Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata

Department of Physical Sciences

PHJIOJ :: Mechanics I
End-semester Examination (Autumn 2023)
Marks: 50, Duration: 2 hours 30 minutes

1. Using the definition of derivative, compute f (!~) [3]

2. Draw two curves f1(x) = 2x and f2(x) = x2 in the domain [—2,2]. Shade the
region between these two curves in the given domain and then find the area
of the shaded region. [2÷4]

3. Using tile inner product (u, v) = ~ uv dx, compute the squared norms of
sin mx and cos mx where vi is an integer. Are cos mx and eos iix orthogonal
to each other if both in and n are half-integers such that vi 0 n? [6+3]

4. Show that the total linear momentum of an isolated system of AT interacting

particles is a conserved quantity. [6]

5. Consider a system of two particles having mass in and 2m. Find thc position
of the center of mass if positions of the particles are given by ñ = cos(wt)i +
sin(wt)j and f~ = cos(wt)i sin(wt)j respectively.
— [4]

6. Solve for the position x(t) of a particle whose motion is described by the
equation 3~(t) = —16x(t). The particle is at rest at t = 0 and its position is at
x = 12. What would be the position of the particle at t = 2? [4+3]

7. Au observer at a sea beach near the Earth~s equator finds that the Sun takes
about 2 mm and 24 seconds to fully disappear below the horizon during sunset.
Estimate the [Link] of the Sun, in the unit of radius of the Earth rE. if the
distance to the Sun is 23400rE. [5]

8. Show that the orbit of planet Jupiter of mass Al moving around the Sun having
mass Al is an ellipse. In polar coordinates, acceleration vector is given to be
d= (f—r02) i~+(r0+2i’~0) 0. [10]

1 ~ ~JDSC~’
p
 PH2 101: Waves and optics End semester examination Duration: 2.5 Hours

PART A: Answer any one question

A-I. Consider a simple harmonic oscillator that has two successive stops (zero speed), at times t1 and
t2 with t2 > t1. If the maximum speed of the oscillator is u, then what is the amplitude of the
oscillation?

A-2. Consider the superposition of the two traveling waves ~ cos(kx wt) and sin(kx wt). Plot the
resulting waveform (plot it as a function of x) at t 0.

PART B: Answer any six questions

B-I. Consider the following spring-mass system consisting of three springs and two masses. Each [8
spring has zero unstretched length.
(a) Find x1 and x2, the equilibrium position of the two masses. [4]
(b) For small displacement about these equilibrium positions, find the normal modes and corre- [4]
sponding frequencies.

o ~2mk1

B-2. A massless spring with no mass attached to it hangs from the ceiling. Its length is L. A mass Al [8
is now hung on the lower end of the spring. Support the mass with your hand so the spring remains
relaxed, then suddenly remove your supporting hand. The mass and spring will now oscillate. The
lowest position of the mass during the oscillations is H cm below the place it was resting when you
supported it.
(a) Find the equation of motion. [2]
(b) Where is the equilibrium position of the mass? [I]
(c) ‘What is the frequency of oscillation? What is the amplitude of the oscillation? [3]
(d) What is the velocity when the mass is H 4 cm below its original resting place? [2]

8-3. Consider a beaded string of A beads each of mass in (approximated as a long chain of the spring- [8
mass system as shown in the figure). The beads are uniformly placed on the string, and the string
has a uniform tension T. The horizontal distance between any two beads in equilibrium is a. The
unstretclied lengths of the springs are negligible.
I I II

a a a a a a
(a) Find the equation of the motion of ~th bead for the longitudinal mode of vibration. [2]
(b) Assuming normal mode vibration, find the normal mode frequency ~i for mth mode. [2]
(c) Plot the dispersion relation w versus Ic. [2]
(d) Check whether we have WN 2 — WN? [2]

B-4. A mass in is subject to a resistive force ma but no spring-like restoring force.

(a) Find the displacement x as a function of time in the absence of any driving ~ [2]

Total marks: 50 Autumn 2023 semester Page 1

PH2IOI: Waves and optics End semester examination Duration: 2.5 Hours

(b) At t = 0, a driving force F F coswt is switched on. Find the values of A and 6 in th~ [3]
steady-state solution x 4 cos wt 6 Hint: you may use the following:
.

1’Q 7W F
rn(w 2
— 22
—w) +(7w) 2 Ad15— m(w 2 —w)
22 +Qyw)

where, the symbols carry their usual meanings.

(c) Write down the general solution (the sum of parts (a) and (b)) using the conditions that x = 0 [3]
and d dt Oat t 0. Sketch x as a function of t.

B-5. Consider a Young’s double slit interferometer and a monochromatic source with wavelength A. d [8
is the distance between the slits. Add another two slits, to create a linear four-slit interferometer
with d distance between any two adjacent slits. Assume the slits to be thin.
(a) Calculate the amplitude of the waves from the four slits as they arrive at a place on the screen [4]
D distance away (as it happens in a double-slit experiment).
(b) Calculate the resulting intensity pattern as a function of distance x on the screen from the [2]
central maximum or central minimum. Use small angle approximations, i.e., sin 8 tanS
8.
(c) Plot the intensity as a function of x. Compare it with the interference pattern of the double-slit [2]
case by plotting it on the same graph.

B-6. Consider a Young’s double slit interferometer and a linearly-polarized monochromatic source with [8
wavelength A. d is the distance between the slits. Assume the slits to be thin. A linear polarizer is
placed in front of one of the slits. The pass axis of this polarizer is rotated by an angle wrt. the
polarization of the original beam.
(a) Calculate the amplitude of the waves from the two slits as they arrive at a place on the screen [4]
D distance away. For simplicity only consider the waves from the slits having the same polar
ization.
(b) Calculate the resulting intensity pattern as a function of distance x on the screen from the [2]
central maximum. Use small angle approximations.
(c) Plot the intensity as a function of x for ~ = ~r 3. [2]

B-7. (a) Suppose Ae’°~ + Be~~ = Ge~ for some nonzero constants A, B, C, a. b, and for all x.
Provethata b candA-t-B C. —

(b) Foi a normal incidence calculate the exact reflection and transmission coefficients without [2+2]
assuming /1 [L ~ .You should start from Fresnel’s equations (for p-type) and take
appropriate limits to get normal incidence. Confirm that ‘~ ‘T I

Total marks: 50 Autunm 2023 semester Page 2

PH2102: End-semester examination (2022)

Time: 2.5 hours Full marks: 50

Answer all questions Read both sides c/this slice!

Instructions:

• This is a closed-books, closed-notes examination. Ihe use of calculators is pennined.

• Throughout the question paper, c stands for the speed of light in free space.

1. (a) A body of rest mass !lz~ is moving with uniform speed v with respect to an inertial frame, if the
total energy of the body in that frame is 2moc2, find x’in units of c.

(b) Consider a beta decay event ii —~ pe~. where a neutron decays into a proton. an electron and
an antinet!trino.
rake the rest masses of the neutron and the electron to be 939.6 MeV/c2 and 0.5MeV/c2 respec
tively. and assume the rest mass of the antineutrino LO be zero.
if thc ictal kinetic eI~rgv of d~e promo. he d~-c~ a,:J the antbe’thino is Oi~A1~V. ~:h;1t is the rest
mass ot roe proton ~n units or Mev ;c 1

[4±4 I

2. Two spaceships approach each other along a line parallel to the surface of the earth, which for this
problem can be taken to be plane and static. The two spaceships move with the same uniform speed
in opposite directions. as measured by a static observer on the surface of the earth. The relative
velocity of one spaceship with respect to the other is O.7c. Determine the speed o[each spaceship.
as measured by the static observer.

[9]

3. Electrons in a projection television set are acceicrated by a potential differenre of 5OkeV. Assume
that the rest mass of the elrctron is 51 ikeV/c2.

(a) Calculate the speed of each electron in units of c, using the non-relativistic expression for kinetic
energy, assuming that the electrons start from rest.

(b) Now consider the electrons to be relativistic. Again, calculate their speed in the same units, and
obtain the percentage difference between the two results.

F3±51
4. Consider a system consisting of electric charge as well as current distribution.

(a) Obtain the equation connecting the charge density p and the current density Jat any point (t
using the conservation of electric charge.

(b) From above, obtain a four-vector in terms of p and 7.

[3 ±5]

5. Considet two four-vectors [Link]~ in Minkowskj space, with components A~ = ([Link].A2.A3) and
BM= (Bo.B~.B2.B3).

SupposeAg—A~—A~—A~ >0, andll B?—B~--B~ >0.

(a) Are the vectors A and B spacelike, null or timelike?

