MIC-507 Continuum Mechanics Autumn 24-25 Tutorial 1

Mathematical Preliminaries and Index Notation

Note: The first five problems are to be submitted, while 6-10 are for your own practice

1) Matrix A and vector t are given below. Expand and find the following quantities:
Aii , Aij t j , Aiitk , Aij Ajk , Aij Aik

10 5 7  1

A   5 3 9  t  1
 7 9 0 
1

2) For the matrix A and vector t given in Q1, write the equivalent matrix notations for

(1) Aij t j (2) Aij t j t j (3) Ajit j

3) Discuss the validity of the following relations:

(1) ambs = cm(dr − fr ), (2) ai = bjcidi (3) xi xi = r2 (4) aibjcj = 3

4) Matrix A is said to be symmetric if Aij  Aji . Matrix B is said to be antisymmetric/skew symmetric

if Bij  Bji . Prove that for the aforementioned pair of symmetric and antisymmetric matrices,
Aij Bij  0 .

5) Find the values of: (1) ijij (2) ii jj

6) Write the expression ci  Aij bj  bi in the form of ci  Bij bj and hence find the expression for Bij

7) Write in indicial notation the matrix equation, where all entities are 3x3 matrices.

(1) [A]  [B][C] (2) [D]  [B]T [C] (3) [E]  [B]T [C][F]

8) Prove the    identity: ijkmnk  im jn  in jm

9) Using the    identity, simplify the following relation using index notation and express it in the
(familiar) form involving dot products between the individual vectors:

( A B)  (C  D) where A  Ae
i i and B  Bj e j

10) Show that the condition for the vectors a, b and c to be coplanar is ijk aibj ck  0
 MIC- 507 Continuum Mechanics Autumn 24-25 Tutorial 2
(Note: The first five problems are to be submitted, while 6-10 are for your own practice)

Q1. Given that 𝑇𝑖𝑗 = 2𝜇𝐸𝑖𝑗 + λ𝐸𝑘𝑘 𝛿𝑖𝑗

Show that: a) 𝑇𝑖𝑗 𝐸𝑖𝑗 = 2𝜇𝐸𝑖𝑗 𝐸𝑖𝑗 + λ(𝐸𝑘𝑘 )2

b) 𝑇𝑖𝑗 𝑇𝑖𝑗 = 4𝜇2 𝐸𝑖𝑗 𝐸𝑖𝑗 + (𝐸𝑘𝑘 )2 (4𝜇λ + 3λ2 )

Q2. Use the identity 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑚 𝜖𝑘𝑙𝑚 = 𝛿𝑖𝑘 𝛿𝑗𝑙 − 𝛿𝑖𝑙 𝛿𝑗𝑘 as a shortcut to obtain the
following results.

a) 𝜖𝑖𝑙𝑚 𝜖𝑗𝑙𝑚 = 2𝛿𝑖𝑗 b) 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 6

Q3. (a) Let R correspond to a 90𝑜 right-hand rigid body rotation about the 𝑥3 -axis.
Find the matrix of R.

(b) Let S correspond to a 90𝑜 right-hand rigid body rotation about the 𝑥1 -axis.
Find the matrix of S.

(c) Find the matrix of the tensor that corresponds to the rotation R, followed
by S.

(d) Find the matrix of the tensor that corresponds to the rotation S, followed
by R.

(e) Consider a point P whose initial coordinates are (1,1,0). Find the new
position of this point after the rotations of part (c). Also find the new position of
this point after the rotation of part (d).

Q4. Obtain the matrix for the tensor T that transforms the base vectors as follows

𝑻𝒆1 = 𝒆1 + 2𝒆2 + 3𝒆3

𝑻𝒆2 = 4𝒆1 + 5𝒆2 + 6𝒆3

𝑻𝒆3 = 7𝒆1 + 8𝒆2 + 9𝒆3

Q5. Given that a tensor T transforms the base vectors as follows:

𝑻𝒆1 = 2𝒆1 − 6𝒆2 + 4𝒆3

𝑻𝒆2 = 3𝒆1 + 4𝒆2 − 𝒆3

𝑻𝒆3 = −2𝒆1 + 𝒆2 + 2𝒆3

How does this transform the vector 𝒂 = 𝒆1 + 2𝒆2 + 3𝒆3 ?

