Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Karvenagar, Pune-52

An Autonomous Institute

Department of Engineering Science & Humanities

Tutorial Manual

Basics of Electrical Technology Tutorial

(Course Code: EE24PCC102)

Student’s Name: -_____________________________________

Branch: - ______________________________________________

Div.: - _________________ PRN: - ________________________

 Institute Vision

To be a globally renowned institution through excellence in engineering education for sustainable development

Institute Mission

Our Mission is to
M1: Empower students with cutting-edge technologies and global competencies
M2: Foster culture of research and entrepreneurial mindset
M3: Imbibe social and professional values
M4: Provide an inclusive environment for lifelong learning

Department Vision

To be center of excellence in electrical engineering by developing globally skilled professionals through

innovation, sustainability and technological growth

Department Mission

M1: To provide quality education in electrical engineering through multidisciplinary, practical and industry
oriented learning.

M2: To develop ethical and skilled engineers with expertise in emerging electrical technologies.

M3: To nurture lifelong learning and adaptability for addressing global, societal and future challenges.
 Marathwada Mitra Mandal's
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Karvenagar, Pune - 52
An Autonomous Institute
Website: [Link] email id: mmcoe@[Link]

Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:
Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, computing,
PO1
engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization as specified in WK1 to WK4
respectively to develop the solution of complex engineering problems.
Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature and analyze complex
PO2 engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions with consideration for sustainable
development. (WK1 to WK4)
Design/Development of Solutions: Design creative solutions for complex engineering
problems and design/develop systems/components/processes to meet identified needs with
PO3
consideration for public health and safety, whole-life cost, net zero carbon, culture, society
and environment. (WK5)
Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Conduct investigations of complex
PO4 engineering problems using research-based knowledge including design of experiments,
modelling, analysis & interpretation of data to provide valid conclusions. (WK8)
Engineering Tool Usage: Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and
PO5 modern engineering & IT tools, including prediction and modelling, recognizing their
limitations to solve complex engineering problems. (WK2 and WK6)
The Engineer and The World: Analyze and evaluate societal and environmental aspects
PO6 while solving complex engineering problems for its impact on sustainability with reference to
economy, health, safety, legal framework, culture and environment. (WK1, WK5, and WK7)
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics, human values, diversity
PO7 and inclusion; adhere to national & international laws. (WK9)

Individual and Collaborative Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

PO8
member or leader in diverse/multi-disciplinary teams.
Communication: Communicate effectively and inclusively within the engineering community
PO9
and society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations considering cultural, language, and learning
differences.
Project Management and Finance: Apply knowledge and understanding of engineering
PO10 management principles and economic decision-making and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, and to manage projects in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-Long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability for: (i)
PO11 independent and life-long learning, (ii) adaptability to new and emerging technologies, and
(iii) critical thinking in the broadest context of technological change. (WK8)
 Marathwada Mitra Mandal's
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Karvenagar, Pune - 52
An Autonomous Institute
Website: [Link] email id: mmcoe@[Link]

Course Outcomes

Course Statement
Outcomes At the end of the course, a student will be able to
Demonstrate electrical safety practices and verify fundamental network theorems in DC
EE24PCC102.1 circuits.
Determine the efficiency and voltage regulation of a single-phase transformer using the
EE24PCC102.2
direct loading test.
Verify the relationship between phase and line quantities in a balanced three-phase star or
EE24PCC102.3 delta connected load through experimental analysis.
Measure electrical parameters such as voltage, current, frequency, and phase angle using a
EE24PCC102.4 Power Quality Analyzer, and calculate active, reactive, and apparent power.
Differentiate billing patterns between a grid-integrated renewable energy system and a
EE24PCC102.5 conventional residential electrical system.
Develop and simulate basic electrical circuits using software tools to generate waveforms,
EE24PCC102.6 analyse RLC circuits, and design wiring/single-line diagrams for practical applications.

CO-PO mapping
Program outcomes
Course
Outcome
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

EE24PCC102.1 3 2 - - - 2 - - - - 1
EE24PCC102.2 3 2 - - - - - - - - 1
EE24PCC102.3 3 2 - - - - - - - - 1
EE24PCC102.4 3 2 - - - - - - - - 1
EE24PCC102.5 3 2 - - - 2 - - - - 1
EE24PCC102.6 3 2 - - 2 - - - - - 1
PO Target 3 2 - - 2 2 - - - - 1

CO Assessment Tools
Course Outcome Assessment Tools
EE24PCC102.1 CAS-Tut 1, 2, 3
EE24PCC102.2 CAS- Tut 4
EE24PCC102.3 CAS- Tut 5
EE24PCC102.4 CAS- Tut 6
EE24PCC102.5 CAS- Tut 9
EE24PCC102.6 CAS- Tut 7, 8, 10
 Marathwada Mitra Mandal's
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Karvenagar, Pune - 52
An Autonomous Institute
Website: [Link] email id: mmcoe@[Link]