(b) V/rite down the expression for the inner product of A and B in terms of their components.

(c) Is it possible to go to some Lorenz frame where A0 ≤ 0? Give reasons.

(d) Find out whether the inner product of A and B can be zero.

H — - -r 4]

6. A rigid pendulum having a massless rope of length / tied to a bob of mass mis undergoing oscilla
tion in a frame.

(a) Write down the constraint equation(s) involving the co-ordinates of the of the bob, and thus
identify the appropriate generalised co-ordinates.

(b) Obtain the equilibrium position of the bob, using the principle of virtual work.

(c) Find the Lagrangian of the bob in terms of the generalised co-ordinates, taking the point of
suspension as the zero level of potential energy.

13 ±3 ± 2f
 118ER—Kolkata
Classical Mechanics (PH31O1)
End-semester examination
28 November 2023, 10AM to 12.30 PM

Answer question 1 and any five from the rest. Try to write all parts of a question in the
same place so that no part can get missed during evaluation.

1. (a) For the heavy symmetrical top, what kind of motions do the derivatives of the
three Euler angles ~, 0, ~b represent? [1+1+1]
(b) Explain the terms ‘limit cycle’, ‘quasiperiodicity’ and ‘chaos’. [1+1+ 1]
(c) State the ‘Least Action Principle’. Show that, for a one-dimensional system,
the least action principle leads to the Lagrangian equation of motion. [1+3]

2. A rigid rectangular plate is rotating around the z-axis as shown in the figure.

/ x

(a) Obtain the moment of inertia tensor of the body. [4]

(b) Obtain the angular momentum vector. Explain your result briefly. [4]

3. Consider the linear system given by

= ax—2y

where a is a parameter

(a) Obtain the general solutions of this system for a = 0, and a = 2. [3+3]
(b) How will the character of the vector field change as a is varied continuously
across 1? (schematically draw on your answerscript) [2]

1
4. (a) Write down the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the simple harmonic oscillator
and obtain the Hamilton’s characteristic function. [4]
(b) Is the following transformation canonical? [4]

1’ N .
Q=log —srnp P=qcotp

5. (a) Suppose, at time t = 0, the dynamical state of a conservative Hamiltonian

system is (qa, ps), and after a small interval öt, the state is (ql,pjj. Express
(qi, p~) as a function of (q~, Pa) and show that the determinant of the Jacobian
matrix of this function, in first order approximation, is unity. What does this
result physically imply? [4]
(b) For a one-dimensional system with the Hamiltonian
2 1
2 2q2

Is the quantity (z~ — Ht) a constant of motion? [4]

6. A nonlinear system is given by the equations

= —x+x2

Schematically sketch the vector field in the phase space. [8]

7. Obtain the Lagrangian equations for the system shown below.

iLEtI~
Assume that the springs are relaxed in the equilibrium position. The force F =
Asinwt is applied only on the mass Al2. [8]

2
 Li
o2/l2/2~3

PH3102 Quantum Mechanics End-semester Examination

Instructor: Dr. Siddhartha Lal Autumn Semester, 2023
Instructions: Answer all questions for full marks. Put your name and roll no. on both Question
paper as well as the Answer script, and hand in both of them.
Date: 2nd December, 2023 Full marks: 50 Time: 2.5 hours

1 SHO in the Heisenberg picture. [7 marks]

A particle is placed in the state Iv’)
~ (10) + Ii)) at time t = 0, where Jn) is the n~ eigenstate
=

of the 1D simple harmonic oscillator H = p2/2rn + mw2x2/2.

(a) Obtain compact expressions for the operator x(t) in the Heisenberg picture in terms of the
operators x(t = 0). [3 marks]
Hint: You may find the BCH identity useful:

eXYe~ = Y+ ~[X.Y] + ~[X,[X,Y]] + ... (1)

(b) Now. calculate the expectation values of the operator x2(t) in the state [v’) [4 marks].

2 Anisotropic two-spin model. [12 marks]

Two spins Si and 52 are interacting with each other through the Hamiltonian
H = J~i~ (S~S + S~S~) + ~ . (2)

The total spin operator is defined as = ISi + S~.

(a) Calculate the commutators of the Hamiltonian with the operators ‘S~ot’ ‘S~ot and 9~ot• Hint:
Recall the commutation relation [Sn., S~] = IhEafl7S.-y, where (a, fi, ~) e (x, y, z) [8 marks]
.

(b) Using the results of part (a), compute the commutator of the Hamiltonian with .St~t. What
value does it take for the case = J1[? Which operator is conserved in time for this case, and

which symmetry of the Hamniltonian does this correspond to? [4 marks]

3 Density matrix and the Liouville—von Neumann equation. [12 marks]

Consider an arbitrary state [~) = a It) + b 4-) for a spin-1/2 object, where the states It) and 4-)
are the eigenstates of Q-~ with eigenvalues 1/2 and —1/2 respectively. Such a state is placed in a
magnetic field B, so that it evolves according to the Hamiltonian
H=Bo~Z (3)

(a) Use the time evolution operator to find the time-evolved state I~(t)) at time t. [2 marks]
(b) Find the corresponding density matrix p(t) at time t, where a density matrix is defined as
o= Rb) (~‘I [3 marks]
(c) Calculate the commutator [H, p] between p(t) and the Hamiltonian H. You can use the 2 x 2
matrix representation of p and I-I for this. [3 marks]
(d) By comparing the respective expressions, derive a relation between dp/dt and [H, p]? This
relation is called the Liouville—von Neumann equation. [Here, we consider the derivative of a

1
matrix as simply element-wise differentiation. 2 marks
(e) What happens to the commutator when b 0? \\ hat does this mean for the density matrix
—

according to the Liouvill von Neumann equation? 2 marks

4 SHO in an electric field. [7 marks]

We promise that this is the last SHO problem of this course. Consider adding an electric field E
to the SHO Hamiltonian as a perturbation:
2 1
H=~~_+_rnw2x2+ex. (4)
2rn 2
(a) Calculate the correction E~20~~c to the energy eigenvalues E~ = (n +~) flw upto second order in
using perturbation theory. Recall that E~’ — n V ii and E~2 — ~ E~ 5 marks
b Find the polarisability a resulting from this correction, using the definition 2 marks

5 Perturbing a two-dimensional box. [12 marks]

A particle of mass in is placed in a two-dimensional infinitely deep box potential of extent a
in both the :r and y directions. Further, a perturbation VC. LI) [Link] is applied to this
system. It is given that the eigenfunctions of a 1D infinite well in the x direction are of the form
— v/~sin(nhrx/a) with eigenvalues E~ h2ir2n2 2rna2. for n —1.2....
—

(a) Find the eigenfunctions and cigenvalues for the ground state as well as the doubly degenerate
first excited states of the unperturbed problem. 3 marks
(b) Compute the first and second order correction to the ground state energy. S marks
(c) Compute the first order correction to the energy of the first excited states. Also clearly write the
appropriate linear combinations of the degenerate unperturbed states to which these corrections
apply. 4 marks
Hint: You may find the following integrals helpful:
p1 pl 8
J
I dz.sin2rn7rz 0.25form 1.2....:
j
I dzzsinirz sin 2-ic — —

9~2
6

o2/(2/23
 uSER Kolkata
End Semester Examination, 2023
PH 3103: Mathematical Methods of Physics
3rd Year BSMS
Time: Two hours and thirty minutes
Attempt all questions.

1. a) Show that it = — 3y2x is a harmonic function. Find the correspond

ing conjugate fimction, and hence write down the analytic function f(z) where
z=x+iy. (4)
b) Evaluate the integral fc~4dz.
where C is the circle IzI = 2. (3)
c) Evaluate the integral
12,r d9
JO 5-~-4cosO

2. a) Find the relevant Green’s function for the equation ~ + w2y = f(x)
where y(a’ = 0) = y(x = 1) = 0. (6)
b) Using the generating function g(x, t) = exp[~ (t ~)] for the Bessel function
—

J,, (r). arrive at the relation

sinx = 2Efl°(—l)’tJ2~~1(x). (4)

I a) Show that if a matrix A and its transpose conjugate (At) are equal.
the eigenvalues are real. Also, the eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigen
values are orthogonal. (3+3)
b) Show that the three vectors A = ~(l, —i,0),B = ~(1.i,0),C = ~(0,0,l)
form an orthononnal set. (4)

1. a) Find the Fourier transform of the functions (3+4)

(i) f(x) =

(ii) f(x) = 1 for —l ≤ z ≤ +1

= 0 for xi ≥ 1.