Q6. Let {𝒆1′ , 𝒆′2 , 𝒆′3 } be obtained by rotating the basis {𝒆1 , 𝒆2 , 𝒆3 } about the 𝒆3 axis
through 30𝑜 , as shown in figure. In this figure 𝒆3 and 𝒆′3 coincide. Obtain the
transformation matrix Q.

Q7. (a) A tensor T transforms every vector into its mirror image with respect to
the plane whose normal is 𝒆2 . Find the matrix of T.

(b) Do part (a) if the plane has a normal in the 𝒆3 direction.

Q8. A tensor T transforms the base vectors 𝒆1 and 𝒆2 Such that 𝑻𝒆1 = 𝒆1 + 𝒆2 ,
𝑻𝒆2 = 𝒆1 − 𝒆2 . If

𝒂 = 2𝒆1 + 3𝒆2 and 𝒃 = 3 𝒆1 + 2𝒆2 , use the linear property of T to find

a) Ta b) Tb c) T(a+b)
Q9. Rigid body rotations that are small can be described by an orthogonal
transformation 𝑹 = 𝑰 + 𝜖𝑹∗ ,

Where 𝜖 → 0 as the rotation angle approaches zero. Consider two successive

small rotations, 𝑹1 and 𝑹2 ;

Show that the final result does not depend on the order of rotations.

Q10. Given that with respect to the basis {𝒆1 , 𝒆2 , 𝒆3 }, the matrix of a tensor T is
given by
0 1 0
[𝑻] = [1 2 0]
0 0 1
Find [𝑻]′ , that is, find the matrix of T with respect to the 𝒆′𝑖 basis, where
{𝒆1′ , 𝒆′2 , 𝒆′3 } is obtained by

Rotating {𝒆1 , 𝒆2 , 𝒆3 } about its 𝒆3 -axis through 90° .

 MIC-507 Continuum Mechanics Autumn 24-25 Tutorial 3
Note: The first five problems are to be submitted, while 6-10 are for your own practice

Q1. Let {𝑒𝑖 } and {𝑒𝑖′ } be two rectangular cartesian base vectors.

a) Show that if 𝑒𝑖′ = 𝑄𝑚𝑖 𝑒𝑚 , then 𝑒𝑖 = 𝑄𝑚𝑖 𝑒𝑚

′

b) Verify 𝑄𝑚𝑖 𝑄𝑚𝑗 = 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 𝑄𝑖𝑚 𝑄𝑗𝑚

Q2. Consider the vector field 𝑥12 𝒆1 + 𝑥32 𝒆2 + 𝑥22 𝒆3 .

For the point (1,1,0), find a) ∇𝐯 b) (∇𝒗)𝒗 c) 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝒗 and 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝒗

𝑑𝑠(𝒆1 +𝒆2 +𝒆3 )
d) the differential 𝑑𝒗 for 𝑑𝒓 =
√3

Q3. Consider the scalar field ∅ = 𝑥12 + 3𝑥1 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3

a) Find the unit vector normal to the surface of constant ∅ at the origin and at
(1,0,1)
b) What is the maximum value of the directional derivative of ∅ at the origin?
at (1,0,1)?
𝑑∅
c) Evaluate at the origin if 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑠(𝑒1 + 𝑒3 ).
𝑑𝑟

−120 45 25
Q4. For the following tensor 𝑨 = [ 45 140 −65]
25 −65 66
Find the following.

a) Eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors.

b) Invariants of 𝑨
c) Show that invariants obtained from eigenvalues are same as invariants
obtained from tensor 𝑨
d) Spherical and deviatoric tensors of A
Q5. Verify that the Second Principal scalar invariant of a tensor T can be written as
𝑇𝑖𝑖 𝑇𝑗𝑗 𝑇𝑖𝑗 𝑇𝑗𝑖
𝐼2 = −
2 2

