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Journal of continuity ​
and change
 Journal Of Continuity and change
July 2021 (the population bomb)

“JOURNAL OF CONTINUITY AND CHANGE” is a monthly magazine, an initiative

by SAKSHYA, the society of History department of Shyam Lal College (Evening),
which deals with social, political, and economic issues besides keeping an eye on
contemporary interpretations. This journal by graduates takes us on a journey of the
past through the present to see the future aspects. As said by
Mahatma Gandhi,"Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live
forever”. The journal comprises articles, book reviews, movie reviews, fictional
stories, poems, etc., dealing with contemporary issues.

“PRESENT IS THE KEY TO THE PAST”

EDITORIAL BOARD​
​
Dr. Manish Karmwar (Assistant Professor)
Department of History

Anant Joshi, Archana Bharti,

Deepa Tiwari, Divya Tyagi

PUBLIC RELATIONSHIP MANAGER

Aaradhiya Tyagi

JULY, 2021 (THEME)​

The Population Bomb

CONTACT :
​
Aaradhiya Tyagi : +91 7300528444
Archana Bharti : +91 7209232412
[email protected]

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MESSAGE TO GRADUATES

Looking forward to your message

and/or feedback.

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FROM THE EDITORS

Have you ever wondered what the situation of the world would be in the coming
years? What will the population be, the effects of population on the economy, food,
health, and society?

So, here you have, Journal of Continuity and Change (JCC) Issue I, Theme- The
Population Bomb, to answer these questions. Since July 11 is celebrated as World
Population Day, this month’s magazine will allow you to focus attention on the
urgency and importance of population issues, to understand your role in the
population explosion, and to take the necessary actions against it.

In the initial stages of human history as well as prehistory, the human population
grew at a snail’s speed till the 17th century (i.e. 02% per year), with advancement in
science, agriculture, and industry, the population growth began to accelerate. It took
mankind more than a million years to reach the first billion around the year 1800. By
the year 1900, a second billion was added and the twentieth century has added
another 3.7 billion. The present world population is estimated at 7.9 billion. Every
four days the world population increases by one million (Agarwal, 2014).

In India, since 1951, the population has been growing at the rate of 2% or more. We
should know that overpopulation and rapid population rate is especially an Asian
problem. The developing countries of Latin America and Africa do not face this
population explosion problem. It is important to note that only China has been able to
bring the population growth rate under control by adopting the one-child policy.

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But, what gives birth to this explosion is the increase in birth rate, decrease in the
death rate, poverty, illiteracy, religious norms, etc. Currently, the birth rate (17.37) in
India is higher than the death rate (7.34) leading to a rise in growth rate. Even
religion has contributed to increasing and decreasing the population as things said
about marriage and family planning in different religions impact the population. This
rise in population has affected the economy, food availability, the health sector, and
society in various ways which are covered in this magazine.

Although, overpopulation has not affected the GDP of India and it has grown very
fast in the last two decades. India is now the 3rd largest economy with a GDP (PPP)
of 146 trillion rupees but due to population explosion still, it is ranked 117th country in
terms of per capita income and has 131st position in HDI. In 2030 as per the study,
India will be the fourth-largest economy in the world. In 2050 India will become the
third-largest economy in the world and China will reach the top, but in 2100, the US
again becomes the largest economy in the world and India remains at the third
position. So, it is crucial to work on maintaining a low fertility rate while sustaining
and enhancing female reproductive health.

With the population bomb ticking every second the food sector also can no longer be
safe from the explosion. So if you're still living in the peaceful utopia of tackling
hunger without focusing on reducing the population chart then it's time to come out of
it. It's a harsh truth that everyone will either die from starvation or will be forced on
the vile path of cannibalism if we continue on the path that we are moving on right
now. The battle is over. Now the only way to feed everyone is to reduce the number
of mouths being fed.

There are various ways by which we can control the population like empowering our
women, educating the people, Government incentives like providing subsidies to
families with only two children and One-child legislation like China, etc. Taking the
example of Assam; the newly elected Chief Minister of Assam told The Hindu in an
interview about Assam’s population that the government’s scheme to reduce
population is by providing incentives like free education for girls, financial inclusion
for minority women, reservation in panchayat and government jobs for women in
general, and the establishment of women’s colleges and universities in minority
areas. Population is one of the burning issues not only in India but around the world
but with proper precautions we can overcome it and win the battle against it.

Finally, we are all set with hopes and aspirations to bring out the “JOURNAL OF
CONTINUITY AND CHANGE (JCC)”. This journal is indeed a pious attempt to give
shape to the creativity of our budding scholars and bring out the best in them. While
reading the articles, you will realize that this journal helps you connect the past,
present and the future. We are living in an era of controversies with shaky opinions

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which put a devastating effect on our mind; this magazine will definitely help you find
the light amid the darkness.

In this magazine, we will feature the works of the students, the articles of participants
of Graduates Scholars’ Talk Series (GSTS) and the Delhi University news. At the
end of the magazine, we have added the theme and guidelines for next month’s
magazine, JCC, Issue II, theme- Fear and Courage (Independence Day special),
the interested students can check the last page for the same.

We are really thankful to our Professors, whose guidance paved the way for the
development of the extremely well written magazine. I extend my heartiest greetings
and best wishes to the readers and hope this journal will enjoy your admiration and
prove itself worthy of playing a decisive role in nurturing the reader’s mind. At last,
we are thankful to the whole editorial team for constantly working hard in creating
this magazine. I express my considerable appreciation to all the authors of the
articles in this magazine. It is this willingness to share knowledge, concerns and
special insights with fellow beings that has made this magazine possible.

-Editorial team

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India’s Population May Shrink

By 300 Million Says The
Lancet’s Medical Journal
Mr. Anant Joshi
(Graduate Candidate, SLCE, University of Delhi)

Population Explosion refers to a rapid and dramatic rise in population from

the past few hundred years especially between 1959-2000 when the global
population increased from 2.5 billion to 6.1 billion people. It is expected by the
commons that the population will increase as time goes on, but the recent report by
the University of Washington and United Nations Population Division (UNDP) in the
online medical journal of The Lancet titled “Fertility, mortality, migration, and
population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: A
forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study” seems to say that
in the next 80 years, India's population will decline to 300 Million.

Why is the Lancet report significant to the people of India? In the

Independence day speech (2019), the Prime Minister of India said that the
“Population explosion” is the biggest challenge for India and also Rajya Sabha MP
Rakesh Sinha introduced a private member’s bill seeking to enforce a two-child
norm, where there will be some penalties for having more than 2 children. Lancet’s
Report becomes more significant as this is an outcome of the work of various
authors in it:- Stein Emil Vollset, Emily Goren, Chun-Wei Yuan, Jackie Cao, Amanda
E Smith, Thomas Hsiao, Catherine Bisignano, Gulrez S Azhar, Emma Castro, Julian
Chalek, Andrew J Dolgert, Tahvi Frank, Kai Fukutaki, Simon I Hay, Rafael Lozano,
Ali H Mokdad, Vishnu Nandakumar, Maxwell Pierce, Martin Pletcher, Toshana
Robalik, Krista M Steuben, Han Yong Wunrow, Bianca S Zlavog, Christopher J L
Murray.

The Lancet report debunks this fear of population explosion as there will
be a steep decline in TFR (Total Fertility Rate) and the population may decrease up
to 300 Million (30 Crore) by the end of the century. According to WHO, TFR is
expressed as children per woman. In 1950, the TFR of India was 5.6, 2.14 in 2017
and it would be 1.29 (approx) in 2100 as per the report. Why is the total fertility rate
important? It is because TFR is related to the replacement rate, TFR of value 2
means that there would be a constant population(or no change in the net growth of
population) if TFR is lesser than 2 it means that the population will decrease and if

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the TFR is greater than 2 then, the population will rise due to more replacements
available in the further population.

From the report, the world population will peak at 9.73 Billion in 2064 and
decline at 8.79 Billion in 2100. There would be more than 50% population shrinkage
in 23 countries including Japan, Thailand, Spain, and Italy. India will become the
top-most populated country in the world, China will go to the third position but
surprisingly Nigeria will be in the second most populated country as follows: India
(1.09 billion), Nigeria (791 million), China (732 million), USA (336 million) and
Pakistan (248 million). This is due to the fall and rise in the TFR in the world, 183
countries out of 195 countries would be having a TFR less than the replacement
level of 2.1 per woman.