(b) The Fourier transform of the function f(x) is g(k) Arrive at the Fourier
transform of ~L (3)

5. a) Using the properties of the multiplication table, construct the group

multiplication table for the group C6 = {e. a. a2, b, ba. ba2}. with ab = ba2. (3)

b) Consider the group G = {a.a2 a’”ta”~ = e} with 0(G) = rn.

Show that this is an abelian group. (3)

c) Let C1 = {e1. a1. b1 } and C2 = {e2, a2, b2 } be two groups

and C is the direct product C1 ® C2. If C’~ = {(ei,e2), (a1.e2), (b1, e2), ...},
show that CI is an invariant subgroup of C. (4)

1
 End Semester Examination (Autumn 2024)
Course: PH3104 : Electrical Circuits and Electronics

Time: 2 hrs 30 mins Total Marks: 50

1. (a) Calculate the load current in the following figure for the load resistance (RL) of 3 kQ: [3]

• 4K-fl- 4i4~O-

.]21/-3V ¶SKa 13)cQ. !SKJ1 J2i

(b) Describe Half-voltage method for measuring RTh. — [2]

(c) Derive the expression of resonant frequency (fr) and Bandwidth (BW) for a RLC parallel resonant
circuit in terms of R, Land C. [2+3]

2. (a) The barrier potential developed across an open-circuited p-n junction aids the flow of minority
carriers. Explain how the flow of charge is counter-balanced. [1]
(b) Draw the circuit diagram for a positive diode clipping circuit. Sketch the output waveform and
discuss the observations. If the reference voltage is set to be zero and the Si diode is used in the
circuit that is a non-ideal, then what will be the maximum positive and negative output voltages
when an AC input voltage (Peak voltage of 50 V) is used? [l+(l+2)+l]
(c) Determine the current through the load resistor (RL) in the following circuit, consider the Si diode
used is a non-ideal diode. Also consider VB = 15 V, R1 = 6 kQ, R2 = 4 kQ and Rj. = 2 kQ. [2]

(d) Draw the circuit diagram for a AND logic gate and write down the truth table. [2]

3. (a) Define hybrid parameters for a transistor and draw the h-parameter equivalent circuit. Discuss how
one can determine the h-parameters experimentally. [2+1+2]
(b) In the CE amplifier circuit, R1 = 72 kQ, R2 = 8 kQ, RL = 2 kQ, RE = 700~2and R~ = 2 kQ and
V~ = 15 V. Assume ~ = 120 and VEE = 0.7 V. Draw the dc load line and find the Q-point. [5]

1
4. (a) Discuss the differential amplifier with circuit diagram. [2]
(b) The following circuit shows an instrumentation amplifier used as the input amplifier of many
electronic instruments and to amplify the signals at the output of transducers for driving the
indicator. Calculate the voltage gain (4, = -) of the amplifier. How can you vary the gain?
[4+1] ~7

(c) Determine the output voltage V0 in the circuit below in terms of V1 and V2. [3]

5. (a) Give the logic symbol, Boolean expression and the truth table of a two-input NAND gate. [2]
(b) Implement the Boolean function Y = AR + AC with NAND gates only. [2]
(c) Simplify by Boolean algebra, Y = ABC + ACJ~ + A~C + ABC - [2]
(d) Simplify the Boolean expression Y = ABC + ABC + A~C + ABC using a Karnaugh map and
draw the simplified logic circuit. [3 + I]

2
 PH41O1: Basic Condensed Matter Physics Final Examination
Instructor: Dr. Kamaraju I\atarajan
Department of Physical Sciences, uSER Kolkata
Total Marks 50 Duration: 2 hr 30 minutes

Name:

Roll No:

Important Instructions

There are three sections. Section-I contains 7 questions (1 mark each), section-Il contains 4 questions
(2 marks each) and section-Ill has 10 questions (5 marks each). In section-Ill, you have to answer
any 7 questions. You should attempt all the sections. If in answering a question you sketch a
diagram, please provide meaningful labels. The question paper should be attached along with your
answer sheets.

Useful Identities
dx fc~3 dx
j0 -r-1=oo ~~—1=—tog(x0~-1)+xo
100 xdx
Jflti~T
— - p00
—~.p-F-iS------
X~dZ — IT4

p00 x4dx fOOx4dx....24((s)_24(l+4.+4.+4+)

Jo ~ ~
c:° dx e~X3 = — f~ dx x2rtt~ £IL
= Ar,312

J00° dx~~/~ e_X = 2 dx x sin(bx)c =

cos(A B) cosAcosB + sinAsinB sin(A + B) sinAcosB cosAsinB
—

Universal Constants Conversion Factors

me = 9.11 x 10~”kg 1eV — k2. 11 605K
c = 2.99999 x 108m/s Ic8 — 8.617 x 10 5eVK
h = 6.626 x 1034J.s 11 — 6.582 x 1016 11 .
c 1.6 x 1019C or 4.80 x 10~’~ esu hr 1240 V nut
Ic8 = 1.381 x 1023J/K 1 Tesla i04 Gauss
Lo — 8.85 x 10’2Fm’(Fm~ = C2/(Nm2)) iN Z lO5Dynes
Bohr Radius: a0 = = 5.29 x 10’tm

Avogadro constant, NA, = 6.02214076 x 1023/mol

 Seetion-I(7jcj = 7) t
Answer all tile questions
1. The value of the angle between the [Link] of diamond is (Hint: The angles between
the tetrahedral bonds of diamond are same as the 3ngie between the body diagonals of a cube.)

A. 100018! B. 60°. Q. 120° [Link]°28t.

2. VanadinumR) occurs in 13CC lattice (M=50.94g/mole and density is 5.8 g/cm3). The highest
linear density of atdm~ (atoths/m) is

A. The highest density would he along [100j and the density is 2.75 xlO° atoms/in
B. The highest density would be along [1011 and the density is 3.75 x10° atoms/rn
C. The highest density would be along [1111 and the density is 3.75 x109 atoms/rn
D The highest density would be along [1101 and the density is 1.75 x10° atoms/rn
3. An X-ray beani of wavelength A = 0.84A° is used to study the NaCI crystal. If the first peak of
first order of Bragg reflection, is observed at ~n angie of 8°35’, the following is true (if there is
enough intensities in the higher order Bra~g diffraction).
A. the highest lattice plane spaéing is 2.835A° and the maximum order of diffraction that
can be detected is 4
B. the highest lattice plane spacing is 2.0354° and the maximum order of diffraction that
can he detected is 4
C. the highest lattice plane spacing is 2.8354° and the maximum order of diffraction that
can he detected is 2
0. the highest lattice plane spacing is 2.8354° and the maximum order of diffraction that
can he detected is 1
4. Drude got (lie Lorents number (ratio of thermal conductivity to electrical conductivity) almost
only half of the actual value since
A, Only his calculatiqn of velocity was over-estimated.
B. Hiscalculation of heat capacity was correct, but Ins velocity was over estimated.
C. Only his calculation of volocitywascorrect -

0. His calculation of velocity was under-estimated and heat capacity was correct.
E. His calculation of heat capacity was over-estimated whereas the velocity was under
estimated.
5. Consider a longitudinal wave, it3 = ucos(wt sKa) propagating in a mono-atomic linear lattice of
—

atoms of mass lvi. spacing a, and nearest neighbor coupling constant, C. The total energy of the
wave is
A E = (~) * Al Z3(u,,)2 + (~) G~~(u9 u3+1)2 where s runs over all the atoms
~ —

13. E = (~) * MZ~tt3/dt)2 + (~) * u5~1)2 where s runs over all the atoms
—

C. E . (1) * ~‘f E2(u3)2 + (~) t C~(u. u~÷~)2 where s runs over all the atoms
—

0. E = (~) * AlZ.(du~/dt)2 + (~) * C~(u8 ~3+1)2 where s runs over all the atoms
—

E. E = M Z5(dii3/dt)’ + C E30z., — u3÷j)2 where s runs over all the atoms

6. Th.e following staterneut/statements denote the main consequences of the harmonic theory
A. A single lattice ‘cave does not decay or change form with time, i.e two lattice waves do
not interact.
B. adiabatic and isothermal elastic constants are never equal.
C. the elastic constants are independent of pressure and temperature.
0. there can be thermal expansion.

Pare 2
7. The following statement/statements is/are TRUE regarding electron-phonon scattering
A. At T>> TDeb9e, the resistivity is linearlSr proportional to T2.
B. At T>> TDebye, the resistivity is linearly proportional to T3.
C At T<< TD~b9€, the resistivity is T5 in general for alkali metals.
0. At T<< TDC&YC, the electron scattering rate goes as q~,~(1 — cos(~)) where the qph is
the phonon wavevector and ~ is angle between the incoming electron and the scattering
electron.