Preface

Electrical Engineering forms a fundamental cornerstone for all branches of engineering, as electrical
principles underpin a vast range of modern technologies. A sound understanding of electrical concepts enables
engineers to apply these principles across diverse domains, from mechanical and civil systems to electronics,
computing, and emerging fields like renewable energy and electric mobility. In daily life, electricity powers
everything from household appliances to industrial machinery, making its safe and efficient use essential. As
society advances toward smarter, more energy-efficient systems, knowledge of electrical engineering
becomes increasingly vital for innovation and sustainable development.
This Tutorial manual has been designed to complement the Basic Electrical Technology course by
offering a series of tutorial-based experiments that reinforce theoretical concepts through practical
application. The tutorial experiments cover essential topics such as safety precautions, verification of network
theorems, transformer testing, three-phase system analysis, power quality measurement, and basic
programming for waveform generation. Additional exercises focus on real-world applications, including
energy billing comparisons, wiring design, and single-line diagram development using software tools. By
engaging with these experiments, students will develop hands-on skills, analytical thinking, and problem-
solving abilities that will serve as a foundation for their professional careers.
 Marathwada Mitra Mandal's
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Karvenagar, Pune - 52
An Autonomous Institute
Website: [Link] email id: mmcoe@[Link]
Index
Sr. Mapping Page Date of Date of Sign of
No. Tutorial with No. Conduction Submission Teacher Remark
CO
1 Prepare a report on safety
precautions while working on CO1
electrical systems.
2 Verify the Superposition theorem in a
CO1
DC network
3 Verify the Thevenin’s theorem in a DC
CO1
network
4 To determine efficiency and regulation
of transformer by direct loading test of
CO2
a single-phase transformer.

5 To verify the relation between phase

and line quantities in three phase
balanced star OR delta connections of CO3
load.
6 Measurement of voltage, current,
mains frequency and phase angle using
Power Quality Analyzer and calculate CO4
active, reactive & apparent power.

7 Write a program to generate sine and

square waves. Obtain related CO5
parameters
8 Differentiate energy bill on grid
integrated renewable energy system CO6
and normal residential consumer bill.
9 Develop a wiring diagram for placing
fan, tube light and lamp at suitable CO6
places of room size 10’x12’.
10 Develop a single line diagram of an
electrical power system using CO6
software

This is to certify that Mr/ Ms _______________ ________________________________PRN No of first Year Engineering of

Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune, has satisfactorily completed the term work in the
subject of Basics of Electrical Technology, as Prescribed by Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering,
Pune under the aggies of Savitribai Phule Pune University.
during Semester II (Spring) of Academic year 2024-25

Faculty In - charge Head of Department Principal

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Tutorial No. 1
Prepare a report on safety precautions while working on electrical systems.

Aim: To prepare a detailed guide on the safety precautions necessary while working on electrical
systems.

Instructions:

1. Research and Gather Information: Begin by reading relevant information available on

the internet, textbooks, and credible online resources. Focus on understanding key
electrical safety protocols and guidelines.

2. Study and Comprehend: Study the safety measures and understand how each precaution
is implemented in real-life scenarios. Pay close attention to the application of these safety
measures in electrical systems and work environments.

3. Prepare Your Report: Using the provided template, prepare a detailed report on electrical
safety precautions. Ensure that your report covers all required sections, including Personal
Protective Equipment, Grounding, fire safety, Use of Electrical Tools and Equipment,
Emergency Response Procedures and more.
Structure your report logically, starting with an introduction, followed by individual
sections on each safety guideline, and concluding with a summary of key points.
The report should be concise and limited to a maximum of two pages.

4. Use Clear Examples and References: Where necessary, include examples of how safety
measures are applied in electrical systems. Ensure all statements are supported by
references to your research materials.

5. Formatting: Ensure that your report follows the provided template format and maintains
clarity and consistency. Pay attention to the structure, headings, and writing style.

6. Submission of Report: After completing the report, review and revise it for accuracy and
clarity before submitting it. The report must be submitted by the specified deadline.

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 1 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Report Template

Name of Student:

Course Name:

Date of Submission:

Report on Electrical Safety Precautions

1. Introduction

● Briefly explain the importance of safety precautions when working with electrical systems.

2. Aim

● State the aim of the tutorial.

3. Main Content

● Mention the safety precautions and guidelines to be followed when working with electrical
systems. Use individual creativity to describe effectively.

4. Conclusion

● Provide Summary of Safety Guidelines

o Explain the importance of following all the guidelines outlined in the report.

o Mention that adherence to safety protocols ensures a safer environment for both
individuals and equipment.

