Learning Outcomes

After this chapter, students can:

1. Identify and describe the roles of PLC, I/O, sensors/actuators, VFD, and
HMI/SCADA in a production line.

2. Read and extract key information from datasheets/manuals: I/O channel count
and type (PNP/NPN, DI/DO, AI/AO), voltage, IP rating, communication ports (RS-485,
Ethernet), and rated power.

3. Draw/describe in English a layered architecture (field → control →

HMI/SCADA/MES) at the block level.

4. Write definition/function sentences, process descriptions (First/Next/Then/Finally),

simple comparisons (higher/lower; more/fewer), and basic passive voice (e.g., “The
signals are collected …”).

5. Select appropriate devices/protocols for simple scenarios and justify the choice in
2–3 sentences using specifications.

I. Reading comprehension

An industrial automation system coordinates devices so that machines work

safely and efficiently. At the field level, sensors detect position, presence,
temperature, or speed, while actuators such as relays, contactors, and valves
drive the process. A PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) contains a CPU, power
supply, and I/O modules. Digital inputs/outputs (DI/DO) handle on/off signals;
analog inputs/outputs (AI/AO) handle ranges such as 4–20 mA or 0–10 V. In DC
wiring, PNP/NPN refers to sourcing or sinking connections; correct polarity and a
clear wiring diagram are essential. For motors, a VFD adjusts speed more
smoothly than a soft starter and reports status such as rated power or current.

Above the controller, HMI/SCADA visualize the process and log data. Operators
read tags on an HMI screen, start or stop equipment, acknowledge alarms, and
check trends. A plant network connects devices through industrial protocols.
Modbus RTU/TCP are common for simple register maps and polling. Profinet
provides real-time communication on Ethernet. OPC UA focuses on interoperability
and structured information across vendors. When documentation is read carefully,
screen size, ports (RS-485/Ethernet), voltage, and IP rating are checked first; then
addresses, data types, and scaling are confirmed in the register/map.

Industry 4.0 extends automation with IIoT gateways, edge analytics, and cloud
dashboards. Field data are collected from PLCs and sensors, buffered by a
gateway, and visualized as KPIs such as OEE. Edge computing reduces latency
and saves bandwidth by processing near the machines, while cloud platforms
aggregate history for reports and planning. A basic layered architecture can be
described as: field (sensors/actuators) → control (PLC/VFD) → HMI/SCADA →
MES/ERP. Device selection then follows clear specifications: First, count the required
I/O and ports. Next, verify voltage and IP rating. Then, match the protocol to the
network. Finally, justify the choice in two or three sentences citing the datasheet.

New Words (từ vựng quan trọng)

 programmable logic controller, PLC (n) /ˌpiːˌɛlˈsiː/: bộ điều khiển logic khả
trình

 I/O module (n) /ˌaɪˈoʊ ˈmɒdjuːl/: mô-đun vào/ra

 digital input/output, DI/DO (n) /ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈɪnpʊt ˈaʊtpʊt/: ngõ vào/ra số

 analog input/output, AI/AO (n) /ˈænəlɒɡ ˈɪnpʊt ˈaʊtpʊt/: ngõ vào/ra tương tự

 PNP/NPN (adj) /piː ɛn piː / ɛn piː ɛn/: chuẩn đấu nối PNP/NPN
(sourcing/sinking)

 sourcing/sinking (n) /ˈsɔːsɪŋ ˈsɪŋkɪŋ/: cấp dòng/thu dòng

 proximity sensor (n) /prɒkˈsɪmɪti ˈsɛnsə/: cảm biến tiệm cận

 photoelectric sensor (n) /ˌfəʊtəʊɪˈlɛktrɪk ˈsɛnsə/: cảm biến quang

 relay (n) /ˈriːleɪ/: rơ-le

 contactor (n) /kɒnˈtæktə/: công tắc tơ

 variable-frequency drive, VFD (n) /ˌviː ɛf ˈdiː/: biến tần

 rated power (n) /ˈreɪtɪd ˈpaʊə/: công suất định mức

 IP rating (n) /ˌaɪˈpiː ˈreɪtɪŋ/: cấp bảo vệ IP

 human–machine interface, HMI (n) /ˌeɪtʃ ɛm ˈaɪ/: giao diện người-máy

 SCADA (n) /skɑːˈdɑː/: giám sát–điều khiển thu thập dữ liệu

 tag (n) /tæɡ/: thẻ (biến giám sát)

