University of Virginia, Department of Computer Science
Java Cheat Sheet
Dr. Mark R. Floryan
September 3, 2018
1 Java: General Things to Remember
1. All code must be inside of a class definition (except import and package statements).
2. Every line of code must end with a semi-colon. This excludes lines that formulate
"blocks", like if(), while(), or class declarations.
3. The name of the class in a file must match the name of the file. For example,
"public class LinkedList" must be in a file called "LinkedList.java"
4. Classes can contain a method "public static void main(String[] args)" as an entry
point to the whole program.
5. Whitespace does NOT matter in java. The compiler will completely ignore all
whitespace.
2 Primitive Data Types
The primitive variable types are:
1
1 int x = 5; // integers
double d = 3.4; // decimal values
3 char c = ’h ’; // characters . Use single quotes .
boolean b = false ; // true or false
5
/* Other much less commonly used */
7 byte b = 24 b ;
short s = -8 s ;
9 long l = 2000000;
float = 4.567;
Some examples of using these data types include:
int x ; // automatically set to 0 by default
2 x ++; // increment integer by 1
x - -; // decrement integer by 1
4
int z = 14;
6
int total = ( x + z ) * x ; // expressions
8 int remainder = x % z ; // remainder after x / z
10 /* Boolean operators */
boolean b1 = false ;
12 boolean b2 = true ;
boolean result ;
14
result = b1 && b2 ; // logical AND
16 result = b1 || b2 ; // logical OR
result = ! b1 ; // logical negation
3 Input Output
Input from the keyboard can be done like this:
1 Scanner in = new Scanner ( System . in ); // make a scanner object
int x = in . nextInt (); // read int from keyboard
3 double y = in . nextDouble (); // read double from keyboard
float f = in . nextFloat (); // read float from keyboard
5 boolean b = in . nextBoolean (); // read bool from keyboard
long l = in . nextLong (); // read long from keyboard
7 String s = in . next (); // read string from keyboard
2
Input from a file can be done like this:
1 BufferedReader in =
new BufferedReader ( new FileReader ( " inputfile . txt " ));
3 String text = in . readLine (); // reads the next line
in . close ();
Output to the console is done like this:
// prints text concatenated with x
2 System . out . print ( " The answer is " + x );
4 // prints and moves cursor to next line
System . out . println ( " something else " );
Output to a file can be done like this:
1 PrintWriter outFile =
new PrintWriter ( new FileWriter ( " outputfile . txt " )));
3 outFile . print ( " Hello " );
outFile . println ( " world " );
5 outFile . close ();
4 Strings
Strings are reference types in Java (so they are NOT primitives).
1 String s1 = " Hello " ; // example string
String s2 ; // "" empty string by default
3 String s3 = new String ( " Hi " ); // Also makes a string
Common operators on strings include:
1 String result ;
3 result = s1 + s2 ; // " hi " + " there " = " hi there "
s1 . length (); // returns length of string
5 s1 . charAt (2); // accesses the char at position 2 ( indexed from 0)
s1 . substring (1 ,3); // part of string from index 1 to 3 ( exclusive )
7 s1 . equals ( s2 ); // compare strings using this structure
s1 . toUpperCase (); // returns the string as all uppercase
9 s1 . toLowerCase (); // returns the string as all lowercase
3
5 Converting Between Data Types
In Java, we often need to convert between different types of variables. Here are some
common conversions:
1 /* int ( or any other primitive ) to string */
int x = 5;
3 String s = " " + x ; // "" + variable concatenates as a string
5 /* String version of number to int or double */
int i = Integer . parseInt ( " 123 " ); // converts string "123" into intege
7 double d = Double . parseDouble ( " 3.14 " ) // converts string "3.14" into doubl
9 /* dividing integers does integer division */
int x1 = 3;
11 int x2 = 5;
double result = x1 / x2 ; // 3/5=( int )0.6 = 0
13 result = ( double ) x1 / ( double ) x2 ; // 0.6
15 /* double to int */
double x = 3.467;
17 int y = ( int ) x ; // y is 3 , decimal truncated
6 Arrays
Three primary ways to instantiate arrays:
1 double [] dArray = new double [5]; // know the size , but not contents
int [] oddNumbers = {1 ,3 ,5 ,7 ,9}; // know the contents already
3
int x ;
5 /* Stuff here */
String [] sArray = new String [ x ]; // use variable to intialize array
7
int [][] = new int [5][4]; // two - dimensional array
Some common things we do with arrays include:
x [3] = 5; // Access array at position 3 , set to 5.
2 x . length ; // get the number of elements in array
4 /* How to loop through an array */
4
for ( int i =0; i < x . length ; i ++){
6 System . out . println ( x [ i ]);
}
7 Java Math Library
Java contains several functions inside the Math class that are useful. Among them:
1 Math . abs ( x ); // absolute value of x
Math . max (a , b ); // larger of a and b
3 Math . min (a , b ); // smaller of a and b
Math . sin ( theta ); // sin trig function
5 Math . cos ( theta ); // cos trig function
Math . tan ( theta ); // tangent trig function
7 Math . toRadians ( deg ); // convert deg to radians
Math . toDegrees ( rad ); // convert rad to degrees
9 Math . exp ( x ); // raises e ^ x
Math . log ( x ); // natural logarithm
11 Math . pow (a , b ); // raise a to power of b
Math . sqrt ( a ); // square root of a
13 Math . E ; // value of constant e
Math . PI ; // pi