The decline in the TFR so far is due

to the increase in the literacy rate of
women, advancement in female
education attainment, and access
to contraceptives, which are helping
in maintaining stable population
growth. Limited Resources will
transfer the burden onto that
shrinking working-age population to
support the healthcare and social
security of their dependent elderly
population. Japan is gonna
increase the working age of people
as its population will decline more
than 50 percent. In India progressive states like Kerala, Maharashtra, Delhi will have
to ramp up the healthcare system.

In 2030 as per the study, India will be the fourth-largest economy in the
world. In 2050 India will become the third-largest economy in the world and China
will reach the top, but in 2100 US again becomes the largest economy in the world
and India remains at the third position. So, It is crucial to work on maintaining a
low fertility rate while sustaining and enhancing female reproductive health.

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Population Explosion, A Curse

On Indian Economy
Ms. Divya Tyagi
(Graduate Candidate, SLCE, University of Delhi)

“With an excess population you can't stabilize the economy of society, can't
save the environment for society and can't subdue the evil in society.”

― Amit Kalantri, Wealth of Word

When the population grows faster than GNP, the standard of living of the people
cannot improve. Rapid population growth acts as an obstruction in the path of
economic growth in developing countries like India where, since 1951 population has
been growing at a relatively high rate. Population growth both helps the process of
development and also hampers it in some other ways. This happens because the
relationship between population growth and economic development is complicated
and abstruse. There are two kinds of approaches to this relationship. First, it has
been argued by some that population growth leads to an increase in the labor force
which happens to be an essential productive resource. By increasing a productive
resource, population growth helps in producing more output, increases
demand for goods, and hence, expands markets for goods.

But it is an erroneous
view. Secondly, we
realize that a growing
population does lead
to an increasing total
output but, it also
makes for a greater
number of people
among whom this
output must be
divided. There are
more productive

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hands but there are also more mouths to feed. Over-population retards economic
development. All efforts at economic development under a fast-growing population
turn out to be “Writing on the sand with waves of population growth washing
away all that we have written” (Agarwal, 2014)

The population of India represents 17.7% of the world's total population. India is the
second most populated country in the world and is believed to surpass the
population of China in the coming years. Now, this population growth is becoming a
liability for India.

The following are the effects of population explosion on India’s economy:

●​ INVESTMENT REQUIREMENT- To achieve an increase in per capita income

we need larger investments. In India, the annual growth rate of the population
is 0.99% and the capital-output ratio is 4:1. So, to stabilize the existing
economic growth rate, we need to invest 4 X 0.97 = 3.88 percent of national
income.

●​ CAPITAL FORMATION - Excess population interferes with the rise in capital

formation. In India, people below the age of 14 years comprise 26.62% of the
population which means that most of these people depend on others for
subsistence. They fall in the category of unproductive consumers and hence,
the capacity of people to save is reduced. Consequently, the rate of capital
formation falls.

●​ PER CAPITA INCOME - Rise in populations gives low per capita income.
India is the world's 3rd largest economy but still at 117th rank for per capita
income. Per capita income has increased from the last two decades but due
to overpopulation, it is increasing at a very slow rate.

●​ UNEMPLOYMENT - One of the biggest challenges for India is overpopulation.

A large population gives birth to a large number of labor forces. Since there is
a shortage of capital resources, it is tough to employ the whole eligible
working population. Currently, India’s unemployment rate is 7.11%. Open
employment and disguised employment in urban and rural areas respectively
hamper the economic development in developing countries like India.
(Bahadur, 2019)

Finally, it may be concluded that the high growth rate of population slows down the
pace of economic development and if the population of India keeps growing, then in
the coming years, it will be challenging for this country to provide resources to its
citizens.

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The Battle For Food Is Over

Ms. Archana Bharti​
(Graduate candidate, SLCE, University of Delhi)

“There are people in the world so hungry that God cannot appear to them
except in the form of bread." - Mahatma Gandhi.

The reality of the world is harsh. This God that is bountiful for some doesn't care to
visit many people, many being millions. However, an interesting question is-
‘Is this God merciless or is it that the number of devotees is just too much?’

The world is overpopulated. There are just too many feet and too little space to put
these feet upon. In this overpopulated world, one-third to one-half of humanity is said
to go to bed hungry every night. This is the era of hunger unprecedented. The
technical minds of humans leave behind starving mouths in their race for
development. We all know that India is the second most populated country in the
world. The data, the statistics, may come across as boring at times but still let us go
over it once. The total population of India, 1.3 billion people! A country that has 200
million people in its states, which is more than any other country’s total population.
And in this country of 1.3 billion people, there are even more than 1.3 billion mouths
to feed in which almost 50 million people live on less than $2 a day. In the Global
Hunger Index 2020, India ranks 94th out of 107 qualifying countries. 46 million
children stunted and 25.5 million more are defined as ‘wasted’- meaning they do not
weigh enough for their height. (Sofi, 2020)

“The most recent United

Nations projections show the
world population increasing to
10.9 billion people by 2100,
with no end to growth in sight."

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This shows that our population rate in the coming decades will make a huge
difference to the future food availability not only for us but for other species as well.
However, the lack of sexual knowledge and avoidance of using contraception to
prevent unwanted pregnancies thwart us from tackling food demand directly by
limiting population growth.

The New York Times report “Climate change threatens the world’s food supply,
United Nation warns” states population as something inevitable, something we
must accommodate with - “Land must remain productive to maintain food security as
the population increases and the negative impacts on climate change and vegetation
increases.” (Flavelle, 2019)

For those who have a full belly, the world is filled with poetry. These people might
think that increasing population is something normal and something we must adapt
to, but you reading this, are not allowed to think like that. The most dangerous
pollution in the world is the human population.

THE BATTLE TO FEED ALL OF HUMANITY IS OVER! (Ehrlich, 1968, 11)

The battle to provide food for everyone on this earth that has been fought since a
long time ago is over. The various hunger relief schemes, funds, programs,
volunteering is futile. The only way to feed everyone is to reduce the number of
mouths being fed.

Although these schemes can save many lives, that is just straining the timer of the
population bomb. The bomb is set to explode. If not today then tomorrow, if not
tomorrow then after a hundred, thousand years. And many people are going to die!

But before that happens we can at least control the number of people dying. The
number of children begging on the streets, the number of people appearing gaunt in
starvation, the number of people eating food out of a trash can, these numbers can
be controlled, no, they must be controlled! The birth rate must be brought into
balance with the death rate or mankind will breed itself into oblivion. We can no
longer afford merely to treat the symptoms of the cancer of population growth;
cancer must itself be cut out (Ehrlich, 1968, 12) or I fear there will be a day that the
only food left for human beings will be humans themselves.