 register map (n) /ˈrɛdʒɪstə mæp/: bảng thanh ghi

 Modbus (n) /ˈmɒdbʌs/: giao thức Modbus

 Profinet (n) /ˈprəʊfɪnɛt/: Profinet

 OPC UA (n) /ˌoʊ piː ˈsiː juː ˈeɪ/: OPC UA

  gateway (n) /ˈɡeɪtweɪ/: bộ chuyển giao/gateway

 industrial internet of things, IIoT (n) /ˌaɪ aɪ oʊ ˈtiː/: IoT công nghiệp

 edge computing (n) /ɛdʒ kəmˈpjuːtɪŋ/: điện toán biên

 latency (n) /ˈleɪtənsi/: độ trễ

 overall equipment effectiveness, OEE (n) /ˌoʊ iː iː/: hiệu suất tổng thể thiết bị

Expressions / Collocations (cụm từ thường dùng)

 read a sensor / assign an I/O / set a parameter: đọc cảm biến / gán I/O /
đặt tham số

 drive a motor with a VFD: điều khiển động cơ bằng biến tần

 the sensor is powered by 24 VDC: cảm biến được cấp 24 VDC

 map a register / configure a node / update tags: ánh xạ thanh ghi / cấu
hình nút / cập nhật thẻ

 poll Modbus registers / acknowledge an alarm: thăm dò thanh ghi

Modbus / xác nhận cảnh báo

 log data to SCADA / visualize trends on HMI: ghi dữ liệu lên SCADA /
hiển thị xu hướng trên HMI

 select a protocol (Modbus/Profinet/OPC UA): chọn giao thức

 check IP rating and voltage range: kiểm tra cấp bảo vệ IP và dải điện áp

 send telemetry via an IIoT gateway: gửi dữ liệu vận hành qua gateway
IIoT

 buffer data at the edge / push to the cloud: đệm dữ liệu ở biên / đẩy lên
đám mây

 segment a network / restrict access (roles): phân đoạn mạng / hạn chế
truy cập theo vai trò

 field → control → HMI/SCADA → MES/ERP: kiến trúc phân lớp (từ hiện
trường đến quản trị)

Exercise 1 — True / False / Not Given (Reading basics)

Instructions: Read the passage again and write T/F/NG. For each T, underline one
phrase in the passage as evidence.
 1. A PLC includes a CPU, a power supply, and I/O modules.

2. DI/DO typically use 4–20 mA signals.

3. PNP/NPN refers to sourcing/sinking in DC wiring.

4. A VFD provides smoother speed control than a soft starter.

5. HMI/SCADA sits above the control layer in the layered architecture.

6. Profinet is an RS-485 serial protocol.

7. OPC UA emphasizes vendor-neutral interoperability.

8. When reading documentation, screen size, ports, voltage, and IP rating

should be checked first.

Key: 1 T, 2 F (4–20 mA is analog—AI), 3 T, 4 T, 5 T, 6 F (Profinet runs on Ethernet),

7 T, 8 T.

Exercise 2 — Gap-fill (Vocabulary & Concepts)

Instructions: Fill the blanks with suitable terms.

Word bank: PLC, DI/DO, AI/AO, PNP, NPN, VFD, HMI, SCADA, Modbus TCP, Profinet,
OPC UA, register map, IP rating, RS-485, IIoT gateway, edge computing, OEE, tag

1. A ______ executes control logic and interfaces with I/O modules.

2. ______ are for on/off signals; ______ are for 0–10 V or 4–20 mA.

