upgrading an older computer with a slow
CPU. How might you improve its performance without replacing the entire CPU?
Ans) Keeping it Clean:
One of the easiest ways to improve the performance and lifespan of your computer, including
older systems, is by keeping it dust-free. Dust can cause serious damage and even result in the
complete destruction of your machine.
Scan for Viruses and Malware:
One of the other major causes of computer problems are viruses and malware, which many
computer owners are unaware of.
Clearing Up Hard Drive Space:
A simple way to enhance your computer's performance is by freeing up space on your hard
drive. When your hard drive is overloaded, it can slow down your computer and create
unnecessary burden. By freeing up space, you can improve your computer's speed and
efficiency.
Upgrade to a Solid-State Drive (SSD):
An effective way to give your computer a speed boost is by upgrading to a solid-state drive
(SSD). It's a simple process for modern computers. You can replace your existing hard drive
with an SSD on Windows computers without the need to reinstall your operating system. This
upgrade can make your computer run faster and feel like a brand-new machine.
Q11) Your school is planning to purchase new printers for the computer lab. Give three
advantages and disadvantages of impact and non-impact printers to help them make a
decision.
Ans) Impact Printers:
Advantages:
1. Carbon Copies: Can produce multiple copies simultaneously.
2. Reliability: Durable and less prone to damage.
3. Cost-effective: Affordable initial cost and maintenance.
Disadvantages:
1. Noise: Produce loud sounds when printing.
2. Limited Print Quality: Lower quality, especially for graphics.
3. Slower Speed: Not suitable for high-volume printing.
Non-impact Printers:
Advantages:
1. Quiet Operation: Operate silently.
2. High-Quality Output: Sharper and detailed prints.
3. Faster Speed: Suitable for large-volume printing.
Disadvantages:
1. Costly Consumables: Expensive ink or toner cartridges.
2. Prone to Clogging: Inkjet printers may clog if not used regularly.
3. Fragility: Delicate components that can be easily damaged.
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar
Q12) Define “Protocol” in context of data communication.
Ans) It is a set of rules that governs data communications. It represents an agreement
between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices are connected but may
not be communicating with each other.

Q13) Define Simplex, half-duplex, and full modes of communication with one example each.
Ans) 1. Simplex:
In simplex communication, data flows in only one direction.
Example: Radio and television broadcasting

Direction of flow at all time

Sender Receiver

Device 1 Device 2
Simplex Mode

2. Half-duplex:
In half-duplex communication, data can flow in both directions, but not at the same time.
Example: Communication between a computer and credit card machine.

Direction of flow at
time t1
Sender Receiver
Direction of flow at
Receiver time t2 Sender

Device 1 Device 2

Half-duplex Mode

3. Full-duplex:
In full-duplex mode, the communication takes place in both directions at the same time.
Example: Telephone network.

Direction of flow at all time

Sender Receiver

Receiver Sender

Device 1 Device 2
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar

Q14) What are start and stop bits, and where are they used in data transmission?
Ans) The start bit tells the receiver that a character is coming and stop bit indicates that
the transmission of character has ended.
Start and stop bits are used in asynchronous transmission. These bits provide timing
(synchronization) for the connection between the sender and the receiver.
Q15) How does a switch differ from a hub in a network?
Ans)
Switch:
1.Switch is a networking device that performs the same job as the hub.
2.Sends data in form of packet.
3.It is multicast device.
4.Switch is an intelligent device.
5.It gathers information about the data packet and forwards it to the desired node(computer).
Hub:
1.Hub is a connectivity device used in LAN. It connects multiple LAN devices on one network
and act together as a single network.
2.Sends data in the form of bits.
3.It is broadcast device.
4.A Hub is non intelligent device.
5.It sends output to all the devices on the network.
Q16) How does asynchronous transmission differ from synchronous transmission, and in
what situations are they typically used?
Ans)
Asynchronous Transmission:
1.In Asynchronous transmission, the communicating devices can exchange information at
their own rate with start and stop bits.
2.The time interval between two characters is not fixed.
3.It is slower in transmission because of each character has its own start and stop bit.
4.time character between two characters is variable and not fixed.
5.It is typically used for shorter distance communication when gaps may occur during
transmission such as keyboard.
Synchronous Transmission:
1.In synchronous transmission, the communicating devices can exchange information in
blocks or frame with a continues stream of bits.
2.Time is synchronized between sender and receiver by using clock signals.
3.It is faster transmission because there is no need for start and stop bits.
4. It is typically used in long distance communication where data needs to be transmitted
continuously such as telecommunication networks.
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar

