Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of computing services such as servers, storage,

databases, networking, software, analytics and intelligence over the Internet.

Cloud computing means data is stored remotely in the cloud or a virtual space
Instead of physical [Link] that provide cloud services enable users to keep
files and applications on remote servers and access all data via the [Link] computing
can be both public and [Link] cloud services provide their services over the Internet for a
fee. Private cloud services only provide services to a certain number of people

EX-
Email
● Storage, backup, and data retrieval
● Creating and testing apps
● Data Analytics
● Audio and video streaming
● Delivering software on demand
Cloud computing is becoming popular day by day. Continuous business expansion and growth
requires huge computational power and large-scale data storage systems. Cloud computing can
help organizations expand and securely move data from physical locations to the 'cloud' that can
be accessed anywhere

Resources Pooling
Resource pooling is one of the essential features of cloud computing. Resource pooling means
that a cloud service provider can share resources among multiple clients, each providing a
different set of services according to their needs. It is a multi-client strategy that can be applied to
data storage

On-Demand Self-Service
It is one of the important and essential features of cloud computing. This enables the client to
continuously monitor server [Link] have different capabilities and allocated network storage
Easy Maintenance
This is one of the best cloud features. Servers are easily maintained, and downtime is
minimal or sometimes zero

Security
Data security is one of the best features of cloud computing. Cloud services make a copy
of the stored data to prevent any kind of data loss. If one server loses data by any chance,
the copied version is restored from the other server

Flexibility
Cloud computing lets users access files using web-enabled devices such as smartphones
and laptops. The flexibility is define by The ability to simultaneously share documents and
other files over the Internet
.
It is stands for service oriented [Link] was developed in [Link] is a
modular approach of software [Link] is built from the smaller independent
program instead of big complex, large program.

Web services are software used to connect systems and software across a
network. A web service is a collection of open protocols and standards
used for exchanging data between applications or systems.

Web 2.0 describes the current state of internet, which has more user-generated
content

IT is also known as hybrid web application is an application that combines

services from several web pages
Grid Computing is a subset of distributed [Link] is a collection of computers working [Link] which each computer's
resources are shared with every other computer in the system.

EX-Most production grids such as TeraGrid and EGEE

Utility Computing

With increasing popularity and usage, large grid installations have faced new problems, such as
excessive spikes in demand for [Link] utility computing environments, users assign a “utility”
value to their jobs

Hardware virtualization

Hardware virtualization allows running multiple operating systems and software stacks on a single
physical platform
Cloud computing vs Grid computing
1Cloud computing is a Client-server computing architecture.
2. It is more flexible than grid computing.

3. In cloud computing, the users pay for the use.

[Link] computing is service-oriented.

5. Cloud computing uses service like IAAS, PAAS, SAAS.

Grid

[Link] it is a Distributed computing architecture.

[Link] it is less flexible than cloud computing.

3. the users do not pay for use.

[Link]-oriented.

5. uses service like distributed computing, distributed information

Cloud computing Risks
[Link],Privacy & Trust

[Link] locking

[Link]

[Link] management
Virtualization Support:
It is based on multi-tanancy.
▶ Multi tenancy means multiple customers/users sharing a single instance of cloud
service, while keeping the data isolated from each other
▶ Virtualized resources (CPUs, memory, etc.) can be sized and resized with
certain flexibility
Automation:Autonomic computing is a computer's ability to manage itself automatically through
modern technologies and using other computing capabilities

Self-Service, On-Demand Resource Provisioning:

This service enables users to directly obtain services from users without
interacting with a human system administrator
Iaas is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is one of the layers of the cloud computing
[Link] provides virtualized computing resources over the [Link]
delivers
fundamental IT infrastructure resources like computer, servers, virtual machines,
network and storage to consumers, over the internet and on a pay-as-you-go
basis.
Load balancers: Infrastructure-layer load balancing services are provided by IaaS providers.
Incoming network traffic is split up among many virtual machines (VMs) or resources by load
balancers

Security: Security features and services are frequently offered by IaaS providers as part of their
[Link] provides network security, firewall configurations, access controls, encryption, and other
security measures.

Backup and disaster recovery services are provided by some IaaS providers, enabling customers
to create backup copies of their data and software

Monitoring and Management: IaaS suppliers provide tools and services for monitoring and
controlling the resources and infrastructure
Platform as a Service (PaaS) provider is a runtime environment. It allows programmers to easily create, test, run, and deploy web applications. You can
purchase these applications from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-per-use basis and access them using an Internet connection. In PaaS, back-end
scalability is managed by the cloud service provider

Programming Models, Languages, and Frameworks: Programming models made available by IaaS providers define how users can express their applications
using higher levels of abstraction

PaaS providers usually support multiple programming languages.