Section-II(4x2=8)
Answer all thequestions -

8. The kinetic energy of a three dimensional gas of N electrons at OK is

A.~ B.~ C.2~ D.~

9. The spring constant of NaCl single crystal is 11 N/ni along [1001 dirccuion and at the gamma point.
The wavelength of JR radiation that will be strongly reflected by this crystal is (Useful Information:
MN023 g/mol and MCF’35.45 g/mol, and you may also would like to think about how reflectivity
and permittivity/refractive index change at LO/TO/and phonon resonance frequency)
A. 61 pm which is the wavelength of the LO phonon. JR reflectivity is also minimum at LO
phonon resonance.
B. 91 pm which is the wavelength of the transverse acoustic phonon. JR reflectivity is also
minimum here.
C. 9 pm which is the wavelength of the longitudinal acoustic phonon. JR reflectivity is also
maximum here.
0. 61 pm which is the wavelength of the TO phonon. JR reflectivity is also maximum at
TO phonon resonance.
10. The following statement/statements is/are FALSE
A. In a simple square lattice in 20, the kinetic energy of the electron at a corner of the first
zone is higher than that of a free electron at the mid point of a side face of the zone by
a factor 2.
B. Bloch functions do not exist at the forbidden regions of energy bands.
C. Mono-valent electron compounds are insulators as their fermi surface touches the first
Brilluoin zone.
D. The alkaline earth metals have two valence electrons per primitive cell; they could be
insulators, but the bands overlap in energy to give metals, but not very good metals.
Examples for Rare Earth metals are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca),
strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).
11. Assume that a new quasi 2D material (lattice constant is 2.25A°) is invented in a laboratory and
you are asked to determine the carrier density in cm~2 of this 20 material using fermi surface
measurement experiment like Dc Haas Van Alphen effect and De-Shuhnikov oscillations in resis
tivity. For example, the resistivity and other material properties exhibit oscillations as the field
varies. These oscillations are periodic in ~(*) and this periodicity is 4.5 x 105G~.Calculate the
carrier density in cm2 of this 20 material
(Hint: The energy dispersion of this 2D material is well described by tight binding approxima
tion. Use COS units. In COS, electron charge is 4.80326 x 10’°esu; c = 3 x 1010 cm/s; h =
6.626196 x lo_27 erg.s)

Section Hr (7 x 5 = 35)
-

Answer any 7 questions

12. Say an X-ray with wavevector k is scattered at a volume dV of a sample and the outgoing X-ray
has a wavevector k’. The local electron concentration at the sample is n(r). The scattering wave
amplitude in this case is given as F = f dVn(r)e(~lC’)~)
(a) Now, for a crystal of N cells, write down the scattering amplitude (in terms of structure factor)
when the diffraction condition is met. (1)
(b) Assume there are ‘s’ atoms in the unit cell and for this case, derive the most general form, of
structure factor in terms of atomic form factor. (2)
(c) Derive the classical expression of atomic form factor in spherical polar co-ordinates. (2)

Page 3
 13. For a 10 mono-atomic lattice, (a) Show that lc~ ~ and k2 = ~ describe the same~elastic
wave/phonon that satisfy the aliasing condition, i.e., the mathematical condition that makes these
two waves indistinguishable. (1)
(b) Make a plot of cos(kix) and cosO2x) vs x/a on a 10 schematic montoatomic lattice. Prove
the conclusion from (a) using these plots. Indicate the wavelength of these two vibration wave~

(c) For a ID diatomic lattice with two types of atoms with masses, M1 and M2, sketch the disper
sion relation for M1 0 M2 aM M1 = M2. (1.5)
(d) Winm M1 = M2, do yoir think the lattice mentioned in (c) will still have optical phonons.
Explain your answer. (1.5)

(a) Assunung electron conductivity effective mass, m* = 0.26 m~ for Si, where me is the electron
rest mass in free space. Find the average kinetic energy (thermal energy) of conduction elections
in n type Si near thermal equilibrium at temperature T = 300 K. Find the thermal velocity of
electrons.
(b) Given electron mobility p = 280 cm2/(Vs) at a doping level of 1018 cm3, find the average
scattering time r
(c) Many textbooks quote an electron mobility p = 1500 cm2/(Vs) for Si, much higher than the
above value. What could be the origin of this high mobility? What is the average scattering time
r corresponding to this high mobility value?
(d) These two electron mobility valuàs and corresponding scattering times give you a sense of
orders of magnitude of the quantities descrihingelectron transport in Si. Calculate the nmeau free
path using these two mobilities and conlfnent on what should be dimensions of modetn CMOS
devices such as field effect transistors (PETs) using Si?
(e) Assuming ionized impurity and lattice vibration scatterings are the two predominant scattering
mechanisms, and based on the two mobility values arid corresponding r values in (b) and (c),
estimate the average ionized impurity scattering time r~ and average ~honon scattering time r~.
Here, r1 and r~,j, should be interpreted as < r~ > and < r7g, >, respectively. Compare these two
scattering limes to find which mechanism is more limiting on the mobility of electrons for n type
Si doped to io’~ cm~3 at 300 K. (5)
(Hint: This prohieni can be solved from free electron theory of metals itself)

15. (a) When [here is thermal vibration u(R), the perioditity of the crystal is perturbed slightly. Start
with a nmostgeneral expression for the p~riodic potential in a solid as a sum pf potentials summed
over all l3ravais lattice points. Now show for vibrating lattice, the total potential has a pertubation
due to small vibration using Taylor .series expansion.(1)
(b) Consider forward scattering of electrons from k~ to k with phonons of momentum hq71h in
an ideal metal. The angle between ic~ and k, is 0. Derive relationship that exists between the
electrical resistivity and temperature (i) at high temperatures, T >> TDCbYC, and (ii) at very low
temperatures, T << Tve&ye. Show the scattering process with a schematic on the Fermi surface.
(Hint: The electron scattering rate is proportional to Ike — kj weighed by 1-cos(0)). (1+3)

16. Derive the propagation condition for (a) transverse and (b) longitudinal plasma wave oscillations of
free electrons in a metal when an electromagnetic wave is shined. For simplicity, con$ider a isotropic
metal medium where electromagnetic wave is shined along the z direction. (Hint: Write do~vn tIme
Maxwell equation in the given situation here and consider AC Drude model. Then derive the gen
eral propagation equation of both the modes in a metal and then derive the condition for transvcrse
and longitudinal plasma wave oscillations of free electrons) (3±1+1)

17. Consider a simple model of cubic ionic crystals (polar crystals) with two atoms in a primitive unit
cell, e.g NaCI, CsCl and ZnS. Also let tIme transverse oscillating displacements of ±ve and -ye ions
be represented by, u~ and u_ respectively. Let there be N primitive cells occupying the volume of
V.
(a) Now, if one shines an electromagnetic wave on this polar crystal perpendicular to the transverse
oscillating charges. derive the equations of motion of this system of +ve and -ye ions of masses rn1
and In2. Show that these two equations can he combined to write an effective equation of motion of
a damped harmonic oscillator (Lorentz-Drude oscillation equation) by adding a phenomenological
damping term, 7fç where r = —

(b) The solution to the above Lorentz-Drude oscillation equation is r = where Q is

the effective charge, p is the reduced mass of the pair of ions and w is the angular frequency
of the electromagnetic wave that is shined and w0 is the resonant frequency of the transverse
oscillations. Now, derive the expression for permittivity by considering semiconductors where only
bound charges are considered. (Hint: Derive the electrical polarization in the present case and you

Page 4
 should be able to see the permittivity emerging).
(c) For the case when there is no damping (7 = 0), derive the relationship between the longitudinal
frequency of oscillation and transverse frequency of oscillations. (2+2+1)

18. Considering a 1D periodic potential for electrons (mass, in), U(x) = U(z + a) where a is the
periodicity. Also, let the crystal be symmetric about x=0, and now
(a) derive the most general form of central wave equation for electrons (Ak—e)Ck+Za UGCk_o = 0
where Aa = ~ and C is the reciprocal lattice vector. (b) Write down the central wave equation
for electrons at the first Brilluoin zone boundary, k = with the assumption that only the
Fourier coefficients, U0 = U~ = U exist in the Fourier expansion of U(x). (Hint: Consider Bloch
wave function for the electrons) (4+1)

19. The first order tight binding approximation gives ra = —a — 7Zm exp(—[Link]) where a is the
overlap on the same atom and ‘y is the overlap between the nearest neighbors connected by Pm and
‘m’ runs over all the nearest neighbors. (a) Now, derive 6k for simple cubic structure considering
its nearest neighbors. (b) Calculate the effective mass tensor Mmn at P point (k=(0,0,O)), at the
face center/X-point (k=(0,1,1)) and at the corner/L-point (k=(1,1,1)). Here,tensor indices m and
n runs over x,y and z directions. (2+3)