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​
जनसंख्या विस्फोट:– धर्म या विकास​

Ms. Deepa Tiwari

(Graduate Candidate, SLCE, University of Delhi)

सभी धर्मों का सार एक है । केवल उनका दृष्टिकोण भिन्न है ।​

-महात्मा गांधी ​
​
धर्म के नाम पर लड़ना बंद करो बल्कि मानवता के सबसे बड़े दश्ु मन यानी गरीबी से लड़ो​
-अब्दल ु कलाम

जनसंख्या विस्फोट - जनसंख्या न सिर्फ भारत बल्कि दनि ु याभर के ज्वलंत मद्ु दों में से एक है ।
दनिु या में कुछ ऐसे स्थान हैं जहाँ अत्यधिक जनसँख्या हैं। जनसंख्या विस्फोट का अर्थ है किसी
विशेष क्षेत्र में मनष्ु यों की जनसंख्या में निरं तर वद्
ृ धि। यह या तो किसी शहर में या फिर किसी भी
दे श में हो सकता है ।

भारत एक ऐसा दे श है जहाँ धार्मिक विविधता और धार्मिक सहिष्णत ु ा को कानन

ू तथा समाज, दोनों
द्वारा मान्यता प्रदान की गयी है । भारत के पर्णू इतिहास के दौरान धर्म का यहाँ की संस्कृति में एक
महत्त्वपर्ण
ू स्थान रहा है । भारत विश्व की चार प्रम ख
ु धार्मिक परम्पराओं का जन्मस्थान है - हिंद ू धर्म,
जैन धर्म, बौद्ध धर्म तथा सिख धर्म (Deka, 2007)I भारतीयों का एक विशाल बहुमत स्वयं को
किसी न किसी धर्म से संबंधित (सम्बन्धित) अवश्य बताता है ।

भारत की जनसंख्या के 79.8% लोग हिन्द ू धर्म का अनस ु रण करते हैं। इस्लाम (15.23%), बौद्ध
धर्म (0.70%), ईसाई धर्म (2.3%) और सिक्ख धर्म (1.72%), भारतीयों द्वारा अनस ु रण किये जाने
वाले अन्य प्रमख ु धर्म हैं। आज भारत में उपस्थित धार्मिक आस्थाओं की विविधता, यहाँ के स्थानीय
धर्मों की उपस्थिति तथा उनकी उत्पत्ति के अतिरिक्त, व्यापारियों, यात्रियों, आप्रवासियों, यहाँ तक कि
आक्रमणकारियों तथा विजेताओं द्वारा भी यहाँ लाए गए धर्मों को आत्मसात करने एवं उनके
सामाजिक एकीकरण का परिणाम है । सभी धर्मों के प्रति हिंद ू धर्म के आतिथ्य भाव के विषय में जॉन
हार्डन लिखते हैं, "हालाँकि, वर्तमान हिंद ू धर्म की सबसे महत्त्वपर्ण
ू विशेषता उसके द्वारा एक ऐसे
गैर-हिंद ू राज्य की स्थापना करना है जहाँ सभी धर्म समान हैं (हारडन, n.d., 84)

भारत में प्रजनन दर धार्मिक विश्वासों की तल ु ना में शिक्षा स्तर और राज्य के भीतर
सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास से अधिक जड़ ु ा हुआ है । यह जानकारी सरकारी आंकड़ों द्वारा किए गए
विश्लेषण में सामने आई है । विश्लेषण से पता चलता है कि अमीर परिवारों, बेहतर स्वास्थ्य
सवि
ु धाओं और उच्च महिला साक्षरता के साथ वाले राज्यों में प्रजनन दर कम है ।

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जनसंख्या और धर्म​
अधिकांश धर्म लंबे समय से हैं। उनकी
मलू मान्यताएँ और उपदे श ऐसे समय में
विकसित हुए जब मानव आबादी आज की
तल
ु ना में बहुत कम थी। सभी प्रमख ु धर्म
मानव प्रजनन के पक्ष में हैं क्योंकि यह
विश्वास को फैलाने में मदद करता है ,
लेकिन आजकल अधिकांश अनय ु ायी
परिवार नियोजन के किसी न किसी रूप का
अभ्यास करते हैं। फिर भी, आधनि ु क
गर्भनिरोधक विधियों को अपनाने में सध ु ार
के लिए रूढ़िवादी धार्मिक दृष्टिकोण एक प्रमख
ु बाधा है । (Demographic Study, 2015)

विश्व जनसंख्या , प्रमख

ु धर्म समह ू ​
​
धर्म % जनसंख्या​
ईसाई धर्म 33% 2.38 बिलियन​
इस्लाम 24.90% 1.91 बिलियन​
बौद्ध धर्म 6% 507 मिलियन​
हिंद ू धर्म 15% 1.16बिलियन​
लोक (folk) धर्म 5.6% 430 मिलियन​
अन्य 0.79% 61 मिलियन
. असंबद्ध(unaffiliated) 15.58% 1.19 बिलियन

आज हमारी आबादी 8 अरब के करीब है । नीचे सबसे आम धर्मों में परिवार नियोजन के प्रति
दृष्टिकोण का एक संक्षिप्त विवरण दिया गया है ।

बौद्ध धर्म ​
परिवार नियोजन एक व्यक्तिगत मामला है । मख्ु य रूप से थाईलैंड और कंबोडिया जैसे बौद्ध दे श
अपनी जन्म दर को कम करने में सफल रहे हैं।

हिंद ू धर्म​
हिंद ू धर्म विवाह के भीतर प्रजनन को प्रोत्साहित करता है ।कुछ हिंदओ ु ं का मानना ​है कि पर्यावरण की
तलु ना में अधिक बच्चे पैदा करना अहिंसा, या अहिंसा की संहिता के खिलाफ जाता है । भारत, जो
मख्ु य रूप से हिंद ू है , में जनसंख्या वद्
ृ धि को धीमा करने के प्रयासों का एक लंबा इतिहास रहा है ।

सिख धर्म ​
यह दं पति को तय करना है कि वे परिवार नियोजन चाहते हैं या नहीं, गर्भ निरोधकों के उपयोग के
खिलाफ सिख धर्म में कोई निषेधाज्ञा नहीं है ।

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ईसाई धर्म ​
* कैथोलिक धर्म: प्राकृतिक परिवार नियोजन स्वीकार्य है जबकि कुछ धर्मशास्त्री इस सिद्धांत पर
सवाल उठाते हैं।

●​ एंग्लिकनवाद: गर्भनिरोधक को पाप या परमेश्वर के उद्दे श्य के विरुद्ध जाने के रूप में नहीं
माना जाता है । कई मख्
ु य रूप से प्रोटे स्टें ट दे शों में जन्म दर अपेक्षाकृत कम है ।

इस प्रकार स्पष्ट है कि जनसँख्या विस्फोट की स्थिति सभी दे शों के विकास में बाधक है . यह एक इस
तरह की वद् ृ धि है जिस पर अल्प विकसित दे शों को घमंड करने की वजाय शर्म आती है . इसके उलट
विश्व में जापान, रूस और फ़्रांस जैसे दे श भी हैं जहाँ की जनसँख्या वद् ृ धि नकारात्मक दौर में पहुँच
गयी है कुछ दे शों में सरकार के द्वारा एक से अधिक बच्चे पैदा करने पर पैसा भी दिया जा रहा
है .परिवार नियोजन के महत्व को अच्छी प्रकार समझ लेने पर ही दे श की प्रगति संभव है परिवार
कल्याण के साथ ही दे श कल्याण भी जड़ ु ा हुआ है . प्रत्येक व्यक्ति का कर्तव्य है कि वह जनसंख्या
वद्ृ धि की समस्या के प्रति सावधान हो तथा राष्ट्रहित में परिवार नियोजन को अपनाए जनसंख्या की
समस्या जन जागरण तथा शिक्षा द्वारा हल करना संभव है . जनसंख्या को रोकना राष्ट्रीय धर्म बन
चक ु ा है ,प्रत्येक दे शवासियों का कर्तव्य है कि वह परिवार कल्याण की ओर ध्यान दें . तभी राष्ट्र की
उचित प्रगति हो सकती है ।

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July 2021 (the population bomb)

Rise And Fall Of The Mysterious

Culture That Invented
Civilization
Mr. Aaradhiya Tyagi
(Graduate Candidate, SLCE, University of Delhi)

‘’We have come to use all the resources that are available for our use on the
planet. We have to do something about population control, if possible by birth
control.’’

- Christain de Duve Biologist

Population explosion gives rise to several social problems. It leads to the migration
of the people from rural areas to urban areas causing the growth of Slum areas.
People live in the most unhygienic and insanitary conditions.

The problem of overpopulation is not new for us, our forefathers also suffered from
it. If we look at our History we see various incidents where people suffered from
overpopulation. In 1327 AD (Tughlaq era) when Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq shifted his
capital city from Delhi to Daulatabad due to fear of Mongol attack, he migrated with
his subjects to the new capital city Daulatabad. While migrating, a large number of
people died on the journey. The rest of the people lived in pain as it got difficult to get
food, clean water, sanitation facilities, etc. People used to live in the streets. But
when the Sultan heard the news, he again announced Delhi as his capital city. Again
during their travels, people lost lives in bulk.