Q6. Let a tensor A be given by

𝐴 = 𝛼(𝐼 − 𝑒1 ⨂𝑒1 ) + 𝛽(𝑒1 ⨂𝑒2 + 𝑒2 ⨂𝑒1 )

Where 𝛼, 𝛽 are scalars and 𝑒1 , 𝑒2 are orthogonal unit vectors.

a) Show that the eigen values 𝜆𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,2,3 of A are

1
𝛼 𝛼2 2 2
𝜆1 = 𝛼, 𝜆2 = + ( +𝛽 )
2 4
1
𝛼 𝛼2 2
𝜆3 = − ( + 𝛽2)
2 4

b) Derive the associated normalized eigenvectors 𝑛̂𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,2,3 , which in matrix

representation read.

0 1 1
1 𝜆2 1 𝜆3
[𝑛
̂]
1 = [ 0] , [𝑛
̂]
2 = [𝛽] , [𝑛
̂]
3 = [𝛽]
2 2
1 √1+𝜆22 0 √1+𝜆32 0
𝛽 𝛽

Q7. Let [𝑻] and [𝑻]′ be two matrices of the same tensor T. Show that

det[𝑻] = det[𝑻]′.

Q8. A) Show that a is an eigenvector for the dyadic product ab of vectors a and b
with eigen value a∙b

B) Find the first principal scalar invariant of the dyadic product ab.

C) Show that the second and the third principal scalar invariant of the dyadic
product ab vanish, and that zero is a double eigenvalue of ab.
Q9. If 𝒖 = 𝒖(𝒙) = 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝒆1 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝒆2 + 𝑥1 𝒆3 , determine

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝒖 , 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝒖 , 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝒖 , ∇2 𝒖 respectively.

Further verify the following.

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝒖 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑(𝑑𝑖𝑣𝒖) − ∇2 𝒖

Q10. Given that a tensor T has the matrix

1 2 3
[T] = [4 5 6]
7 8 9
a) find the symmetric part and the antisymmetric part of T.

b) find the dual vector(or axial vector) of the antisymmetric part of T.

 MIC-507 Continuum Mechanics Autumn 24-25 Tutorial 4

Q1. Given the following deformation in rectangular cartesian coordinates:

𝑥1 = 3𝑋3 , 𝑥2 = −𝑋1 , 𝑥3 = −2𝑋2

Determine a) The deformation gradient F. b) the right cauchy-green tensor C

and the right stretch tensor U. c) the left cauchy-green tensor B. d) the rotation
tensor R. e) the lagrangian strain tensor E*.

Q2. At time t, the position of a particle, initially at (𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 ) is defined by

𝑥1 = 𝑋1 + 𝑘𝑋3 , 𝑥2 = 𝑋2 + 𝑘𝑋2 , 𝑥3 = 𝑋3 , 𝑘 = 10−5
a) Find the components of strain tensor.
b) Find the unit elongation of an element initially in the direction of 𝒆1 + 𝒆2 .

Q3. Given the displacement component.

𝑢1 = 𝑘𝑋22 𝑢2 = 𝑢3 = 0 , 𝑘 = 10−4

a) Obtain the infinitesimal strain tensor E.

b) Using the strain tensor E, find the unit elongation for the material elements
𝑑𝑿(1) = 𝑑𝑿1 𝒆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑿(2) = 𝑑𝑿2 𝒆2 which were at the point C (0,1,0)
Of fig. Also find the decrease in angle between these two element.
Q4. Given the displacement field 𝑢1 = 𝑘𝑋1 , 𝑢2 = 𝑢3 = 0, 𝑘 = 10−4

Determine the increase in length for the diagonal element (OA) of the unit

Cube in the direction of 𝑒1 + 𝑒2 + 𝑒3 a) by using the strain tensor. b) by

geometry.

Q5. Given the velocity field

𝑣1 = 𝑘𝑥2 , 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 = 0

a) Find the rate of deformation tensor and spin tensor.

b) Determine the rate of extension of the following material elements.
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝒙(1) = 𝑑𝑠1 𝒆1 , 𝑑𝒙(2) = 𝑑𝑠2 𝒆2 , 𝑑𝒙(3) = (𝒆1 + 2𝒆2 )
√5
c) Find the maximum and minimum rate of extension.
 MIC-507 CONTINUUM MECHANICS TUTORIAL- 5

Q1. For a material sphere with center at X and described by |𝑑𝑋| = 𝜖 under a
symmetric deformation gradient U, What does the sphere become after the
deformation ?