20. Using central equation, derive the Kroning-Penny Model expression j4≠
sin(cxu) + cos(aa) =
cos(ka) using a periodic delta function potential, UQc) = 2 Ec>o U0cos(Gx) = As ~ — sa)

where A is a constant and a is the lattice spacing. Here the boundary conditions are peri
odic over a ring of unit length, meaning over 1/a atoms. Here, a = with e being the
electron energy. (Hint: Kronig-Penny Model in Reciprocal space and ctn(x) = ~
(3+1+1)
21. (a) Assume that the real part of the conductivity of a superconductor is described by Re c(w)
A6(w) with 5(!~), being the Dirac delta function. This expression can be taken as the r -4 ~ limit
of the real part of AC Drude conductivity, u(w) = with Co = where e is the electron’s
charge, -r is the scattering time and m~ is the electron’s mass.
(al) Express A in terms of the electron density, mass and charge.
(a.2) Evaluate the integral ft dw Re c(w) (1.5+1)
(b) The constant temperature gradient ~4 = —~y < 0 exists in a metal bar whose left end is main
tained at temperature Ta and is taken to be the origin of the x axis.
(b.1) Compute the thermal energy difference per electron between x ut and x + vt where v is the
—

velocity of the electron.

(b.2) Evaluate the thermal current density at x (Assume a electron density of ‘n’ and note that
heat/thermal energy is proportional to the temperature of the electron)
(1.5+1)

Page 5
 dZ/, C/23

EnciSem Exam
PH4102: Introductory Astrophysics

Answer Question 1 and any 4 out of the 5 remaining questions.

Note: Meaning of a variable is same as we used in the class, unless stated otherwise.

Time : 150 mm Marks: 50

(Given m~ = 9.1 x 10~’ kg, mH = 1.67 x lO~27 kg, h = 6.62 x 10~ m2 kg/s,
= 1.38 x 10—23 J/K, C = 6.67 x 10_li m3 kg’ ~2, 1 AU = 1.5 x km) io~
1. a) What is the distance (in parsecs) of a star whose absolute magnitude is +6.0
and apparent magnitude is +16.0? (2)

b) Near the orbit of the Earth, the solar wind has a velocity of about 400 km/s and
contains about 10 protons per cm3 Assuming that the solar wind always had these
.

characteristics during the Sun’s lifetime of 4.5 x io~

yr, estimate the fraction of mass
the Sun would have lost in the solar wind during its lifetime. (2)

c) Virial theorem for stellar dynamics states that

2 < K > +< V >= 0,

<> represents time averaged quantities, and K and V are total kinetic and gravita
tional potential energies, respectively. Show, how astronomers use this theorem for
computing the total mass of a star cluster, located at a certain known distance.
(2)

d) How is the displacement current term neglected in MHD? (2)

e) If (r, ~) represent the polar coordinates, the differential distance between two
points in fiat space can be written by

d12 = (dr)2 + (rØ)2.

Show that this differential distance on a sphere’s surface is given by

d12 = (~ ) + (rd~,

where, K is the curvature of the two-dimensional spherical surface. (2)

2. Consider a model star in which the density p(r) goes as p~ at the core (r < ro),
po(ro/r)2 in the region between the core and surface (ro < r < R) and 0 outside the
surface (r > R).
a) Find an expression for M(r).
1
b) If the star’s mass is 1M0(=2 x io~° kg) at R = R0(= 7 x i0~ 1cm) and r0 =0.1I?~,
what is the value of p0? (6+4)

3. a) Dense cores of giant molecular clouds (GMC) have following characteristic

Temperature 10 K, number density of hydrogen molecule (H2) 1010 /m3 and
characteristic mass 10M0. Show that such dense cores are unstable to gravitational
collapse (i.e., possible locations for star formation!). Derive any necessary formula
that yon use and state the assumptions clearly.

b) Now, for a typical diffuse hydrogen cloud, temperature 50 K, number density

of hydrogen atom (H) 5 x 108 /m3 and characteristic mass lOOM0. Show that
these clouds are stable to gravitational collapse (i.e., don’t collapse).
(7+3)

4. a) Derive Euler eqnation for fluid dynamics.

b) How does this equation get modified in the case of magneto-hydrodynamics

(MHD)? Explain the physical significance of additional terms. (5+5)

5. Inside a galaxy, the distribution of stars is believed not to be due to collisional

relaxation. Prove this fact by showing that the collisional relaxation time for galaxy is
several order larger than the age of the Universe. Assume typical mass of stars in the
galaxy to be 1M0, their typical velocity 100 km/sec and typical number density 0.1
per parsec3. (10)

6. a) The reason for the white dwarf to be hotter even though they don’t have any
nuclear burning, is that their cooling time scale is very high. Make a rough estimate
of white dwarf cooling time scale assuming the following:
i) Mass of white dwarf is 0.8M0 and made up of ‘2C particles.
ii) Average internal temperature io~ K.
iii) White dwarf has a constant luminosity of 3.84 x 1023 J/s.

b) Consider stars of mass 1M0. Compute the mean mass density for the following:
i) Sun (R0 = 7 x io~ km)
ii) a white dwarf (R = io~ km)
iii) a neutron star (R = 10 km)
Now consider a ‘2C nucleus of radius r = 3 x 10_15 m and compute its mean den
sity. Discuss the significance of all these results! (assume mass of proton and neutron
to be same). (3+7)

2
 PH4102 Introductory Astrophysics 611; a] ‘23
End Semester Supplementary 2022-2023
Saturday, 2 December 2023

Total Marks: 50 Time: 2.5 Hours

Useful Constants
M0 = 2 x 1030 kg; R0 = 7.0 x 105m; L0 = 3.826 x 1026 J/s; Solar mean density = 1500 kg m3;
Density of the solar core = 1.6 x io~ kg m3; Solar core temperature = 1.5x i0~ K; Solar surface
temperature = 5,800 K; Age of the Sun = 5x109 years; 1 AU = 1.5 x 10”m; Earth’s radius =
6,400 km; G = 6.67 x 10_li N m2 kg—2; Earth’s gravity, g = 9.81 mr2; m~ = 9.11 x i0~~ kg
Mass of hydrogen atom, mH = 1.67 x 10_27 kg; 1 amu = 1.66 x 10—27kg; Mass of helium nucleus
= 4.002603 amu; Mass of carbon nucleus = 12.00 amu; K8 = 1.38 x 10_23 J/K~ ~7SB = 5.67 x io~

Wm2K4; Wien’s constant = 2.89 x 10~ m K; Ii = 6.62 x i0~ m2 kg s’; Wavelength of visible
light = 550 nm; 1 erg = io~ joule; 1 J = 6.242 x 1018 eV; ito = 4~r x iO~ H m’; Speed of light
in vacuum = 3 x 10~ m

Use your own digital scientific calculator and answer all questions. Make any neces
sary assumptions required to solve any of the questions, however, state them clearly
in your answer scripts. No further clarifications will be provided during the exam.

1. (a) The Sun rotates on its axis once in about 27 days — state a simple observa
tional evidence in favour of this rotational motion.
(b) How does the Sun’s rotation introduce spectral shifts in its emission spec
trum across the solar disk?
(c) Spatially resolved stars (e.g. the Sun) are observed to be darker at the edge
i.e. the limb; than at the centre of the disk explain in details.
—

(1 + 1 + 3 = 5)

2. (a) Can we expect electrons in a neutron star? Explain!

(b) If the star Proxima Centauri (M = O.123Ms~~) collapses to a compact
object such that escape velocity at its surface exceeds the speed of light, what
would be its maximum radius?

(2+3=5)
3. Suppose that you are attempting to make observations through an optically
thick gas that has a constant density and temperature. Assume that the density
and temperature of the gas are 2 x 1Y4 kg/rn3 and 6000K, respectively, typical
of the values found in the Sun’s Photosphere.
(a) If the opacity of the gas at one wavelength (A1 ) is ic(Ai) = 0.021 m2/kg and
the opacity at another wavelength (A2 ) is ic(A2) = 0.039 m2/kg, calculate the
distance into the gas where the optical depth equals 2/3 for each wavelength.
Hint: Use the relationship between optical depth and opacity.
(b) At which wavelength can you see farther into the gas and how much farther?
(c) Can this effect help us to probe various solar atmospheric depths? Explain!