3. In DC wiring, ______ (sourcing) and ______ (sinking) must be wired with correct
polarity.

4. Motor speed is controlled by a ______.

5. Operators read ______ on an ______ screen; data are logged to ______.

6. ______ offers real-time Ethernet at the control layer; ______ uses register
polling over Ethernet.

7. ______ focuses on multi-vendor interoperability.

8. Check the device’s ______ and ______ ports before installation.

9. Field data go through an ______ for ______; KPIs such as ______ are visualized.

[Link] address, data type, and scaling in the ______; each variable is usually
defined as a ______.
Key (sample): 1 PLC 2 DI/DO; AI/AO 3 PNP; NPN 4 VFD 5 tags; HMI; SCADA
6 Profinet; Modbus TCP 7 OPC UA 8 IP rating; RS-485 9 IIoT gateway; edge
computing; OEE
10 register map; tag

Exercise 3 — Matching (Terms ↔ Definitions)

Instructions: Match A–J with 1–10.

Terms
A. proximity sensor
B. photoelectric sensor
C. relay
D. contactor
E. VFD
F. IP67
G. HMI
H. SCADA
I. Profinet
J. OPC UA

Definitions

1. Human–machine interface displaying status and Start/Stop.

2. Central system for data logging, alarms, and trends.

3. Industrial Ethernet for real-time control.

4. Object-oriented information model for multi-vendor interoperability.

5. Short-range metal/object detection via EM field.

6. Detection via light beam and reflection/interruption.

7. Power switching device for large loads.

8. Isolated control switching, typically lower power.

9. Variable-frequency speed/torque control for AC motors.

[Link]-tight and resistant to immersion (limited duration).

Key: A-5, B-6, C-8, D-7, E-9, F-10, G-1, H-2, I-3, J-4.
Exercise 4 — PLC Spec (Fill-in + T/F + Short Answer)

Instructions: Use the compact PLC snippet to answer.

Compact PLC — Practice Snippet

Power: 24 VDC; DI=24, DO=16, AI=4 (4–20 mA), AO=2 (0–10 V)
Ports: Ethernet, RS-485; Protocols: Modbus TCP, Modbus RTU; Protection: IP20
Expansion: 2 slots (each module can add 8 DI or 8 DO)

A) Fill-in

Item Value

Supply ______

______ /
DI / DO
______

______ /
AI / AO
______

______,
Ports
______

______,
Protocols
______

Protectio
______
n

Expansio
______ slots
n

B) T/F

1. This PLC supports both Modbus TCP and RTU.

2. Digital I/O cannot be expanded.

3. The protection level is suitable for outdoor rain without enclosure.

C) Short Answer (1–2 sentences):

Requirement: 32 DI, 16 DO, 4 AI, with Ethernet & RS-485. Can this PLC meet it? If
not, propose an expansion.

Key:
A) 24 VDC; 24/16; 4/2; Ethernet, RS-485; Modbus TCP, Modbus RTU; IP20; 2
B) 1 T, 2 F (it has expansion slots), 3 F (IP20 is not outdoor-rated)
C) Meets DO/AI/ports; short 8 DI → add one 8-DI module via an expansion slot.

Exercise 5 — Sensor & VFD Quick Specs (Fill-in + Choice)

Instructions: Use the snippets.