Many countries apart from ours shared the same problem. If we see the Industrial
Revolution Era (18th Century AD) people started shifting to big cities from villages for
getting work in Industries as agriculture started to abolish from England. Due to a
large number of migrations to industrial cities, people faced many problems such as
malnutrition, unclean water, etc. 10-12 people shared one room and some people
lived on the streets. Women and children were forced to work in Industries. Life
Expectancy declined during that time and the average age of people was just 30 to
33 years. The Industrial Revolution also played a role in the Economic growth of
England which further helped them to control India, Australia, South Africa, and
many more.

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July 2021 (the population bomb)

Now, if we talk about present day

India, we see people who are
helpless in poverty and the only
reason is population
explosion.Slums are found in 65 %
of the Indian towns, still slum
dwellers are the most overlooked
section of our society.
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Odisha, West Bengal, Sikkim,
Jammu & Kashmir, Delhi and
Haryana are the various states where we find slum hubs. Andhra Pradesh tops the
list, with 36.1% of its urban population living in slums. In India, 35% slum households
do not have access to treated tap water and 11,92,428 out of 137,49,424 slum
households depend on untreated water for drinking and Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and West Bengal contribute 60% to this.

Taking examples of Mumbai and Delhi, we can find a large number of poor who live
in the periphery. Dharavi (a slum area in Mumbai) where we can find people
fighting for life due to lack of work opportunities as large numbers of people living in
poverty are increasing and employment opportunities are decreasing. Seemapuri
(periphery of Delhi) where we see people living (migrated people from Bangladesh)
near garbage areas and they believe garbage as gold for them as they earn money
by selling plastic products from garbage.

We can take the example of India and China which contribute 36% to the world
population. In China, we see high population growth from the beginning. After seeing
a high rate of population growth, the Chinese government decided to launch ONE
CHILD POLICY in 1979. But later on, the Chinese government saw a decrease in
the percentage of youth, and at the start of the 21st century there was an increase in
the percentage of senior citizens, that's why in 2016, the Chinese government again
launched a two-child policy.

At last, population explosion is the reason we have slum areas and it becomes
unhygienic for public living in slums. The population of the world living in slums is
approx 1 billion. If the population keeps rising, more slum areas will be created by
which we will face more poverty,more unhygienic society. It's our duty to not make
our society more polluted and to not give birth to more slum areas.

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 Journal Of Continuity and change
July 2021 (the population bomb)

Is The Global Health Infrastructure

Competent To Fight The
Population Bomb?
Ms. Samridhdi Kandpal
(Graduate Candidate, SLA, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun)

We ought to take good care of everybody we have on the planet, but we

ought to regulate the rate at which people join us. The old saying is, "It's the
top of the ninth inning, and humanity has been hitting nature hard, but you've
always got to remember that nature bats last."​
-Paul R. Ehrlich

Merriam Webster defines population explosion as “a pyramiding of numbers

of a biological population. Especially: the recent great increase in human numbers
resulting from increased survival and exponential population growth.” Richard
Preston, author of “The Hot Zone'' mused, “The earth's immune system, so to
speak, has recognized the presence of the human species and is starting to kick in.
(Preston, 1995) The earth is attempting to rid itself of an infection by the human
parasite.”

The exploitation of natural resources increased pressure on technological

advancements, land depletion, overcrowding, ecological imbalance, economic and
public utility burdens, mediocre lifestyle, disease outbreaks, and the list goes on. The
“Population Bomb” hasn’t spared any sector. The efficacy of the functioning elements
at the social, environmental, economic, political, and global levels has plunged in
past decades. As the human population continues to heighten, it has overburdened
the health sector in a plethora of ways. The world population was 1 billion in 1800
and it has reached 7.7 billion today. The historical studies portray the beginning of
the human civilization that dates back to 3000 BCE, also termed as the Sumerian
Civilization.

As the millenniums passed, the “homo sapiens'' found their methodologies to

pacify their rising demands. But this evolution, with the outgrowth of population,
induced negative impacts on nature and its resources. Consequently, humans came
out to be the ones who were/are afflicted with the response of nature after its
exploitation. Overcrowding has given rise to infectious diseases.

12
 Journal Of Continuity and change
July 2021 (the population bomb)

“Densely crowded urban environments, especially those without adequate

sanitation, are of public health concern because they promote disease epidemics,
like measles and new diseases and influenza… The severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS) disease resulted from the crowding of humans and their livestock
in cities in China (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2004a). SARS
probably originated in civet cats that were being cultured and eaten by Chinese
farmers.” (Neiderud, 2015)

Despite the various complications that population explosion holds in its arms, it is
inevitable to question, “Is the global health infrastructure competent to fight the
Population Bomb?”

At the global level, the Healthcare sector has seen drastic alterations and
modifications in the process of its evolution (Online Healthcare, MBA, 2021). Over
the passing centuries, the deadly diseases that shook and examined the
competence of healthcare sectors were Smallpox, Yellow Fever, Polio, Cholera,
SARS, HIV-AIDS, Ebola, etc., and how can one forget to mention the ongoing turmoil
caused by Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2).

Considering the statistical data, the World Health Organization recommends a

Doctor-Patient ratio of 1:1000. With a substantial increment in the population in India
in the past few decades, the standard ratio stumbles, and the Indian health
infrastructure works at 0.08 doctors for 1000 people. Population explosion has
dumped a burden on various resources of this world and the struggling health sector
is one of such instances, that elucidates how the uncontrolled outgrowth of the
population has deprived several sectors of their efficacy.

Albeit the economies at the global sphere are too overwrought in attending the crisis
of the pandemic, the salient brainstorming of all the global nations on the hurdles
that the population bomb has laid before us needs to be elevated. A plethora of
discussions on the topic have been organized in the preceding years, yet, they seem
to have given negligible outcomes after the stumbling blocks that population growth
has incessantly placed.

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 Journal Of Continuity and change
July 2021 (the population bomb)

GRADUATES SCHOLARS’ TALK SERIES

(GSTS)

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 Journal Of Continuity and change
July 2021 (the population bomb)

GRADUATES SCHOLARS’
TALK SERIES
(GSTS)

JCC-Journal of Continuity and Change introduces Graduates Scholars’ Talk

Series (GSTS), a weekly talk series, another initiative by Sakshya, the society
of History department of Shyam Lal College, Evening.This talk series was
started on February 7, 2021(Sunday) and has been happening every Sunday
since on ‘Google Meet’. It is an online platform provided to the graduate
students to talk about a certain topic of their choice. This series is started in
order to voice the ideas and opinions of the students, to enhance their orating,
thinking and researching skills and to boost confidence among them. All the
participants get a participation certificate and an award is given to the
SPEAKER OF THE MONTH selected by the GSTS panel.

All the talks are available on YouTube:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJwsPI6cEQn8mwcNZYvKc-w

To register to participate in GSTS:

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSckDoYoiXUaxU4433Lav1JdPr7J
dI-OwdAGH3gUV5Q0mAkVvQ/viewform

JCC will feature the works of the participants of GSTS of the previous month.
This magazine includes the articles of the participants of the month of May-

●​ Mr. Ankit- Extended family, intimacy and courtship in Europe(Hindi)

●​ Ms.Shakshi- City: Dream, Aspiration, Freedom and Resentment(Hindi)
●​ Ms.Tanya- Combating Competency Based Interviews (SPEAKER OF
THE MONTH)
●​ Ms. MJ Mary- Waste Management through ages and new innovations

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 Journal Of Continuity and change
July 2021 (the population bomb)

For this volume we have also added the first GSTS talk by-
Mr. Mudit Bhardwaj on the topic Revisiting India’s earliest traditions.