Q17) Explain the concept of a peer-to-peer network and its limitations compared to a
client/server network.
Ans) Concept of per-to-peer network:
• In Peer-to-Peer networks, every computer is capable of playing the role of client, server
or both at the same time.
• Every computer on the network is known as peer.
Limitations:
• It is less secure because no centralized server is available to manage and control the
access of data.
• It is slow network due to limited resources.
• Difficult to maintain the files. Because everyone’s sharing files individually.
Q18) Compare and contrast the star and ring network topologies?
Ans) Star Topology:
• In a star network topology, all devices are connected to a central device called a hub or
switch.
• Failure in one device does not affect the entire network but failure in central hub affects
the entire network.
• It is easy to troubleshoot.
• Data travels from central hub to all the devices.
• It is costly to implement.
Ring Topology:
• In ring topology each device is connected to two other devices, forming a circular data
path.
• If the ring is broken at any point, the entire network stops functioning.
• It is difficult to troubleshoot.
• Data travels from one device to the other.
• It is not costly to implement.
Q19) Why is mesh topology considered the most reliable but also the most expensive to
implement?
Ans) Mesh topology is considered the most reliable because each device is connected to every
other device, providing multiple paths for data to travel. This redundancy ensures that if one
connection fails, data can still reach its destination through another path. However, this
redundancy also makes mesh topology the most expensive to implement, as it requires the
most cabling and connections.
Q20) What is the role of Application Layer in the OSI model?
Ans) Role of Application layer in OSI model:
The application layer is the topmost layer is OSI model that interacts directly with end user
software.
It is responsible for enabling communication between user applications and the network.
It also provides protocols that allow software to send and receive information and meaningful
data to users.
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar
It can access the network services.