Proximity M12 — Practice Snippet

Supply: 10–30 VDC; Output: PNP NO; Sensing distance: 8 mm; IP67

VFD 1.5 kW — Practice Snippet

Input: 3-phase 380–480 VAC; Rated power: 1.5 kW; Rated current: 4.2 A;
Control inputs: DI1…DI5, AI1 (0–10 V); Comm: RS-485 (Modbus RTU)

A) Fill-in

1. Sensor output type: ______; IP: ______; distance: ______.

2. VFD: input ______; rated power ______; comm ______.

B) Choice (add 1-sentence reason):

1. Counting metal parts on a 0.5 m/s conveyor → choose inductive proximity

or photoelectric? (include IP)

2. Need speed control and reading rated current → which device?

Key (sample):
A1) PNP NO; IP67; 8 mm. A2) 3-phase 380–480 VAC; 1.5 kW; RS-485 (Modbus RTU).
B1) Inductive proximity (for metal) with IP67 for harsh environments.
B2) VFD for speed control and status (rated power/current).

Exercise 6 — Modbus Register Map (Reading + Scaling)

Instructions: Use the VFD register map.

VFD Register Map — Practice Snippet

Addre Data Scalin

Function Meaning
ss type g

Run command
00001 Coil BOOL —
(1=Run)

30001 Input Reg INT16 1:1 Fault code

Addre Data Scalin
Function Meaning
ss type g

Holding ×0.1
40001 INT16 Output frequency
Reg Hz

Holding
40002 INT16 ×0.1 A Output current
Reg

Tasks:

1. 40001 reads 325 → output frequency = ______ Hz.

2. 40002 reads 18 → output current = ______ A.

3. Write two short sentences: (i) the run/stop address; (ii) which registers
require scaling.

4. T/F: “30001 is a Holding Register for writing.”

Key: 1) 32.5 Hz 2) 1.8 A 3) Run uses Coil 00001; 40001/40002 are Holding
Registers scaled ×0.1.
4) F (30001 is Input Register, read-only).

Exercise 7 — Networks & Layers (MCQ + Justify)

Instructions: Circle A/B/C/D, then add one justification sentence using the
reading’s terminology.

1. Legacy device supports Modbus RTU only; new system is Ethernet →

solution:
A. Switch to OPC UA B. RTU↔TCP gateway C. Replace all PLCs D. Use
Profinet directly

2. OPC UA is preferred when you need:

A. Hard real-time I/O B. Multi-vendor interoperability & information
modeling
C. At least 4 wires D. Simple coil polling

3. In the layered architecture, SCADA sits at the layer:

A. Field B. Above Control C. PLC/VFD D. MES/ERP

Key: 1 B 2 B 3 B (SCADA is above PLC/control and below MES/ERP).

Exercise 8 — Writing (60–90 words, Process + Passive + Specs)

Instructions: Write a short paragraph describing a control cabinet with PLC + I/O
+ VFD + sensors. Include:

 Two passive sentences (e.g., Signals are collected… Data are logged…).

 One sequence sentence (First/Next/Then/Finally).

 One or two specs from the snippets (e.g., DI/DO/AI/AO counts, 24 VDC, IP
level, 1.5 kW).

 One sentence naming the protocol (Modbus/Profinet/OPC UA).

Rubric (10 pts): Target forms (4), Specs/terminology (3), Coherence (2), Length
(1).

Sample (for reference):

First, the PLC is powered at 24 VDC and signals are collected from 24 DI and 16 DO.
Next, the VFD (1.5 kW) is connected via RS-485 for Modbus RTU. Then, sensor
status is mapped to HMI tags and data are logged to SCADA. Finally, alarms are
acknowledged and trends are visualized. The cabinet is IP20, so outdoor
components are placed in a protected enclosure.

II. Grammar

1) Passive Voice for Hardware, Wiring, and Logging

Theory

Use the present simple passive when the action/result matters more than the
doer.
Form: am/is/are + V3/ed (neg: is/are not + V3/ed).

Common verbs in automation: power, connect, assign, map, poll, log, configure,
protect, drive, install, mount.

Frames

 The sensor is powered by 24 VDC.

 DI channels are assigned to safety inputs.

 Tags are mapped to the HMI and are logged to SCADA.

 The motor is driven by a VFD over RS-485.

Examples

 Data are logged to the SCADA server every minute.

 The PLC is connected to the IIoT gateway via Ethernet.