​
Extended Family, Intimacy And
Courtship In Europe
Mr. Ankit
(Graduate Candidate, SLCE, University of Delhi)

आज नारी से संबंधित मसले गंभीर अध्ययन के विषय हैं किंतु आज की नारी विमर्श तथा महिलाओं
की बराबरी की मांग की शरुु आत प्रारं भिक आधनि ु क यरू ोप में ढूंढी जा सकती है यरू ोप में यह काल है
जिसमें बहुत से ऐसे सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक हुए हैं तथा समाज में नारी की स्थिति में भी बदलाव
आया ना केवल ही यरू ोप में बल्कि संपर्ण
ू विश्व में ज्यादातर लोगों की नजर में नारी महज दे ह हैं
प्राय: समाज में नारी का अस्तित्व अब तक पितस ृ त्तात्मक मल्
ू यों के आधार पर हुआ है इसलिए नारी
अपने स्वायत्तता नहीं रहती और उसका वस्तक ु रण हो जाता है यरू ोप में आधनि
ु करण तथा पंज ू ीवाद
का विकास आर्थिक रूप से एक बड़ा परिवर्तन था इसका असर समाज में नारी पर गहरा प्रभाव पड़ा I

आरं भिक आधनि ु क यरू ोप की नारी को नताली डेर्विस " सय ु ोग्य नारी कहां है प्रसिद्ध इतिहासकार
जॉन कैली अनस ु ार वास्तव में महिलाओं पर पन ु र्जागरण का नकारात्मक प्रभाव ही पड़ा कुछ
इतिहासकारों ने औरतों के घरे लू और निजी अनभ ु व पर भी महत्व दिया है , मध्यकालीन यरू ोप में
औरतों की स्थिति समझने के लिए बाईबल की विचारधारा से परिचय उपयोगी होगा बाइबल के
अनस ु ार भगवान ने एक ही समय पर नारी और परु ु ष की संरचना की नारी सभी धार्मिक कर्तव्य से
वंचित थी उसे पादरी भी बनाया नहीं जा सकता था यहूदी धर्म ग्रंथों के अनस ु ार एक आदर्श नारी वह
थी जो कई बच्चों की मां होती थी सब ु ह से दे र रात तक केवल घर को संभालती थी 12 वीं सदी की
शरु ु आत में धार्मिक लेखकों ने प्राचीनकालीन और ईसाईकालीन नारी विचारों का संश्लेषण किया
उनका मानना था कि नारी का निम्न हो ना केवल इन के कामों से ही पता नहीं चलता बल्कि नारी का
स्वाभाविक लक्षण है इस यग ु के बहुत से विचार को ने नारी के बारे में नकारात्मक विचार प्रकट किए
हैं जिसमें से पीटर लाई और थॉमस अक्विनास परं तु 12 वीं सदी के बाद कविता नाटक इत्यादि में वीर
योद्धाओं ने नारी को आदरणीय माना बड़ी मात्रा में रोमांटिक कविता और गाने लिखे गए जिन्हें
दरबारी प्रेम की संज्ञा दी गई इसी परं परा के अंतर्गत उत्तर आधनि ु क महिला इतिहासकार जॉन कैली ने
तथाकथित पन ु र्जागरण के द्वारा महिलाओं की स्थिति में आई गिरावट को रे खांकित किया है अपने
प्रसिद्ध लेख डिड वम ू ेन है व अ रे नोंसो मे उन्होंने बताया कि जहां मध्यकाल में कई महिलाओं को
पश्चिमी यरू ोप में अपेक्षाकृत अधिक सवि ु धा प्राप्त थी वहीं पन ु र्जागरण के दौर में उनकी परिस्थिति में
काफी गिरावट आई।

16
 Journal Of Continuity and change
July 2021 (the population bomb)

इस काल के दौरान जहां प्रोटे स्टें ट और कैथोलिक धर्म का पन ु रुत्थान हो रहा था वही जाद ू टोना जैसे
प्रथा भी उभर रही थी डायनो का उत्पीड़न तो प्राचीन काल में ही शरू ु हो चकु ा था किंतु तेरहवीं सदी में
जाद ू टोना का फैलाव तेजी से हुआ 15वीं सदी में दो जर्मन लेखक हनरीय करानर और जेकोबा स्पेन्गर
ने "माल्लेस मेलफीक्रम" क़िताब निकाली जिसमें प्रेत और चड़ ु लै ों के साथ पछ ू ताछ हुई 1669 मैं 29
पस्ु तकें प्रकाशित हुई जिसमें प्रतीत होता है कि प्रेत और चड़ ु लै ों में लोगों की रुचि बढ़ गई है धर्म
सध ु ारक भी मानते थे कि इस विश्व में शैतानी ताकतों का प्रभाव होता है यंू तो नारी और परु ु ष दोनों ही
शैतान के वाहक हो सकते थे मगर ज्यादातर इल्जाम और तो पर भरा जाता है क्योंकि वह सारिक रूप
से कमजोर होती थी और आर्थिक व सामाजिक रूप से भी कमजोर होती थी 1560 से 1680 ई. के
बीच इंग्लिश कंट्री में 291 शैतानी ताकतों को दोषी पाया गया जिसमें 268 महिलाएं थी आमतौर पर
इन औरतों को जला दिया जाता था यह फांसी पर लटका दिया जाता था सॉरी सदी के मध्य सरस्वती
के मध्य तक लगभग 30,000 लोग इस जन ु न
ू के कारण उत्पीड़ित किए गए I

प्रारं भिक आधनि ु क यग ु अर्थात 1500से 1800 के बीच का काल तीव्र आर्थिक और सामाजिक
परिवर्तनों का समय था विशेष रूप से रूप में इस समय सामाजिक ढांचे पारिवारिक संरचना और
नैतिक मल् ू यों में महत्वपर्णू परिवर्तन हुए इन परिवर्तनों का प्रमख ु प्रभाव पश्चात पारिवारिक ढांचे पर
पड़ा और उसमें एशियाई परिवार की तल ु ना में अधिक परिवर्तन दे खे गए इस एक अन्य विषय जो
परिवार से सीधा जड़ ु ा है वह है विवाह प्रथा का इसमें भी उतार-चढ़ाव दे खे गए इसके साथ ही स्त्रियों की
स्थिति में भी अनेक परिवर्तन हुए परिवार ऐसा वातावरण तैयार करता है जिसमें ना केवल मनष्ु य की
सरु क्षा प्राप्त होती है अपितु प्रत्येक सरल व जटिल क्रियाओं के लिए स्थान प्राप्त होता है विश्व की
सभी सांस्कृतिक में समाज की एक प्राथमिक संस्था के रूप में परिवार का महत्वपर्ण ू स्थान है समाज
की एक सामान्य आधारभत ू इकाई के रूप में विद्यमान है साधारण टावर स्थित परिवार शब्द का
सही प्रयोग नहीं होता है सही अर्थों में यह एक ऐसी गह ृ स्थी के लिए प्रयक्
ु त किया जाता है जिसमें सगे
संबंधी एक ही छत के नीचे रहते हो इसकी तल ु ना भारतीय संदर्भ में संयक्ु त परिवार से की जा सकती
है परिवारवाद संबंधियों का अध्ययन का फारम एक शताब्दी पहले शरू ु हुआ इसका श्रेय तीन महान
विज्ञान प्रेमियों को दिया जाता है इंग्लैंड से जे. एफ मैकलेनन ै तथा सर एंग्री मैन और अमेरिका के लई ु
हे नरी मोरगन इसके पश्चात कुछ समाजशास्त्री सक्रिय हुए जिसमें सबसे पहला नाम फ्रांस के फैक्ट्रीक
ल प्ले का किया जाता है ।

लाभ लेने पारं परिक परिवार को आदर्श स्वरूप मानते हुए उसकी तल ु ना उत्तर औद्योगिक समाज के
छोटे परिवार से की है यरू ोप में विस्तत
ृ परिवारिक संबंध महत्वपर्ण ू है इससे निचले स्तर पर एकल या
व्यवहारिक परिवार होते थे परिवार का स्वरूप बहुत कुछ भी वाह-वाह वैवाहिक आयु पर निर्भर करता
था 16 वीं शताब्दी व 17 वीं शताब्दी में पश्चात परिवार के स्वरूप में महत्वपर्ण ू परिवर्तन आए यह
मख् ु य रूप से अधिक जाती वर्गीय परिवारों में अधिक दे खे गए इस काल में अभिजात्यवर्ग घराने
विशाल होते थे परिवार की प्रतिष्ठा व संपत्ति की सरु क्षा की महत्ता ने व्यवस्थित विवाह प्रथा को
प्रोत्साहित किया चोली शताब्दी के मध्य में उच्च सामाजिक वर्ग में परिवार का स्वरूप बदलने लगा
और एकल परिवार महत्वपर्ण ू माना जाने लगा आरं भिक यरू ोप में होने वाले बदलाव में एक महत्वपर्ण ू
प्रवत्ति
ृ विवाह प्रथा में होने वाले परिवर्तन में दे खी गई विवाह का अर्थ समाजशास्त्रीय के अनस ु ार
विवाह स्त्री व परु
ु ष के बीच के संबंध को कहते हैं जो केवल स्थान उत्पत्ति तक ही सीमित नहीं है बल्कि
एक सामाजिक संस्था भी है जो रीति-रिवाजों व कानन ू ों द्वारा नियंत्रित होता है यरू ोपीय परिवार पर
तथा विवाह पर प्लेग (the Black death ) महामारी के भी दीर्घकालीन प्रभाव दे खे गए I