Long Questions:
Q1) Describe the evolution of computer generations from the first generation to the fourth
generation, highlighting the key technological developments and their impact on
computing.
Ans) First-Generation (1940-1956)
Technology: Vacuum tubes.
Characteristics: Large, consumed more power, prone to frequent failures.
Computers: ENIAC, UNIVAC.
Programming: Machine language
Impact: Innovate electronic computing, primarily used for scientific calculations and military
applications.
Second-Generation Computers (1956-1963)
Technology: Transistors.
Characteristics: Smaller, more reliable, and more energy efficient than vacuum tubes.
Computers: IBM 7090, CDC 1604.
Programming: Assembly language and early high- level languages (COBOL, FORTRAN).
Impact: Expanded computing applications in business and scientific fields, laying the
foundation for more complex computing tasks.
Third-Generation Computers (1963-1971)
Technology: Integrated Circuits (IC) chips.
Characteristics: Increased reliability, and improved performance.
Computers: IBM System/360, PDP-8
Programming: Multiprogramming, time-sharing systems.
Impact: Broadened accessibility of computers, enabled more powerful mainframes and
minicomputers, supporting a wider range of applications.
Fourth-Generation Computers (1971-Present)
Technology: Microprocessors
Characteristics: Exceptional speed, extremely reliable and cost effective.
Computers: Personal computers (PCs), modem servers
Programming: Advanced operating systems, user friendly interfaces, object-oriented
programming languages.
Impact: Revolutionized computing by making computers affordable and accessible to
individuals.
Q2) Discuss the importance of categorizing and understanding different types of systems,
both natural and artificial, and provide examples of each type.
Ans) Importance:
• Allows for better analysis and design in various fields including engineering, biology,
sociology and management to achieve their intended goals.
• Encourages innovation by understanding system components and interactions.
• Improves system management and optimization.
• Facilitates learning and knowledge transfer across disciplines.
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar
Examples of Natural System:
Ecosystems: Interdependent communities of living organisms and their environment.
Weather Systems: Atmospheric processes influencing climate and weather patterns.
Human Body: Complex interplay or organs and biological functions
Solar System: Celestial bodies orbiting the sun, including planets and asteroids.
Water Cycle: Continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of earth.
Genetic System: DNA and related biochemical processes determining heredity.
Examples of Artificial Systems:
Computers: Integrated hardware and software for processing information.
Transporting Systems: Networks of vehicles, routes and infrastructure for moving people and
goods.
Communicating Systems: Technologies enabling information exchange, like telephones and
the internet.
Manufacturing Systems: Automated processes and machinery for producing goods.
Financial Systems: Institutions and regulations governing monetary transactions and
economic activity.
Power Grid: Infrastructure for generating, transmitting and distributing electricity.
Q3) Explain the characteristics and potential challenges associated with 5th generation
computers that aim to understand natural languages and possess thinking capabilities?
What are the implications of such advancement in computing on society?
Ans) The fifth-generation computer discusses the characteristics, challenges, and societal
implications of fifth-generation computers, which aim to replicate human-like reasoning and
problem-solving abilities through natural language processing (NLP), expert systems (ES), and
advanced parallel processing. While these computers have the potential to revolutionize
industries by automating tasks and improving efficiency, there are concerns about job
displacement and ethical considerations, such as bias in decision-making algorithms and data
security. Overall, the development and deployment of fifth generation computers must be
approached cautiously to ensure equitable distribution of benefits and reducing potential
risks.
Q4. Explain the fundamental components of network communication, and how do they
work together to facilitate data transfer?
Ans) The fundamental components of network communication are:
1. Sender: The sender, also known as the transmitter, initiates the communication
process by sending data or information over the network.
2. Message: The message is the data or information being transmitted from the
sender to the receiver. It can be in various forms such as text, audio, video, etc.
3. Medium: The medium is the physical path or channel through which the
message travels from the sender to the receiver. It can be wired (e.g., cables, optical
fibers) or wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi, radio waves).
4. Receiver: The receiver is the device or system that receives the transmitted
message from the sender. It processes the received data and delivers it to the intended
destination.
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar
5. Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules and standards that governs the
communication process between the sender and the receiver. It ensures that data
transmission is reliable, secure, and efficient.
These components work together in the following manner to facilitate data
transfer:
1. The sender initiates the communication process by converting the data into a