Practice 1 (convert to passive)

A) Engineers log process data every minute. → Process data

___________________________.
B) The technician connects the VFD via RS-485. → The VFD
_____________________________.
C) The PLC assigns DI0–DI7 to alarms. → DI0–DI7 _________________________________.

Key (sample): A) are logged every minute. B) is connected via RS-485. C) are
assigned to alarms.

2) Sequencing Language for Procedures

Theory

Use First/Next/Then/Finally for step-by-step tasks. Add time phrases with

Before/After + V-ing.

Frames

 First, the PLC is powered at 24 VDC. Next, modules are installed. Then,
tags are created. Finally, polling is started.

 Before commissioning, IP ratings are checked; after wiring,

communications are tested.

Practice 2 (order & fill)

Reorder and add linkers (First/Next/Then/Finally):

( ) create HMI tags ( ) power the PLC ( ) start Modbus polling ( ) configure IP
settings

Key: First power the PLC → Next configure IP settings → Then create HMI tags →
Finally start Modbus polling.

3) Quantities & Comparatives for Specs (counts, limits)

Theory

 Countable vs uncountable: channels/ports = countable → more/fewer;

power/bandwidth/space = uncountable → more/less.

 Comparatives: higher/lower, more/fewer, faster/slower, greater/less.

  Limits: at least / at most / no more than / up to / between X and Y /
≥ / ≤.

Frames

 The PLC has more/fewer DI channels than the compact model.

 This VFD provides higher rated power (1.5 kW) than the old unit (0.75 kW).

 The gateway supports up to 128 tags and at least two Ethernet ports.

Examples

 Model A has 32 DI, whereas Model B has 24 DI (fewer channels).

 The enclosure must be at least IP54.

Practice 3

A) Choose more/fewer/less/higher/lower:

1. PLC-X has ______ DI (32) than PLC-Y (24).

2. The new drive has ______ rated power (1.5 kW) than the old one (0.75 kW).

3. The panel requires ______ space inside the cabinet.

B) Rewrite the constraint using symbols:

 “at most 16 DO, at least 4 AI” → ______ DO () and ______ AI ()

Key (sample): A1) more A2) higher A3) more (uncountable)

B) DO ≤ 16 and AI ≥ 4

4) If-clauses (Type 0/1) for Constraints & Safety

Theory

 Type 0 (rule/fact): If + Present, Present.

 Type 1 (likely result): If + Present, will/can/may + V.

Do not use will inside the if clause.

Frames

 If supply voltage drops below 24 VDC, inputs may be unstable. (Type 1)

 If the device is not rated IP67, water enters under washdown. (Type 0)
  If the PLC has fewer than 32 DI, an expansion module is required. (Type
1)

Practice 4 (choose 0 or 1 and complete)

1. If the cabinet is only IP20, outdoor rain ______ (damage/may damage) the
device.

2. If baud rate mismatches, Modbus polling ______ (fail).

3. If the cycle time is 80 ms, a 150 ms task ______ (will / cannot) meet the
requirement.

Key (sample): 1 may damage (Type 1) 2 fails (Type 0) 3 cannot (Type 1)

5) Prepositions & Units in Specs and Wiring

Theory

Use precise prepositions with numbers and interfaces:

 at 24 VDC / at 1.5 kW / at 9600 bps

 via RS-485 / over Ethernet / on Port 1 / to the PLC

 within the IP67 rating / between the PLC and the VFD / per second

Frames

 The sensor is powered at 24 VDC and connected to the PLC via RS-485.

 Data are sent over Ethernet to the IIoT gateway and logged on the SCADA
server.

 The device operates within the temperature range −10…+55 °C.