Most commonly used languages in platforms include Python and Java (e.g., Google AppEngine), .NET languages (e.g., Microsoft Azure), and Ruby (e.g., Heroku

Persistence Options:

A persistence layer is essential to allow applications to record their state and recover it in case of crashes, as well as to store user data.

App Engine: Google App Engine lets you run your Python and Java Web applications on elastic infrastructure supplied by Google

1) Simplified Development

PaaS allows developers to focus on development and innovation without worrying about infrastructure management.

2) Lower risk

No need for large investment in hardware and software. Developers only need a PC and an internet connection to start building applications.

3) Prebuilt business functionality

Some PaaS vendors also provide prebuilt business functionality so that users can avoid building everything from very scratch and hence can directly start the
projects only.

4) Instant community

PaaS vendors provide online communities where the developer can get ideas, share experiences, and seek advice from others.
Software as a Service | SaaS

SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software." It is a software distribution model in which services are hosted by a cloud service provider. These services are
available to end-users over the internet, so the end-users do not need to install any software on their devices to access these services.

Document Management - SaaS document management is a software application offered by a third party (SaaS provider) to create, manage, and track electronic
documents.

Examples: Slack, Samepage, Box, and Zoho Forms.

Social Networks - As we all know, social networking sites are used by the general public, so social networking service providers use SaaS for their convenience
and handle the general public's information.

Mail Services - To handle the unpredictable number of users and load on e-mail services, many e-mail providers offer their services using SaaS.

Collaboration Tools: SaaS companies provide collaboration solutions that let teams collaborate effectively no matter where they are physically located

Examples include Slack, Microsoft Office 365, and Google Workspace (formerly G Suite).
Cloud printing can be described as a service that allows users to print from any device on the network.
Cloud printing connects digital devices like smartphones, laptops, tablets, and workstations with printer
stations

Cloud OS

Also known as a “virtual operating system,” a cloud operating system is a unique type of operating system
that's been specifically designed to function within a cloud computing and/or virtualization environment.

Virtualization

Virtualization is technology that you can use to create virtual representations of servers, storage, networks,
and other physical machines
A hypervisor is software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs). The
hypervisor is a hardware virtualization technique that allows multiple guest
operating systems (OS) to run on a single host system at the same time

Storage Virtualization:

Virtualizing storage means abstracting logical storage from physical storage

Dynamic resource allocation:

Dynamic resource allocation means automatically adjusting resources based on

user needs.

High Availability and Data Recovery:

IT means data should be always available and there should be a machanism for
TYPE-1 Hypervisor: The hypervisor runs directly on the underlying host system. It
is also known as a “Native Hypervisor” or “Bare metal hypervisor”. It does not
require any base server operating system. It has direct access to hardware
resources. Examples of Type 1 hypervisors include VMware ESXi, Citrix
XenServer, and Microsoft Hyper-V hypervisor

Pros: Such kinds of hypervisors are very efficient because they have direct access
to the physical hardware resources(like Cpu, Memory, Network, and Physical
storage)

One problem with Type-1 hypervisors is that they usually need a dedicated
separate machine to perform their operation
TYPE -2 Hypervisor :A Type 2 hypervisor, also called a hosted hypervisor, is a
virtual machine (VM) [Link] kind of hypervisors does not run directly over
the underlying hardware rather they run as an application in a Host system.

Examples are: VMware Fusion, Oracle Virtual Box

Pros: Such kind of hypervisors allows quick and easy access to a guest Operating
[Link] hypervisors usually come with additional useful features for guest
machines. Such tools enhance the coordination between the host machine and
the guest machine

Cons: Here there is no direct access to the physical hardware resources so the
efficiency of these hypervisors is lower as compared to the type-1 hypervisors
System Virtual Machine: These types of virtual machines gives
us complete system platform and gives the execution of the
complete virtual operating system. Just like virtual box, system
virtual machine is providing an environment for an OS to be
installed completely
Process Virtual Machine : process virtual machine, does not
provide us with the facility to install the virtual operating system
completely. Rather it creates virtual environment of that OS
Virtual machine life cycle(VM life cycle)
1 Planning

2 Deploying

3 Managing

4 Protecting

5 Eliminating
Network Load balancing:

This technique operates at the network layer and aims to balance network traffic

Application load balancing:

Implemented at the application layer, this technique balances the workload over
multiple application.