suitable format for transmission.
2. The message is then transmitted through the chosen medium, following the protocols and
standards defined for communication.
3. The receiver receives the transmitted message and decodes it back into its original format.
4. If necessary, the received data is processed and delivered to the intended destination.
5. Throughout the process, protocols ensure that the data transmission is accurate, secure,
and efficient by managing aspects such as error detection, data formatting, and flow
control. Overall, these components collaborate to enable the exchange of data or
information between devices or systems over a network, facilitating effective
communication.
Q5) Describe the roles of common communication devices like hub, switches, routers, and
gateway in data communication. How do they contribute to the functionality of a network?
Ans) Hub: A hub is a device that connects multiple devices in a local area network (LAN)
together. It acts like a central point where all the devices are connected. When a device sends
data, the hub broadcasts that data to all the other devices connected to it.
Switch: Similar to a hub, a switch connects devices in a network. However, a switch is smarter
than a hub. It examines the data packets it receives and sends them only to the device they
are intended for, rather than broadcasting to all devices. This improves efficiency and reduces
unnecessary network traffic.
Router: A router is a device that connects different networks together. It determines the best
path for data packets to travel between networks based on factors like network congestion
and speed. It uses IP addresses to direct the packets to their intended destinations. Routers
are commonly used to connect home networks to the internet.
Gateway: A gateway is a device or software that serves as a bridge between different
networks or protocols. It allows communication between networks that use different
technologies or have different architectures. Gateways can perform tasks like protocol
conversions or translating data to ensure compatibility between networks.
In summary, a hub connects devices in a LAN together, a switch directs data packets to
specific devices, a router connects different networks together, and a gateway enables
communication between networks with different protocols or technologies.
Q6) Discuss the advantages and limitations of different network topologies, including bus,
star, ring and mesh, when should each topology be used in a network design.
Ans) the advantages and limitations of different network topologies:
Bus Topology:
Advantages:
- Simple and easy to set up
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar
- Requires less cabling compared to other topologies
- Well-suited for small networks with fewer devices
Limitations:
- If the main cable (bus) fails, the entire network can be affected.
- Network performance can degrade as more devices are added.
- When to use: Bus topology is suitable for small networks or temporary setups where
simplicity and cost-effectiveness are important, and network reliability and scalability are not
critical.
Star Topology:
- Advantages:
- Centralized architecture makes it easier to manage and troubleshoot.
- Failure of one device does not affect the entire network.
- Supports better performance and scalability compared to bus topology.
- Limitations:
- Dependence on the central hub or switch; if it fails, the network is disrupted.
- Requires more cabling compared to bus topology.
- When to use: Star topology is suitable for most network environments, particularly when
reliability, manageability, and scalability are important. It is commonly used in office
networks, home networks, and small to medium-sized networks.
Ring Topology:
- Advantages:
- Data transmission is orderly and controlled, as each device has a dedicated time slot to
transmit.
- Relatively easy to install and manage.
- Well-suited for networks with a predictable and consistent flow of data.
- Limitations:
- Failure of one device or link can disrupt the entire network.
- Difficult to add or remove devices without affecting network operation.
- When to use: Ring topology is suitable for networks where a consistent flow of data is
required, such as in token ring networks or environments where real-time data transmission
is crucial.
However, it is less commonly used in modern network designs.
Mesh Topology:
- Advantages:
- Highly reliable, as multiple paths exist for data transmission.
- Robust and fault-tolerant; failure of one link or device does not affect the entire network.
- Supports high-speed communication between devices.
- Limitations:
- Requires a significant amount of cabling and more complex infrastructure.
- Costly to implement and maintain.
- When to use: Mesh topology is suitable for critical networks where high reliability, fault
tolerance, and redundancy are essential, such as in large-scale enterprise networks, data
centers, and telecommunications networks.
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar
Q7) What is the ISO model, and how does it help in understanding the process of data
communication? Explain each of the seven layers and their functions.
Ans) OSI Model:
The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed standards for international and
national data communications. In the early 1970s, ISO developed a standard model of a data
communication system and called it the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The OSI
model consists of seven layers. Each layer performs a specific task during data communication.