Q2. Given 𝑥1 = 2𝑋2 , 𝑥2 = 3𝑋3 , 𝑥3 = 𝑋1

Find a) the deformation gradient F b) the right stretch tensor U.

c) the rotation tensor R d) the left stretch tensor V

e) the left Cauchy- green tensor B f) the lagrangean strain tensor 𝑬∗

g) Eulerian strain tensor 𝒆∗

Q3. Given,

𝑥1 = 𝑋1 + 2𝑋2 , 𝑥2 = 𝑋2 , 𝑥3 = 𝑋3

a) Obtain the right Cauchy-green deformation tensor C.

b) Obtain the principal values of C and the Corresponding principal directions.
c) Obtain the matrices of 𝑼 and 𝑼−1 with respect to the principal directions.
d) Obtain the matrices 𝑼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑼−1 with respect to the {𝑒𝑖 } basis.
e) Obtain the matrix of R with respect to the {𝑒𝑖 } basis.

Q4. The deformation of a body is given by.

𝑥1 = 𝜆1 𝑋1 , 𝑥2 = −𝜆3 𝑋3 , 𝑥3 = 𝜆2 𝑋2

a) Find the deformed volume of the unit cube shown in fig.

b) Find the deformed area OABC.
Q5. Given the matrix of an infinitesimal strain tensor as

𝑘1 𝑋2 0 0
[𝜺] = [ 0 −𝑘2 𝑋2 0 ]
0 0 −𝑘2 𝑋2

a) Find the location of the particle that does not undergo any volume change.
b) What should be the relation between 𝑘1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘2 so that no element changes
its volume.
 MIC-507 Continuum Mechanics Autumn 24-25 Tutorial 6

Q1. Given the velocity field

𝑣1 = 𝑘𝑥2 , 𝑣2 = 0 , 𝑣3 = 0
a) Find the rate of deformation and spin tensor.
b) Determine the rate of extension of the following material
elements.
𝑑𝑥 (1) = 𝑑𝑠1 𝑒1
𝑑𝑥 (2) = 𝑑𝑠2 𝑒2
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑥 (3) = (𝑒1 + 2𝑒2 )
√5
c) Find the maximum and minimum rates of extension and
corresponding direction.

Q2. A motion is said to be irrotational if the spin tensor vanishes. Show

that the following velocity field is irrotational:
−𝑥2 𝑒1 +𝑥1 𝑒2
𝑣= 𝑟 2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑥22
𝑟2

Q3. The state of stress at a certain point in a body is given by.

2 −1 3
[𝑇] = [−1 4 0] MPa
3 0 −1
a) Find the stress vector at a point on the plane whose normal is in
the direction of 2𝑒1 + 2𝑒2 + 𝑒3 .
b) Determine the magnitude of the normal and shearing stresses on
this plane.
Q4. Assume a block is subjected to a state of stress described by the
matrix 𝝈.

Is there a plane with non-zero shear stress inside the block?

𝑝 0 0
𝝈 = [0 𝑝 0]
0 0 𝑝
Q5. Let 𝑒1 , 𝑒2 , 𝑒3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷1 , 𝐷2 , 𝐷3 be the principal directions and the
corresponding principal value of a rate of deformation tensor D.

Further let 𝑑𝑥 (1) = 𝑑𝑠1 𝑒1 , 𝑑𝑥 (2) = 𝑑𝑠2 𝑒2 , 𝑑𝑥 (3) = 𝑑𝑠3 𝑒3

1 𝐷(𝑑𝑣)
Show that ( ) (
𝑑𝑣 𝐷𝑡
) = 𝐷1 + 𝐷2 + 𝐷3

When 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑠1 𝑑𝑠2 𝑑𝑠3

 MIC 507 CONTINUUM MECHANICS Tutorial 7

Q1.

Q2.

Q3.
Q4.