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मध्ययग ु ीन विवाह पद्धति प्राचीन कालीन उस रोमन विवाह प्रथा की निरं तरता को दर्शाती थी जिसके
अंतर्गत बदबू का एक बड़ा प्रतिशत 20 या उससे कम उम्र का होता था अरस्तु का दावा था कि परु ु षों
के लिए विवाह की श्रेष्ठ आयु 37 वर्ष स्त्रियों के लिए 18 वर्ष आयु कम हो गई और वर-वधू की आयु में
भी अंतर कम होने लगा प्रथम विवाह के समय आयु लगभग समान होती थी वह विवाह सामान्य रूप
से 20 -25 की आयु में होने लगा परं तु प्लेग की महामारी ( The black death ) के मध्य 14वीं
शताब्दी में फैलने के बाद स्त्रियों की व्यवहारिक आयु फिर से 20 वर्ष हो गई I

विवाह विच्छे द या तलाक की प्रक्रिया मध्यकालीन पश्चिम में अनप ु स्थिति कैथोलिक चर्च के
धर्म विधान द्वारा विवाह को एक अटूट पवित्र संस्कार की मान्यता दी गई थी कैथोलिक राज्यों में
विवाह विच्छे द पर्ण
ू रूप से प्रतिबंधित या पश्चिम की तल
ु ना में एशिया में तलाक और भी दर्लु भ था I

प्रारं भिक मध्यकालीन यरू ोप में विवाह प्रेम और निजी जीवन में होने वाले परिवर्तन का एक दस ू रे पर
गहरा प्रभाव पड़ा विशेष रूप से विवाह प्रथा व प्रेम एक दसू रे से जोड़ कर दे खे जाने लगे 16वीं शताब्दी
वाटर वी शताब्दी के संदर्भ में यह स्पष्ट रूप से कहीं कहीं जा सकता है कि इस समय के प्रत्येक
विश्वसनीय स्रोत ने भावनात्मक प्रेम व कामक ु ता को विवाह के आधार के रूप में स्वीकार करना शरू ु
कर दिया ।

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​
City: Dream, Aspiration, Freedom
And Resentment
Ms. Shakshi
(Graduate Candidate, SLCE, University of Delhi)

हम भारतीय शहरों के बारे में बात करें तो सबसे प्राचीनतम और पहला शहर हड़प्पा में दिखाई
दे ता है शहरीकरण से तात्पर्य है ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों से शहरी क्षेत्रों में आबादी की आवाजाही से है लोग शहर
में अपनी आकांक्षाओं को परू ा करने जीवन स्तर में सध ु ार की आशाएं लेकर आते हैं I

हड़प्पा सभ्यता के बाद छठी शताब्दी ईसा पर्व ू में काशी ,कौशल ,मगध आदि प्रमख ु शहर बने इसी
क्रम में मौर्यकालीन पाटलिपत्रु ,तक्षशिला उज्जैन; गुप्तकालीन मथरु ा ,कपिलवस्तु और वैशाली तथा
छठी शताब्दी ईस्वी में हर्षवर्धन के समय में स्थानेश्वर ,कन्नौज आदि प्रमख ु शहर बने ।दिल्ली के
सल्ु तानों ने दिल्ली बदायंू तथा मग ु लों ने फतेहपरु सीकरी ,आगरा शाहजहानाबाद जैसे शहरों की
स्थापना की । किसी एक भौगोलिक क्षेत्र द्वारा किसी दस ू रे भौगोलिक क्षेत्र में उपनिवेश (कॉलोनी)
स्थापित करना उपनिवेशवाद कहलाता है 15 शताब्दी से 20 वी शताब्दी तक उपनिवेशवाद काल रहा I

औपनिवेशिक शहरों का भारत में आगमन दो चरणों में हुआ पहले चरण में 17वीं सदी में मंब ु ई,
कोलकाता, मद्रास की नींव पड़ी और दस
ू रे चरण में 19 वीं सदी में छावनी शहर की नींव पड़ी पर्णू
औपनिवेशिक काल में ऐसे कई शहरों का उदाहरण मिलता है जो अपनी शर्तों पर आधनि ु क बने उन्हीं
में से एक सेहत अहमदाबाद इस शहर में सत ू ी कपड़े और कारखानों के द्वारा अपनी समद्ृ धि खद ु
हासिल की इस शहर ने अपनी संस्कृति को कायम रखा तथा यरू ोप के सामान में रुचि नहीं ली I

1857 के विद्रोह के बाद अंग्रेजों को डर पैदा हुआ इसलिए उन्होंने क्वार्टर्स बनाएं जिन्हें व्हाइट टाउन
(गोरो के लिए )और ब्लैक टाउन (भारतीयों के रहने के लिए) का नाम दिया एक और सिविल लाइन के
नाम से नए इलाके विकसित हुए दस ू री और छावनी या बनाई गई पहला हिल स्टे शन शिमला को
बनाया फिर माउं ट आबू में बना I

ब्रिटिश सरकार से पहले कई साम्राज्य ने शासन चलाया और सबने अपनी अलग राजधानी बनाई
जैसे किला राय पिथौरा, सिरी का किला, तग ु लकाबाद, जहांपनाह किला ,कोटला फिरोजशाह ,परु ाना
किला शाहजहां बाद ,नई दिल्ली ( जिसे लटिु यंस दिल्ली भी कहते हैं) नई दिल्ली आकार की थी जिसे
कई भागों में बांटा गया कोई भाग राजपत्रित अधिकारी ,कोई ब्रिटिश क्लर्क के लिए और कोई
भारतीय क्लर्क के लिए था एडविन लटि ु यंस ने राष्ट्रपति भवन, इंडिया गेट ,जनपद, राजपथ और
गोल मार्के ट का डिजाइन तैयार किया इस तरह उपनिवेशवाद ने भारत में शहर की है सियत को
बदलकर शासन की नई विधियों को जन्म दिया राष्ट्रवाद का अर्थ शरु ु आती पीढ़ियों के लिए

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स्वाधीनता का अर्थ था औपनिवेशिक शहर की जीवन शैली को अपनाने की स्वतंत्रता ।राष्ट्रवाद शहर
के शिक्षित वर्ग की राजधानी का ही नाम था लोगों को लगता था कि साफ-सथ ु री कॉलोनियों में
आजादी के बाद उन्हें रहने का मौका मिलेगा लेकिन गांधीजी ने औपनिवेशिक इस जीवन शैली को
अपनाने से इंकार कर दिया गांधीजी को लगने लगा कि ब्रिटिश राज्य शहरों की दे न है इसलिए उन्होंने
भारतीयों को गांव की ओर जोड़ने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया गांधीजी का मानना था कि लोगों को
अंग्रेजों द्वारा बसाया शहरों में ना बस कर पन
ु ः अपनी सभ्यता की ओर लौटना चाहिए गांधीजी शहरों
के खिलाफ थे जबकि नेहरू और अंबेडकर का जड़ ु ाव शहरों से था नेहरू के मत
ु ाबिक शहर आधनि ु क की
प्रक्रिया का केंद्र था जिसके जरिए आधनिु कता को परू े समाज में व्याप्त होते चले जाना था I

1947 के बाद मंबु ई एक अपवाद की तरह था इस पर ना तो सरकारी नौकरशाही जोर था और ना ही