The seven layers of OSI model are described below:

Layer 7-Application Layer
Application Layer provides services to end-user. It interacts with the operating system or
application software whenever the user wants to send files, read messages or perform other
network related activities.
Layer 6 - Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer takes the data provided by the Application Layer and converts it into a
standard format that the other layers can understand. At the receiving end it also formats the
information so that it looks the way the user can understand.
Layer 5 - Session Layer
Session Layer performs functions that enable two applications or two pieces of the same
application to communicate across the network. It performs security, name recognition,
logging and other similar functions. It also establishes, maintains and ends communication
with the receiving computer.
Layer 4- Transport Layer
Transport Layer establishes connections between two computers on the network. It handles
quality control by making sure that the data received is in the right format and the right order.
Layer 3 - Network Layer
Network Layer decides which physical path-way the data should take reach the destination.
The communication device Router works in network layer.
Layer 2 - Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer defines the format of data on the network. This layer converts the data into
packets and checks them before putting on the path-way. The communication device Switch
works in this layer.
Layer 1 - Physical Layer
Physical Layer defines cables and signaling. It provides hardware means such as cables and
connectors for sending and receiving data. Cables, hubs and repeaters work in this layer.
Q8) Explain the evolution of internet from its origins to modern-day global network. What
major technologies advancements contributed to its growth.
Ans) Evolution of the Internet:
Origin: The Internet has evolved from its origins in the 1960s as ARPANET, a U.S. Department
of Defence to connect various research institutions and military installations.
1980s: Transitioned to TCP/IP, protocols established the foundation for the modern Internet,
allowing different networks to communicate.
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar
1990s: The introduction of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee and the development of
web browsers like mosaic made the internet accessible to the public.
Modern Day: The internet has evolved into a global network with high-speed broadband,
wireless connectivity, and billions of connected devices, supporting vast amounts of data and
services.
Technological Advancements:
TCP/IP Protocol: Standard communication protocols that enabled diverse networks to
interconnected and communicate reliably.
Web browser: Software that made the internet accessible to the general public, facilitating
the spreads of information.
Broadband and Wireless Technologies: Provided high speed internet access and ability to
connect without wires, significantly enhancing accessibility and usability.
Cloud Computing and IoT: Enabled scalable storage, computing power, and the
interconnection of everyday objects, vastly expanding the internet’s capabilities and
applications.
Q9) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the internet, considering factors like global
connectivity, information access, privacy concerns, and digital addiction.
Ans) Advantages of the Internet:
1. Global Connectivity: The internet has connected people worldwide, enabling instant
communication and collaboration.
2. Information Access: The internet provides unparalleled access to information,
knowledge, and education, bridging the gap between remote and urban areas.
3. Economic Opportunities: The internet has created new avenues for e-commerce, online
businesses, and remote work, boosting economic growth.
4. Social Benefits: The internet has enabled social connections, communities, and
networks, fostering global understanding and cultural exchange.
Disadvantages of the Internet:
1. Privacy Concerns: The internet raises significant privacy concerns, as personal data is
vulnerable to cyber threats, surveillance, and misuse.
2. Digital Addiction: Excessive internet use can lead to addiction, social isolation, and
decreased productivity.
3. Information Overload: The internet's vast information can be overwhelming, making it
challenging to discern accurate and reliable sources.
4. Cyberbullying and Online Harassment: The internet can facilitate bullying, harassment,
and hate speech, causing emotional distress and harm.
5. Security Risks: The internet poses significant security risks, including hacking, identity
theft, and cyberattacks.
6. Dependence and Isolation: Over-reliance on the internet can lead to decreased face-to-
face interactions, contributing to social isolation and decreased critical thinking skills.
Notes: Ms. Basmah Muzaffar Pakistan International School, AL-Khobar
Q10) Explore common applications of the internet and their impact on various aspects of
society, including communication, education, business, entertainment, and research.
Ans) Communication:
- Email, messaging apps, and social media have made communication faster, cheaper, and
more convenient.
- Video conferencing has enabled remote meetings and collaborations.
- Impact: Enhanced global connectivity, increased accessibility, and reduced geographical
barriers.
Education:
- Online courses, e-learning platforms, and educational resources have made learning more
accessible and flexible.
- Digital libraries and online databases have expanded access to knowledge and research
materials.
- Impact: Increased access to education, personalized learning, and improved knowledge
sharing.
Business:
- E-commerce platforms have enabled online shopping and global trade.
- Digital marketing and social media have transformed advertising and customer engagement.
- Impact: Increased market reach, improved customer experience, and enhanced business
operations.
Entertainment:
- Streaming services have changed the way we consume music, movies, and TV shows.
- Social media and online platforms have enabled new forms of entertainment, such as
influencer culture and live streaming.
- Impact: Increased accessibility, personalized content, and new forms of entertainment.
Research:
- Online academic databases and search engines have facilitated access to research materials
and knowledge.
- Collaborative tools and platforms have enabled global research collaborations.
- Impact: Accelerated discovery, increased collaboration, and improved knowledge sharing.

**The End**