Database Load balancing:

This technique is used to balance the workload across multiple database servers.
It is implemented at the database layer .
[Link] are- Amazon Elastic Computing cloud (EC2), GoGrid.

[Link] are– Eucalyptus, OpenNebula

It is also known as Open Grid Forum , focusing specifically on the current status of the Open Cloud
Computing Interface (OCCI),The Open Grid Forum (OGF) provide a new working group for [Link] the
Open Cloud Computing Interface Working Group (OCCI.

OCCI
Open Cloud Computing Interface
A set of specifications for cloud computing service providers, delivered through the Open Grid Forum

DMTF stands for Distributed Management Task Force,it create traditional IT infrastructures including
cloud, virtualization, network, servers and storage
Virtual Machine (VM) provisioning is the process of
creating and configuring a. virtual machine on a physical
server or a cloud platform.
Live /Hot Migration
Live migration refers to the process of moving a virtual machine (VM) running on one physical host
to another host without disrupting normal operations or causing any downtime or other effects for
the end user

Xen is a hypervisor

Xen is a hypervisor that runs directly on the system hardware. Xen inserts a virtualization layer
between the system hardware and the virtual machines, turning the system hardware into a pool of
logical computing resources that Xen can dynamically allocate to any guest operating system.
COLD MIGRATION-
[Link] the VM is off

[Link] of disk is possible

[Link],disks,log files are being transferred.
Life Storage Migration
Disks are being transferred between two hosts without any interupting
in services
ConVirt Deployment:
ConVirt deployment consists of at least one ConVirt workstation, where ConVirt is installed and
ran, where main console manage the VM life cycle, managing images, provisioning new VMs,
monitoring machine resources, and so on.
Amazon Auto Scaling :
[Link] under Amazon automation it provide set of tools that help in provisioning
service and also help to scaling Amazon EC2 capacity up or down automatically

Eucalyptus is a Linux-based open-source software architecture for cloud computing and also a storage
platform that implements Infrastructure a Service (IaaS)

open-source cloud computing platform that simplifies the manufacture and management of virtualized hybrid, public, and
private clouds

S3-Amazon Simple Storage Service (scalability, data availability, security, and performance)

Eucalyptus and walrus

EC2- EC2 stands for Elastic Compute Cloud

CONTENT DELIVARY-That fastly distribute static and dynamic web content, such as .html, .css, .js, and image
files, to your users
Machine Imagining
[Link]-how a system, software, or device behaves or operates
[Link]-information about other data(image name,time stamp,tags)
[Link]-access to file,folders or services
[Link]-information stored at disk(user,system,application data)

EXample of provisioning of vm-

[Link] EC2
[Link]
[Link] automation
VIM requirement and chalanges
1 Resource Management

2 High Availability:
3 Automation

4 Security

5 Monitoring and Reporting

Life cycle of openNebula

1 Resource selection
2 Resource preparation
3 vm creation booting
4 vm migration
5 vm termination
Haizea-it is lease based scheduling tecnique,lease contain
h/w requirements,s/w time limit
Backfilling-it is also lease based scheduling
1 sorting
2 iterative
3 backfilling-also known as slack value
4 continue iterating
5 optimization
Slack-it helps people to work together efficiently(dead
line short time/duration)
INTER cloud- users and resource providers (Global wan)
1 Federation-Relationship between homo and hetero cloud
2 Diffrent model of intercloud
3 Business perspective
4 power saving

Features-
1 multipel infrastructure merged together
2 cloud of cloud
Intra cloud-lan
Types or federation
1 low co-operation- minimal collaboration or coordination between entities within a
system(anything as service(aas)=iaas,paas,saas)
2 high co-operation- high collaboration or coordination between entities within a system(Cloud
manager(CM) and VIM)

Terminology we should for business operation of intercloud

1 client
2 Home cloud-to store, manage and access data and applications from home
3 Foreign cloud-to store, manage and access data and applications from outside of your country or region.
INTERCLOUD offers two pay-as- per use methodology
1 client—home cloud
2 home cloud—foreign cloud
.
Cloud security
Policies-Confidential identity,integrity,avaliablity,auditing(testing&checking)
Technologies-Encryption,DLP(Data lost prevention),
Applications-End point security
SECURITY benefits of clouds—-
1 Data centralization
2 Incident Respose
3 password assurance testing
4 improve log
5 ease of testing
Steps to ensure a secure cloud
1 Use encryption to protect all the remote users

2 strong authentications

3 isolation by using private IP

4 using Antivirus s/w

5 using firewall technology

6 using safe internet skills