Practice 5 (fill: at / via / over / on / to / within / per)

1. The HMI communicates ______ Ethernet ______ the PLC.

2. Analog inputs operate ______ 4–20 mA and are sampled 10 times ______
second.

3. The VFD is linked ______ RS-485 ______ Port 1 and runs ______ 1.5 kW.

4. The enclosure stays ______ the IP54 rating.

Key (sample): 1 over … to 2 at … per 3 via … on … at 4 within

6) Modal Verbs in Specifications (must / shall / should / may)

Theory

 must/shall = mandatory requirement (spec style often uses shall).

 should = recommendation/best practice.

 may = permission/option; must not/shall not = prohibition.

Frames

 The PLC shall provide at least 32 DI and 16 DO.

 The gateway should support both Modbus TCP and OPC UA.

 The device must not be installed outdoors without an IP65 enclosure.

 An expansion module may be used if more DO are needed.

Practice 6 (choose a modal)

1. The system ______ provide Ethernet and RS-485 (non-negotiable).

2. The HMI ______ include a trend screen (recommended).

3. The VFD ______ be mounted vertically only (prohibition/requirement).

4. An OPC UA server ______ be added later (option).

Key (sample): 1 must/shall 2 should 3 must/shall (or must not be mounted

horizontally) 4 may

Integrated Writing (70–90 words)

Task: Write a short paragraph to propose devices for a small line: PLC (≥32 DI,
≥16 DO), VFD 1.5 kW, HMI with Ethernet, Modbus RTU to the drive, Modbus
TCP to SCADA, IP ≥54. Include:

 1 passive sentence, 1 comparative sentence (counts/power), 1 if-clause,

and correct prepositions with numbers/ports.

Sample (for reference):

The PLC is powered at 24 VDC and is connected via Ethernet to the HMI.
Compared to the compact model, the chosen PLC has more I/O (≥32 DI and ≥16
DO). The VFD is linked via RS-485 and operates at 1.5 kW. If the cabinet is only
IP20, the system will not meet outdoor requirements, so an enclosure within IP54
must be used. Data are logged to SCADA over Modbus TCP.

III. Exercises

G1 — Passive Voice (convert & fix) 〔Easy〕

Instructions: Change active to present simple passive.

1. Engineers log production data every minute.

2. The technician connects the VFD via RS-485.

3. The PLC assigns DI0–DI7 to alarms.

4. (Fix the error) Tags logged to SCADA every minute. → ______________________

Key (sample):

1. Production data are logged every minute.

2. The VFD is connected via RS-485.

3. DI0–DI7 are assigned to alarms.

4. Tags are logged to SCADA every minute.

G2 — Sequencing (order & linkers) 〔Easy→Lower-medium〕

Instructions: Put the steps in order and add First/Next/Then/Finally.

( ) create HMI tags ( ) configure IP settings ( ) start Modbus polling ( ) power the
PLC

Key: First power the PLC → Next configure IP settings → Then create HMI tags →
Finally start Modbus polling.

G3 — Prepositions & Units 〔Lower-medium〕

Instructions: Fill in at / via / over / on / to / within / per / between.

1. The sensor is powered ___ 24 VDC and connected ___ the PLC ___ RS-485.

2. Data are sent ___ Ethernet ___ the IIoT gateway and logged ___ the SCADA
server.

3. AI channels operate ___ 4–20 mA, sampled ten times ___ second.
 4. The device operates ___ the IP65 rating and the link is ___ the PLC and the
VFD.

Key: 1) at … to … via 2) over … to … on

3) at … per 4) within … between

G4 — Comparatives & Quantities (with numbers) 〔Medium〕

Instructions: Choose more/fewer/less/higher/lower/faster/slower/by, then

rewrite as a full sentence.

1. PLC-X has ___ DI (32) than PLC-Y (24).

2. The new drive has ___ rated power (1.5 kW) than the old one (0.75 kW).

3. Model A is ___ ___ 12 ms than Model B (40 ms vs 52 ms).

4. The panel requires ___ space inside the cabinet.

Key (minimum): 1) more 2) higher 3) faster by 4) more (uncountable).