(2 + 1 + 2 = 5)

4. (a) Suppose a star has an inverse square density profile. The particles inside
the star satisfy the condition p << mc, where p is the total momentum and c
is the speed of light. What is the significance of calculated energy?
(b) What are the possible origins of pressure inside a massive star.
(c) For the stars dominated by the relation p >> mc, calculate the total energy.
Interpret your result.
(d) Establish the scaling relationship between gas pressure, radiation pressure
and mass. What can you conclude from this relationship?
Hint: Assume quantum mechanical effects are unimportant.

(2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8)

5. (a) Assume a gravitationally bound star of mass M which follows a constant

density profile. Use the virial theorem to show that

P (~Z)1/3GM2I3p4/3

(b) Show that if the radiatipn pressure equals the kinetic pressure, then the
total pressure is

P = 2 (~Y’3
\aJ
(k~)4/3
m
(c) Obtain an expression for the maximal mass of a stable star. Find its approx
imate value in Solar masses, assuming a fully ionized hydrogen composition.

Page 2
 (where fti is the average mass per particle, i~ = Boltzman constant, a =O&~~v2
where a is Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant.)

(3 + 3 + 4 = 10)

6. (a) Assume a hypothetical scenario in which the temperature-radius depen

dence of a star is inverted. For such a strange star, what would you expect the
radiation spectrum of the star to look like for those frequencies at which the
absorption coefficient is highest? Justify your answer in your own words.
(b) Consider sunlight streaming into your room through a window. Explain
using logic whether you expect the air in the room to be in equilibrium with
the radiation.

(3 + 3 = 6)

7. Consider a white dwarf formed due to contraction of thermally unsupported

stellar core of mass M = M0 down to radius R~ at which degeneracy pressure
inhibits further contraction. Assuming ~ = 0.5 where Z and A are atomic
number and mass number respectively,
a) Find a mathematical expression for R,~L, in terms of Z, A, and M (Assume
that the stellar core consists of ionized helium bnly. Use scaling approximations
of the relevant equations).
b) Find the temperature of the degenerate core of mass O.5M® for pure helium
composition.
c) Since white dwarfs are end-points in stellar evolution devoid of nuclear re
actions, a white dwarf, therefore, cools down by radiating from its surface the
thermal energy stored in the still-classical gas of nuclei within the star’s volume.
Find an expression of cooling time and show how it varies with temperature.
(Assume a constant temperature all the way out to the surface of the star).

(3 + 3 + 2 = 8)

8. The HR Diagram denotes the distribution of various stars in a plot with lumi
nosity in the y-axis and temperature in the x-axis (decreasing temperatures to
the right).
(a) Plot these axes, and indicate the Main Seqjience track. Where do you expect
very high mass (but normal) Main Sequence stars to be located? Explicitly
mark this location with a “0” symbol.

Page 3
(b) Where do you expect newly born Brown Dwarf stars to be located in this di- /
agram? Explicitly denote the location of young Brown Dwarfs on your diagram
with a “X” symbol.

(2 + 1 = 3)

r’-1 0 n~

Page 4
 Nonlinear Dynamics (PH4104): End Semester Examination
Instructor: Dr. Rumi De; Date: 30.11.2023; Total marks: 50

1(a) Consider a two-dimensional dynamical equation, ± = —mx, 3’ = —y; Plot the phase portrait
for (1) m=1 and (ii) m=O and justify your answer. 1+1=2

(b) Consider a damped nonlinear oscillator, ~ + g ± + x — x3 = 0; verify whether the system has
any limit cycle solution. 2

(c) Calculate the Lyapunov exponent for the linear map, x,~ = rx11. 2

(d) What is a multifractal system? Explain it with an example. 2

2. Consider the dynamical system, 3’ = my In(l + y) , with parameter m.

—

(a) Sketch all the qualitatively different vector fields that occur as m is varied
(b) Finally, sketch the bifurcation diagram of fixed points versus m. Also, identify the type of
bifurcation. 1.5+1.5=3

3. Consider the map x,~÷1 = ~ + Zn

(a) Find out the fixed points and analyze theft stability.
(b) Draw cobwebs fortwo different initial conditions: (i) X0 = —land (ii) x0 = 2. 1+2=3

4. To construct the famous fractal “Koch snowflake” curve, consider an equilateral triangle for SO.
Then, to generate Si, follow the Koch curve procedure on each of the three sides of the triangle.
(a) Draw SO, SI, and 52.
(b) Find the fractal dimension of the set. 1.5+1.5=3

5. Consider the dynamical equations, ± = x + 2xy, 3’ = x + x2 —

(a) Find all the fixed points and analyze the stability of the fixed points.
(b) Show whether the system has any limit cycle or not.
(c) Finally, evaluate the flow directions and thaw the complete phase portrait. 1+1+2=4

6. Glycolysis is a fundamental biochemical process in which living cells obtain energy by breaking
down sugar. The glycolysis process can be modeled by the following dynamical equations:
±=—x+ay+x2y,
5’ = b — ay — x2y;
Where x and y are the concentrations of ADP and F6P, and a, b >0 are kinetic parameters.
(a) Sketch the nullclines and (b) construct a trapping region for this system. 2+3=5

.~ t\
7. Consider a two-dimensional dynamical system,
i=ux—wy+ Kx(x2+y2), y= wx+JLy+ Ky(x2+y2); withparametersu,w,andK.
We considerji as the varying parameter and oi > 0, and K> 0.
(a) Find the fixed points of this system and analyze the stability of the fixed points as the parameter
~t is varied.
(b) Use the Poincare-Bendixson theorem to show that a limit cycle exists in this system for a
specific range of parameter values.
(c) Analyze the stability of the limit cycle and draw the phase portraits for different parameter
values. Also, illustrate it in a bifurcation-like diagram. 1+2+3=6

8. Consider the cubic map, x,~1 = rx~ —

(a) Find all the fixed points and analyze theft stability.
(b) Suppose p, q be the two cycles of the map. Show that p, q are roots of the equation,
x(x2 r + 1)(x2 r 1)(x4 —rx2 + 1) = 0.
— — —

(c) Determine the stability of the two cycles as a function of r. 1+2.5+2.56

9. Dynamics of the budworm population can be described by the following equation,

± = rx (i. — — with parameters rand k.
(a) Show that the fixed point x*0 is always unstable.
(b) Analyze the stability of all the fixed points by graphical representations and sketch qualitatively
different vector fields that occur as r and k are varied.
(c) Determine the limiting behaviour of r(x) and k(x) as x -~1 and x —. oc. Sketch a qualitative
bifurcation diagram r(x) vs x (for fixed k) and show that there is a possibility of a budworm
outbreak.
1+2+3=6

10. Brusselator model describes the spatiotemporal evolution of two chemical concentrations of
u1 and u2 following the given reaction-diffusion equations:
8u1 à2u1
ax2
2
-~-=bu1—u1u2 +I)~ ax2 ____

where D1 and D2 are the diffusion coefficients, and a, b are the parameters.
(a) Considering a stable homogeneous steady state, derive and analyze the conditions for Turing
instability for this system.
(b) Find the condition for the onset of instability and the spacing between chemical concentration
peaks. 3+(2+1)=6
 P114106 (Autumn 2023) -

Basics of Field Theory and Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata
Instructor: Koushik Dutta

End-Semester Examination Time: 2.5 Hrs

1. Total Marks: 11) The Dirac Lagrangian is given by (Total Marks: 11)
CD = ~(i$ — m)i,b. (1)

a Find out equation of motions for ~‘ and ij’ field, and show that those equations of motions are
conjugate to each other. Marks: 2+2
(b) Find out the conserved charge associated with a continous internal symmetry of the Lagrangian.
Marks: 3
(c) Show that each component of the Dirac spinor z,b satisfies the Klein Cordon equation.
Marks: 4
2. (Total Marks: 4) Write down the Dirac equation in the following form:
CD — ~ + total derivatives, (2)
where ~ is conjugate of ‘~ such that ‘F~ is a Lorentz scalar. Using the form of 0, find the expression
for the Feynman propagator i~F(p) for a Dirac spinor. Show steps clearly.
3. (Total Marks: 5) In the class, we defined ~a0 6[7a -y~], where ~yQ~ are the usual Dirac matrices.
Show that (~iJ)t c’s, and (c0t)t = _~~Oi.
4. (Total Marks: 10) Consider the following interaction Hamiltonian density 14nt gC(A2 B2)
where A, B and C are three scalar fields with A and B having equal mass m, and C has the mass
M.
(a) For A+B —, A+B, write down the Feynman diagram(s) and the associated Feynman amplitude
in terms of external momenta. Marks: 4
(b) For A + A -.,A + A, write down the Feynman diagram(s) and the associated amplitudes in
terms of external momenta. Marks: 6
5. (Total Marks: 20) Consider a part of the Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) Lagrangian given
by
£ = ~be(i$ — m)~e — ~FMUFW) + et,be7M~heAM, (3)

where z/’~ corresponds to the electron (e) field and AM is the photon (7) field.
(a) Write down the mode decomposition of ~ ~, and AM field operators. Marks: 2
Consider the following process (Compton scattering e p, s 7(k, r) —~ e(p’, s’) + 7(k’, r’)
(b) Write down the Feynman rules for the incoming and outgoing electrons and photons. Marks:
4
(c) Draw relevant Feynman diagram(s) for the above process at tree-level and mark each part of
the diagram properly. Marks: 6
(d) Write down the total Feynman amplitude for the process. Marks: 6
(e) From the Dyson series expansion, identify the term that gives the above diagrams. Marks: 2

1
6. (Total Marks: 18) Consider the following classical Lagrangian:

(4)

where A is a real number.