नई दिल्ली से छूटती आर्थिक विचारों की तरं गे बेचनै करती थी ।मंब ु ई भारत की व्यापारिक और
सांस्कृतिक राजधानी बनी रही। यहां भारत का हिंदी चलचित्र और दरू दर्शन उद्योग था जो बॉलीवड
ु के
नाम से प्रसिद्ध है व्यापारिक और औद्योगिक चरणों में सभी सविु धाएं केंद्रित थी लेकिन महानगर
की आबादी इतनी ज्यादा थी की चाह कर भी गरीबी से दरू नहीं रहा जा सकता था इन परिस्थितियों
का नतीजा यह निकला है कि गरीब व मध्यम वर्ग आकांक्षाओं ,निराशा और आक्रोश को झेल रहा है ।
मंब
ु ई की असली विशेषता यह है कि यह किसी की नहीं थी और सब की थी ।

90 का दशक आते-आते भारतीय शहरों में काफी परिवर्तन हुए बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियां विकसित हुई
80 और 90 के दशक में फरीदाबाद, मेरठ ,मज
ु फ्फरनगर लधिु याना जैसे भारतीय शहर बहुत तेजी से
बढ़ता शहरीकरण तेजी से बढ़े I

अतः शहरीकरण तेजी से बढ़ रहा है जबकि यह अच्छा है कि हमारा दे श प्रगति कर रहा है अधिक से
अधिक लोग आधनि ु क जीवन जीना चाहते हैं । बेहतर शिक्षा रोजगार के अवसर संस्कृति और
परं पराओं एक दस ू रे से समझने का मौका ,जाति व्यवस्था नष्ट करने में शहरीकरण का विशेष
योगदान रहा है शहरीकरण के कुछ नकारात्मक प्रभाव भी रहे हैं जैसे रोजगार की तलाश में ग्रामीण
क्षेत्रों से शहरी क्षेत्रों की और लोगों का पलायन जिससे शहरों की आबादी बढ़े गी प्रौद्योगिकी मैं योजना
और निवेश आवश्यक है क्योंकि शहरीकरण के कारण ग्लोबल वार्मिंग में दिन प्रतिदिन वद् ृ धि हो रही
है ।

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Combating Competency Based

Interviews
Ms. Tanya
(Graduate Candidate, VC, University of Delhi)

As per it is generally said that "a job interview is not a test of a candidate's
knowledge but their ability to use it at the right time and to make the hiring
manager realize that they are the one whom the organization is looking for."

Primarily it's essential to unearth that Interview is not a new term, the earliest record
is likely in the Indian political treatise ‘Arthashastra’. This 300 BC treatise describes
the rigorous process of selecting the candidate for the administrative hierarchy.
‘Kautilya’ has also focused on communication skills as one of the pertinent attributes
of the selection mechanism and it is not needed to estimate that interviews are still
an inevitable part of the hiring procedure.

To classify, An Interview possesses divisions in itself. The first pertains to hard skills
and academic results. The second is related to competency and soft skills which are
also called Behavioral-based Interviews or Competency-Based Interviews in which,
hiring manager tries to analyze the interpersonal and personal attributes of the
candidate for the specific job. For instance, they can ask various questions to
candidates to analyze their competency such as, ‘’tell the time when you dealt with
any failure or overcame any crisis? What are your values? Why should I hire you?
What are your weaknesses and strengths’’ ? And so on.

The University of Maryland had provided various strategies in their online course
‘Advanced Interviewing Techniques’ to tackle these questions by providing an
amalgamation of being specific, detailed, concise with the addition of recent
experience, unexpectedness, ability to acknowledge the failure to learn, and some
response strategies such as STAR (Situation, Task, Action, Result), 5W (Who, What,
When, Why, Where) and PREP (Point, Reason, Example, Point restated).

There is one term called WILD CARD QUESTIONS in which the hiring manager
asks some questions randomly to observe the candidate’s ability to handle

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 Journal Of Continuity and change
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something unexpected for which the candidate should answer inflow and to answer
the question about weaknesses, the candidate should soften the negative
information by sharing the positive information, for example, "Public speaking is my
weakness but I have started taking online sessions to learn it and I am about to
come out of this". As per the trend of Phone Interviews which also consist of a
division in itself, Voice Call Interview and Visual Phone Interview. For Voice Call
Interview George Walter has stated, "98% of the business executives can assess the
candidates’ personality in just 13 seconds with no visual information", thus
candidates should be good business conversationalists with dexterous listening
skills. For Visual Phone Interview candidates should be prepared with proper
background, professional dress up, preparation of possible scenarios, with
enthusiasm and confidence. Being hesitant, not dressing up professionally, lack of
enthusiasm, not knowing the organization, failing to ask questions from the
interviewer when they allow asking, or not being able to understand the question
nicely are some common errors that candidates make and prevent themselves from
having that job. The candidate should greet the interviewer nicely and should ask for
the further process, and can say ‘Thank You' while closing the interview.

To conclude, the candidate should develop a strategy to answer the question by

using the response techniques. The candidate can practice the possible scenarios in
advance and can keep the multidimensional aspect of the organization’s wants from
a candidate in mind before answering. Additionally, constant practice is the ultimate
key to installing confidence in a candidate’s voice. To know more about
Competency-Based Interviews and soft skills, there are a few books written, such as
Robin Kessler's book on "Competency-Based Interview" and "Soft skills and
Employability Skills" by Sabina Pillai and Agna Fernandez.

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​
Waste Management Through Ages
And New Innovations
Ms. MJ Mary
(Graduate Candidate, LBC, University of Delhi)

The Waste Management Techniques used in Ancient India were successful

enough to recycle household wastage. Burning wood or coal was used for cooking
purposes and the carbon was decomposed underground. People used to consume
freshly prepared food, so no packaging was done to pollute the environment.
Gradually the concept of urban areas started coming into the picture and some
examples are seen in Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The sanitization and waste
management techniques spread through trade routes around India. Drainage
systems are considered a cornerstone of urban development in the history of India.

Now let's come to the modern era of waste management. This was the period of
industrialization and the sustained urban growth of large population centers. The
buildup of waste in the cities caused a rapid failure in levels of sanitation.

And hence the streets were blocked due to the lack of waste clearance regulations.
Calls for the establishment of a municipal authority were started for the preservation
of the health of the people. It was proposed that the cleaning of the city should be
put under one uniform public management and hence Bangalore's Mahanagara
Palike was directed by the High Court of Karnataka to implement mandatory
segregation of municipal waste at the household level before collection.

The most hazardous type of waste in the present times is e-waste. Electronic
products like computers and cell phones contain a lot of different toxins like heavy
metals such as lead, barium, and cadmium which can damage the human nerve and
respiratory system if found in the drinking water. Industry management of e-waste
management is done by waste minimization techniques which involve inventory
management, production process modification, volume reduction, recovery, and
reuse.

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A type of waste management that has been going on in India for a long time is the
burning of stubble by farmers. However, it is a major concern of the country due to
the pollution it creates. It is only used by the farmers because of its convenience as
the stubble that remained after harvesting the grain is managed in a flick. But what if
we invent a method to prevent stubble burning as well as managing the left stubble
in an effective way.

A special type of decomposer has been invented that has played a major role in
stubble burning especially in northern India. The Delhi government has already
started using this method. These decomposers are developed by Indian agricultural
institutes. These are a set of 4 tablets made up of the waste material of THE
HUMAN BEING COMMUNITY itself! These tablets are used in the agricultural lands
for improving the fertility of the land and working as bio manure for the land. The
tablets can be used in vegetable waste, dry leaves, cow dung manure, etc which will
help in the faster decomposition.

Landfills are the easiest way for managing our community waste, which includes
digging land and throwing biodegradables that are environmentally friendly too.

27-year-old Binish Desai, known as the recycle man of India, is recycling bio-medical
waste especially single-use masks, head cover, and non-woven PPE kit into bricks
“The process of making the brick is similar to the P-Block, and I added PPE
made from non-woven fabric which includes masks, gowns, and head-covers. I
started experimenting with the method in my home-lab, and soon made a few
in my factory.” Each brick is 12 x 8 x 4 inches in size, and it uses 7 kg of biomedical
waste per square foot. Binish claims it is lighter, and stronger compared to the
P-Block 1.0 and costs Rs 2.8 per piece.