Model sentences: PLC-X has more DI than PLC-Y (32 vs 24). / Model A is faster by
12 ms (40 ms vs 52 ms).

G5 — Constraints with Symbols (spec-style) 〔Medium〕

Instructions: Rewrite using symbols ≥ / ≤ / between … and … / up to ….

1. “at least 32 DI, at most 16 DO” → ____________________

2. “voltage between 20 and 28 VDC” → ____________________

3. “supports up to 128 tags” → ____________________

Key: 1) DI ≥ 32, DO ≤ 16 2) 20–28 VDC (or between 20 and 28 VDC) 3) up to

128 tags

G6 — If-clauses (Type 0 / Type 1) 〔Medium→Upper-medium〕

Instructions: Decide Type 0 (rule/fact) or Type 1 (likely result), then complete.

1. If the cabinet is only IP20, outdoor rain ______ (damage/may damage) the
device.

2. If baud rate mismatches, Modbus polling ______ (fail).

 3. If the cycle time is 80 ms, a 150 ms task ______ (will / cannot) meet the
requirement.

4. If supply voltage drops below 24 VDC, inputs ______ (be) unstable.

Key (sample): 1) may damage (Type 1) 2) fails (Type 0)

3) cannot (Type 1) 4) may be / are unstable (often Type 1: may be)

G7 — Modals in Specifications (must/shall/should/may) 〔Upper-medium〕

Instructions: Choose the most appropriate modal.

1. The PLC ______ provide Ethernet and RS-485 (non-negotiable).

2. The HMI ______ include a trend screen (recommended).

3. The VFD ______ be mounted vertically only (mandatory).

4. An OPC UA server ______ be added later (optional).

Key: 1) must/shall 2) should 3) must/shall 4) may

G8 — Passive Pipeline (one chained sentence) 〔Upper-medium〕

Instructions: Write one sentence with four passive clauses to describe a

control-cabinet workflow, including one number/spec.
Hint: Signals are collected (e.g., from 24 DI) → tags are mapped → data are
logged every minute → alarms are acknowledged.

Sample answer: Signals are collected from 24 DI, tags are mapped to the HMI,
data are logged to SCADA every minute, and alarms are acknowledged by
operators.

G9 — Mini Spec → Rewrite (concise spec language) 〔Upper-

medium→Advanced〕

Instructions: Rewrite each as a concise spec sentence (use numbers, units,

precise prepositions).

1. The PLC has Ethernet and RS-485 and supports Modbus TCP/RTU.

2. The sensor is 24 VDC, IP67, and output is PNP NO.

3. The VFD is 1.5 kW and communicates with the PLC.

Key (sample):

1. The PLC shall provide Ethernet and RS-485, supporting Modbus TCP and
Modbus RTU.

2. The sensor is powered at 24 VDC, rated IP67, and provides a PNP NO

output.

3. The VFD operates at 1.5 kW and is connected to the PLC via RS-485
(Modbus RTU).

G10 — Integrated Writing (70–90 words) 〔Advanced〕

Task: Propose a configuration for a small line: PLC (≥32 DI, ≥16 DO), VFD 1.5
kW, HMI with Ethernet, Modbus RTU to the VFD, Modbus TCP to SCADA, IP ≥54.
Include:

 ≥/≤ symbols,

 at least two passive sentences,

 one comparative sentence (counts/power),

 one if-clause,

 correct prepositions/units.

Marking rubric (10 pts): Target forms (4), spec accuracy

(numbers/units/symbols) (3), coherence (2), length (1).
Sample (for reference): The PLC is powered at 24 VDC and is connected via
Ethernet to the HMI. Compared to the compact unit, the selected PLC has more I/O
(DI ≥ 32, DO ≥ 16). The VFD is linked via RS-485 and operates at 1.5 kW. If the
enclosure is only IP20, the system will not meet outdoor requirements; an
enclosure within IP54 must be used. Data are logged to SCADA over Modbus
TCP.