(a) Find out the Euler-Lagrange equations for the fields ~‘ and V. They should be complex
conjugate of each other. Marks: 3
(b) For a plane wave solution, find out angular frequency w in terms of ~. Marks: 1
(c) The above Lagrangian is space-time invariant (you do not need to show). Find out the compo
nent of the energy momentum tensor T°°, and derive an expression for the total Hamiltonian H.
What condition do you get on A by demanding that Hamiltonian is positive definite. Marks: 3
(d) Chose A in such a way that the equation of motion in part (a) looks like the Schrodinger equation
for a nonrelativistic particle of mass in. How does w looks in part (b) now? Marks: 2
(e) Show that the total Hamiltonian can be written as expectation value of the kinetic energy of a
free particle. Marks: 3
(f) Find out T10, and show that it equivalent to the expectation value of the momentum operator. C
Marks: 2
(g) The Lagrangian also has an internal symmetry. Write down the symmetry, and find out the
charge associated with the symmetry. How do you interpret the charge? Marks: 2
(h) Does the system has Lorentz symmetry? Marks: 1
(i) In maximum two sentences, write a few words (your understanding) about the system described
by the above Lagrangian. Marks: 1

7. (Total Marks: 12) Consider the following Lagrangian for two real Klein-Gordon field:

tfundamental = — + ~8~x8~x — ~M2x2 — ~ (5)

We want to study ~(p~) + ~(p2) —÷ k(ps) + ~(p4) scattering process.

(a) Draw all Feynman diagrams(s) for the above mentioned process and write down the total
Feynman amplitude in terms of a = (pi + p2)2, t = (P1 —p3)2 and it = (P1 —p4)2. Mention clearly
your conventions, vertex factor and expression for the propagator. Marks: 5
(b) Now, we are interested in the case of in cc M g, i.e. the x particle being much heavier than
the ~ particle. Suppose, a low energy observer sets out to study the above mentioned scattering at
a center-of-mass energy E = ~ << M. In this case, typically t << M and it << M also. Expand
the Feynman amplitude in part (a) in inverse powers of M upto O(l/(mass)4), and arrange terms
in inverse powers of M. Marks: 3
(c) A low-energy observer will see only the dominant lowest order term in (b). What would be the
effective Lagrangian Leff~tjve for this low energy observer to describe ~(pi) + ~(p~) q5(p~) + 95(p4)
—*

scattering process? Identify the parameter in Leffective in terms of the parameters in £funaamental.
Marks: 4

This is roughly the end of the course! But, surely not your learning
Do good :-)

2
r

uSER Kolkata
Department of Physical Sciences
Advanced Electricity, Magnetism and Optics, PH4107
Antumn Semester 2023
Final Examination, dated 01/12/2023
Max. Marks: 40

Attempt any four

Qi. 4+3+3
(a) Find out the I x4 Stokes vectors corresponding to the following I x2 Jones vectors
(i) 2 * [0.4 O.3]~~ (ii) [0.6 0.8 ei7n/3]T (iii) [~ e_~flTIj7
Comment on the polarization state and the degree of polarization of each of the states.

(b) Consider the following results of polarized light experiment, where input linearly polarized light (with
Stokes vector [1 1 0 Of) is backscattered from two different depolarizing samples. The measured
Stokes vectors from the two samples are - [1 0.6 0.3 0•2]T and [1 0.4 0.4 O.7f respectively.
Which of the two samples depolarize light more? What are the polarized fractions of the total intensity in
the two samples?

(c) Show that two cascaded quarter-wave retarders with parallel fast axes orientation are equivalent to a
half-wave retarder. What is the result if the fast axes are orthogonal?

Q2. 3+4+3
(a) In which one (s) among the following three cases, can the light scattering be described using the quasi-
static approximation (QSA)?
(i) Diameter of scatterer d = 30 nm, refractive indices of the scatterer and the surrounding medium, n~ S
flm = 1.33 respectively, wavelength A =600 nm. (ii) d= 10 nm, n~ 1.38, n~ = 1.33, A 600 run. (Hi) d =
400 nrn, n~ I.38, nm 1.33. A =600 nm.
In which case would the first order Born approximation be valid but not the QSA? Explain your answer
based on the criteria for validity of the approximations.

(b) The absorption efficiency of a small metal sphere with dielectric permittivity E (E’ + ic”), embedded
in a medium with dielectric permittivity Em, IS given by
(E —

Qabs = 4x ~ + 2Em
Here, x is the size parameter of the scatterer. Assuming EmtO be real, show that the absorption efficiency
of the scatterer at the Frohlich frequency Wp (corresponding to dipolar resonance) will vary as Qaas ~C
Can you explain this counterintuitive behavior: maximum absorption is inversely proportional to
the absorptive part of the complex dielectric permittivity?

(c) Two polarizers can be used as a continuously variable grey filter. What is the angle between the
transmission axes, so that 5.0% of incoming light is transmitted?

Q3. 5+5
Consider a spherical void (permittivity E = 1) with radius a 10 nm embedded in an otherwise
=

homogeneous metallic medium with permittivity EmQiJ). The wavelength A~, corresponding to the plasma
frequency of the metal is given to be 250 nm.

(a) Determine the wavelengths corresponding to the dipolar (Ad) and quadrupolar (Ag) plasmon resonances
of the void.

(b) Compare the dipolar and quadrupolar plasmon resonance wavelengths of the spherical void with that of
a metal sphere (a = 10 nm. permittivity Em(w)) embedded in air (E = 1). In which case (void or sphere)
would the plasmon resonance wavelengths be higher? Briefly explain the physical basis of the differences
in the resonance wavelen~ths.

[Use Drude’s ideal free electron model for dielectric permittivity of metal, Use the condition of resonances
for the dipolar and the quadrupolar polarizabilities.]

Q4. 3+4+3
The complex transparency distribution of an object is given by the following function
t(x) = A [(2X2) — cx2±~9]’ where a is a spatial scaling parameter
(a) Plot the amplitude and the phase distribution at the object plane around x = 0.

(b) Derive expression for the intensity of Fraunhofer (far field) diffracted waves from the object as a
function of the spatial frequency (v~ = of the object. Here, x, is the spatial co-ordinate at the Fourier
(diffraction) plane and r is the distance from the object centre. Sketch the corresponding spatial frequency
distributions at the Fourier plane.

(c) Draw an analogy of the above with the causal temporal response function of an optical system.

Q5. 4+2+4
(a) Consider scattering of light by a dielectric sphere of radius a having refractive index (RI) n., embedded
inside a medium with RI n,, [a <<A. (n, / nrn 1) << 1]
-

The differential scattering cross-section for incident X-polarized light is

dc(O,Ø) = K[(cos2O + 1) + (cos2O 1)cos2Ø] —

Where, ~ is the azimuthal angle measured from the direction of linear polarization (X), 8 is the scattering
angle and K depends upon the size and RI of the scatterer. What would be the corresponding expressions
for incident left circularly, right circularly and unpolarized light?

(b)”Measurements of the scattered field in the far zone can at best provide information about the structure
of the scatterer down to a resolution of the order of half a wavelength”. Is the statement correct? Justi&
your answer.

(c) The scattered intensity (Is) of light from a scattering object is found to vary as scattering angle (Q)as
(1 + cos2O). Estimate the scattering anisotropy parameter (defined as the average cosine of the
scattering angle) of the object.
 r

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research,

Department of Physical Sciences
Biological Physics (PH4108)
Instructor: P. K. Mohanty
USER KOLKATA
Endsem Exam (28th Nov, 2023, 10:00-12:30) Full Mark: 30
Attempt any 5 questions out of 8. Each carry [6] marks.
Notations: kB is Boltzman constant. T is temperature. Noise ~(t) has PDF P/(0,1). 6~) is the Dirac
delta function. Cr = i’(,~t)’ is the Binomial function. >~LO i2 = ~n(.n + 1~2n + 1).