We can also adopt the South Korean way…

that is IF YOU WASTE FOOD YOU HAVE TO PAY FOR THAT!

As India continues to rebuild, its citizens should ensure to follow the path of waste
reduction because it is way better than any kind of waste management. And India's
traditional wisdom of “Aparigraha” which is very relevant even today can play a key
role in achieving that.

SO STOP MAKING THE WORLD A TRASH CAN!

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Revisiting India’s Earliest

Traditions
Mr. Mudit Bhardwaj
(Graduate Candidate, SLCE, University of Delhi)

Our Earliest Traditions have always been the matter of profundity and
the bone of contention as well, what these earliest traditions embrace is equally
equivocal. The earliest traditions cover a wide array of elements-it deals with what
was the historical context in which institutionalized traditions emerged, evolved and
transformed, Historiography of these Earliest Traditions- Problems and Perspectives
associated with the Religious, Social, Economic and Political structures as revealed
by these traditions. In chronological terms, the developments from the Early Vedic
traditions of the Mid-Second millennium BCE to the beginning of the early medieval
period can be referred to as the Earliest Traditions of the most diverse and
multi-faceted nation called India and that is well enough to reflect the process of
change and continuity in the traditions.

The Early Vedic Period (1500 BCE-1000 BCE), also known as the Rigvedic period
because Rigveda (collection of hymns), along with its Samhita, Brahmanas,
Aryanakas, Upanishads was compiled during this time. The Geographical regions of
this period were Western Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, and Pakistan.
Nadisukta hymn mentioned 21 rivers Including Sindhu, Ganga, Vitasta, Vipas,
Parushni, Kumbha. Rigvedic people used to call their homeland Saptasindhu. The
Political structure was Kula (family) Grama (aggregate of several Kulas) Vis
(aggregate of several gramas), Jana (the tribe) led by the Rajan who used to
administer justice with help of officials like purohit, senani, gramini, and dutas . Two
assemblies were there-Sabha (body of nobles, also included women-sabhavati) and
Samiti (body of common people). The major activity during this period was
Pastoralism, a person having more cattle was considered wealthier. A voluntary tax
‘Bali’ was paid to Rajan. There was a prevalence of the Barter System using cattle
as a unit of currency. The society was patriarchal, women however were allowed to
take part in religious and social ceremonies along with their husband, and the
daughter could inherit the father’s property only if she was the only child. The Varna

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system was based on profession (purohits,yoddhas, common people). Rigvedic

people found it difficult to explain the advent of natural phenomena so they
personified the natural forces and looked upon them as living beings to which they
gave human or animal attributes. Indra was the most important divinity followed by
Agni, Varun, Som, and Yama. Female divinities such as Aditi and Usha were also
mentioned. People used to worship mainly for Praja (children), pashu (cattle), food,
wealth, and health.

The Later Vedic Period (1000BCE-600BCE) witnessed the compilation of Samveda

(melodies and chants), Yajurveda (rituals and sacrifices), Atharvaveda(charms and
magic) along with their Samhitas, Brahmans, Aryanakas, and Upanishads. The
Geographical regions of the Later Vedic Period were Kasi, Kosala, Magadha, and
Anga. The status of the king became important; the concept of Rashtra also
appeared during this period. Democratization of Sabha and Samiti increased.
Officials were named like Sangrahitri (treasurer), Bhagadugha (collector of taxes),
Sthapati (Chief Judge), Kshatri (Chamberlain). During this period, Agriculture
became the primary occupation, due to the importance of land. Bali became a
regular tax now. Niska and Satamana became the units of currency. The use of iron
started, besides Iron, Gold, Lead, and Tin. Society was still patriarchal, and the
Varna system became inherent in the form of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and
Shudras. The position of women declined as they were deprived of certain rights.
Maitrayani Samhita mentioned 3 evils-liquor, gambling, and women. Eight types of
marriages were practiced- Brahma, daiva, arsa, prajapati, asura, gandharva,
paisach, rakshasa vivah. The education system also prospered, Education was
imparted in two categories:- Aparavidya (Vedas, Mathematics, Ethics, Astronomy,
Science, Fine Arts and crafts, Music and Medical science)and Paravidya (knowledge
of atman-life, death, and God). Rituals and ceremonial processions grew as a
method of worship, Rigvedic gods lost their importance, and new Gods such as
Prajapati, Rudra, and Vishnu came into the limelight where Prajapati became
supreme. Yagnas used to be performed too often (Rajasuya, Vajapeya,
Ashvamedha, Agnishtome).

The Vedic Traditions declined in the 6th century BCE due to a series of changes-
pastoral economy turned to a strong agricultural economy which led to surplus
production, facilitated the exchange of goods, and improved the socio-economic life
of people. The use of iron became quite common and all these factors led to the
grooming of 62 heterodox sects such as Ajivikas, Unchevadi, Nityavadi, Akriyavadi,
etc but most important of all were Buddhism and Jainism which dominated for 4
centuries. This period witnessed the emergence of 16 mahajanapadas (large States-
Magadh, Kosala, Vatsa, and Avanti). Merchant class began to prosper, money
lending on interest was allowed. New languages-Pali, Prakrit, Kannada began to

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develop which were simpler than Sanskrit. The inherent Varna system was opposed
by these new religions. Discrimination between rich and poor, man and woman were
reduced and all these factors led to the mobilization of a large section of society
towards these denominations.

With the downfall of the Mauryan Empire, these traditions began to lose their
significance, and then due to social and political unrest caused by frequent invasions
and regime changes, an institutional vacuum ensued which finally started to
replenish from mid-3rd century AD when Guptas rose to power. Their realm was in
UP, Bihar, and later in Vindhya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Malwa, Ujjain, Saurashtra, and
Kanchi. At this time, the Kind adopted pompous titles, kingship was hereditary, the
king used to maintain a standing army supplemented by horse chariots. The judicial
system developed, for the first time civil and criminal laws were demarcated. Guptas
also organized a system of provincial and local administration. Trade routes with the
Eastern Roman empire were established. Silk weavers grew in numbers. Gupta
issued the largest number of gold coins which were called dinars. Guptas made land
grants to the Purohits and in return, purohits presented the Gupta kings as
possessing the attributes of Gods. King was looked upon as Vishnu, the protector.
The position of women and Shudras improved, they were allowed to perform certain
rights and they were permitted to listen to Mahabharat, Ramayana, and the Puranas.
The gifts made to the bride on her marriage were considered as her property. As
purohits were patronized by kings, they started writing a new set of texts called
Puranas which they tried to legitimize through Vedas.

On the whole, if we see the larger picture, despite so many centuries have passed,
our Society and Traditions have undergone negligible changes and we still draw
most of the practices from the earliest of our traditions, whether it is idol worship or
celebration of religious and cultural festivities as prevalent in puranic system, earliest
forms of marriages in later Vedic system which are still seen in the tribal population,
the position of women or soi-disant caste system.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize the words of Dr. Abdul Kalam: “Ancient
India was a knowledge society that contributed a great deal to civilization. We
need to recover the status and become a knowledge power. Spirituality must
be integrated with education. We should ignite our dormant inner energy and
let it guide our lives. The radiance of such minds embarked on constructive
endeavors will bring peace, prosperity, and bliss to the nation”.

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RULES AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR

THE SUBMISSION OF YOUR WORK!

The theme for next month's magazine is ​

FEAR AND COURAGE (Independence Day special).

If you want to get your article/poem/review published in the

magazine then please follow the guidelines:
1. Write your Article/poem/review related
to the theme (Word Limit: upto 600
words)

2. Follow the APA pattern (7th edition)

of referencing or do provide us the
source of your article.

3. You can either use Hindi or English

as your medium of writing.

4. When writing in Hindi, make sure to

use the 'devanagari' script.

5. Submit your material in a text form

with a picture related to your article.

6. Please attach your picture, name of

course and institution along with your
material.

7. Last date of submission is 25th July

2021 for next month's magazine.

8. Submit your work on this email

address: [email protected]

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