1. HSPTO is a major stress-induced heat shock protein that repairs and protects cells after insult. Pro.
longed presence of this protein is however detrimental. Expression of HSPTO is tightly regulated: the
DNA of the cell under stress transcribe (HSP7O)-mRNA at rate k which is then translated to pro
teins at rate p. These short-lived proteins degrade at rate d. Assume concentration of (HSP7O)-mRNA
and HSP7O protein at time t are respectively m(t), x(t) with initial conditions m(0) = 0, z(0) = 0.
Show that m(t) = ~(1 c_Pt). Use this in the evolution equation of x(t) and solve it to show that
—

in long time limit HSP7O is produced at a constant rate (k d) (independent of p I).

— [6]

2. (a) For any integer n ≥ 0, functions F~Qr) = ~e~” are normalized when x C (0, cc). Show that
PDF of z = x +y is Fk+m+l(Z), if PDF of x ≥ 0 is FkQv) and PDF of y ≥ 0 is F~(y). Hint: You
may use the Identity ~‘.L0 ~~R4Ci~ = (k+m+1)V [3]
(b) Draw three independent positive random numbers (xi, x2, z3) from an exponential distribution e~
(normalized for xc (0cc). What is the PDF of z = z1 + X2 + z3 7 [3]
3. Enzymatic reactions happen as follows. An enzyme E interacts with a substrate S to produce a
complex ES, which then degrades to a product P returning the enzyme to its original state.
E+S4ES ~*E+P.
2r

Since Enzymes remain as they are, one can describe the reaction kinetics as transitions among these
three states “5”, “ES” and “P.” with densities (z(t), y(t), z(t)) 1’). If substate S is supplied to
the system with rate a, at what rate product F will be formed in a large time limit ? Hint: Write
j~P) = MIP) + lv), use M = UDU~’ and rewrite the Master equation in terms of ~)
= U’IP) and

solve for z(t) only. [6]

4. (a) Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small ENAs (single stranded) composed of bases A,U,G,C, where A
can form a pairing with U and C can form a pairing with C. Any miRNA of 2N base long can form
a loop if 1st base forms a pair with 2N, N-th base pairs with N + 1, and all other bases remain
unpaired. How many loops can a 12-base miRNA form? [3]

A—u—c--c—A-—c—c-— c—U—AU—U ,UG _C_A_.t

Su—A

Figure 1: miRNA (left) of length 2N folds to form a loop (right) by joining k-th site with (2N+1-
k)-th site/v = 1,2,N

(b)How many miRNAs has no complementary pairing at any of the 12 sites? [2]
(c) How many miRNAs are perfectly-bonded in folded condition ?[1]

5. On a periodic lattice of size L = 3, Ising spins s~ = +1 are placed at i = 1,2,3 such that the
total magnetization lvi = s~ is fixed at M = 1. Energy of the system is given by

E({s~}) = ~ h1s~ + Us~s~÷i5~+2,

 ——-,‘—

A,

where h1 3i2 is an inhomogeneous magnetic field and U is the strength of three spin interaction.
Obtain the Master equation that evolve the system following Metropolis rates

= Min{1, ezp(-fl(E(C’) - E(C)fl}.

Show that the steady state probability of configurations {s~} of the system are given by the Boltzmann
distribution, P*({8~}) I 8—$E~s1)) where Z is a normalization factor. [6]
6. DNA is a double stranded sequence of two chains, consisting four bases (A,T,0,C) with pairing
convention A-T bond with energy —a and 0-C having bond energy —‘y. The bonds that form the
linear chains are stable and does not break at any temperature. See the figure below for a reference.

A—T--G—T_A_C
I I I! I I
T—A----C-.--A_T_G

Assuming that the energy of broken bond is 0, irrespective of whether it is A-T or 0-C, find the
probability that a DNA strand of length L with N A-T bonds denatures completely (all bonds
broken) at temperature T ? [6]
7. In one dimension, thermal fluctuation of a molecule composed of two identical atoms can be
modeled by a massless spring (equilibrium length I and spring constant k) with point masses in
attached at both ends. Position of these atoms (masses) xQ) and y(t) fluctuates at temperature
T as follows.

= —k(x—y+1) —7± ~
= —k(y-x--j) —th +~‘~ij~Q~
(a) Show that the center of mass z ~42 behaves like a free particle in a Langevin bath
— [3]
(b) What is the variance of the center of mass velocity 1. [2]
(c) In the overdamped limit, find the variance of z. [1]
8. The zero range process (ZaP) is defined on a one dimensional periodic lattice with sites (or boxes)
labeled by i = 1, 2,. L; box i containing n1 number of particles. Dynamics: particle from a
. .

randomly chosen box i hop to its right neighbor with a rate u(n~). The steady state probability of
configuration {n~} are given by P({n~} = ~ fJ~1 f(n~) ~(Z~1 flj N), where f(n) = U1~—1 i~y
—

and Q normalizes the probability. Let us consider two boxes (L = 2) containing N and particles
from one box hops to the other box with rate u(n) = ~ What is the probability that, in steady
state, the first box carries a fraction of total particles 7 Show that in a large N limit, the
probability is proportional to N1; what is the Proportionality constant 7 [6]

Page 2
 PH 5103 end~-sem Exam 01/12/2023
(Provide explicit details of calculations unless they are too obvious!)

1. Consider spin-i electrons on a 2D square lattice of unit spacing described by:

= t Z (a~e~ + Hc.) ~Z (s~ . ~nini) —

(ij)g (ifl ic

Here, (if), indicates that i and j are nearest neighbor lattice sites and n~ = ni.1-+ni~.
Here, H.c. stands for Hermitian conjugate and t, ~z and W are all real positive num

bers. Other notations carry usual meaning.

(a) Expressing the spin operators in terms of electronic creation and annihilation
operators, i.e. S~ = Za,~ 4czTaflCifi (r: Pauli matrices) and derive the corresponding

Hamiltonian expressed in momentum space by employing Fourier transform of elec

tronic creation and annihilation operators. Upon considering only the “reduced BCS
interactions”. Obtain the explicit expression for Vkk’.
(b) Set up the mean field decomposition of the above Hamiltonian in terms of the
non-zero order parameters: ~k = Zk’ Vk,k’(ã_ktôkt) and pk = Zkc(CkcCkc) (assume

Pkt = PU). Identify the form factors g~(k) for all possible p (in this present case), by
writing Vk.~ = >~ ~,g~(k)g~(k’). Using the annsatz Ak = >~ A~g~(k), and also with
the assumption of Ak = A~k, derive the gap equation (for A,,) and density equation

for the given Hamiltonian.

[points: 14=6+8]

2. Consider a free classical electron in a magnetic field B = V x A. The gauge

invariant momentum is written as p —* H = p + eA(r). The classical Hamiltonian

is then ?-t = (p + eA(r))2 /2m, where notations carry usual meaning, unless men

tioned otherwise. Consider a 2D system on x-y plane and B = B2, and Show that
the extension to quantum mechanics (similar to, Px ~ —ilLO/Ox in the absence of
magnetic field), leaves the gauge invariant momentum operator TI non-commuting,
i.e, show that: [n~,n~] = —iehB, unlike [~~z3~] = 0. Defining, l~ = h/(eB), show

I
that, the ladder operators. defined as:
,~

and similarly for à~, satisfy the Bosonic commutation relation [a, at] = 1. Show fur
ther that in terms of these ladder operators, the quantum version of the given Hamil
tonian, which can be written as = (n~ + tg) /2m, becomes 7-1 = /1w~ (ata + ~),
where w~ = D3Jifll~ JL~-~
Th i,,
[points: 4±3±3=101

3. In order to solve Shrodinger equation for an electron in 2D in the presence of a

magnetic field B = BI, we used the Landau Gauge A = xBñ in class, resulting in the
Hamiltonian: 7 = (~ + (A, + eB~)2) /2m. The corresponding Shrodinger equation
was solved (in class) by separation of variable ansatz: ?IJk(z, y) = e~’~’fk(x), using
the translational invatiance in the y-direction. As a result, fl~k(x, y) 7-tk~k(x, y),
where ftk = ~/2m + ~mw~(th + k1~)2 is the hamiltonian of a shifted harmonic
oscillator ~ y) eikYH~(x + k1~). Here, H~(x) are usual Hermite polynomial
wavefunctions of the harmonic oscillator. Given these, find out the eigenfunctions

W~,k(X, y) and eigen-energies upon switching on an electric field of strength E in the

x-direction.
[points: 6]