5. References

● List all references used to compile the report (e.g., safety manuals, textbooks, online
resources).

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 2 MMCOE, Pune

 Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Tutorial No 2

Verification of Superposition theorem in a DC network

Aim: To verify superposition theorem for a given circuit

Apparatus:
Sr. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Circuit Board - 1
2 DC Ammeter 0- 0.5 A 3
3 DC Power Supply 0-30V 2
4 Connecting wires - -

Theory:

Superposition Theorem

The theorem as applied to d.c. circuits may be stated an under:

In a linear network containing more than one source of e.m.f., the resultant current in any branch is
the algebraic sum of currents that would be produced by each e.m.f. acting alone, all other sources of
e.m.f. being replaced meanwhile by their respective internal resistances.
This computation requires that we remove all sources except one. Sources are removed by making
their contributions equal to zero i.e., we

(i) replace ideal voltage sources by short circuit (E = 0)

(ii) replace ideal current sources by open circuit (I = 0)

Steps to be followed to apply the Superposition Theorem:

Step 1: Select any one energy source.

Step 2: Replace all the other energy sources by:

● replace ideal voltage sources by short circuit (E = 0)

● replace ideal current sources by open circuit (I = 0)
Step 3: With only one energy source calculate the voltage drops or branch currents paying
attention to the voltage polarities and current directions.

Step 4: Repeat steps 1, 2 and 3 for each source individually.

Step 5: Add algebraically the voltage drops or branch currents obtained due to the individual
source to obtain the combined effect of all the sources.

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 3 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1) Make Connection as shown in circuit diagram

2) Measure Current IL in the load resistance.
3) Measure Current I' with E1 acting alone and E2 replaced by a short circuit.
4) Measure Current I'' with E2 acting alone and E1 replaced by a short circuit.

Observation Table:

Sr. No. I (A) I’ (A) I’’ (A)

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Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Calculation:

Conclusion:

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 5 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Tutorial No 3

Verification Thevenin theorem in a DC network

Aim: To verify Thevenin theorem for a given circuit

Apparatus:
Sr. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Circuit Board - 1
2 DC Voltmeter 0-15V 1
3 DC Ammeter 0- 1 A 3
4 DC Power Supply 0-30V 2
5 Connecting wires - -

Theory:

Thevenin's theorem as applied to d.c. circuits is stated below:

Any network having terminals A and B can be replaced by a single source of e.m.f VTh in series with a
single resistance RTh

(i) The e.m.f. VTh is the voltage obtained across terminals A and B with load removed i.e. it is
open-circuited voltage between terminals A and B.

(ii) The resistance RTh is the resistance of the network measured between terminals A and B with
load removed and sources of e.m.f. replaced by their internal resistances. Ideal voltage sources are
replaced with short circuits and ideal current sources are replaced with open circuits.

Once Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is obtained, then current I through any load resistance RL
connected across AB is given by
𝑉
𝑇ℎ
𝐼= 𝑅 +𝑅
𝑇ℎ 𝐿

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 6 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Apply certain voltage from the voltage sources. Observe and note down the current the load
resistor (as shown by the ammeter connected in series with it. This reading is required to compare
the results i.e., for verification of Thevenin’s theorem).
2. Now, remove the load resistor (RL) through which the current is to be determined.
3. Measure the voltage between the two terminals from where the load resistance has been
removed. This is the value of Thevenin voltage ‘VTH’.
4. Now, short-circuit the voltage sources (assuming the voltage sources to be ideal). Measure the
resistance of the whole network between the same two terminals with the help of multimeter. This
is the value of Thevenin resistance ‘RTH’.
5. Repeat the procedure for a different set of source voltages and record all the observations as
before.

Observation Table:

Thevenin’s Thevenin’s
Supply Current through
equivalent equivalent
Voltage load resistance
voltage resistances
SN
Cal Obs Cal Obs Cal Obs
0-20V [VTH] [VTH] [RTH] [RTH] [I] [I]
volts volts Ω Ω Amp Amp

Calculations:

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 7 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Conclusion:

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 8 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Tutorial No 4

Direct loading test of a single-phase transformer.

Aim: To determine efficiency and regulation of transformers by direct loading test of a

single-phase transformer.

Apparatus:
SN. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Single Phase Dimmerstat 230V/0-270V, 15A 1
2 A.C. Voltmeter 0-300 V 1
3 A.C. Ammeter 0-10Amp 1
4 Wattmeter 5 /10 Amp. , 300 V 1
5 Single Phase Transformer 1kVA, 230V\115V 1
6 Single Phase Lamp bank 230V, 10Amp. 1
(Resistive load)

Theory:
Transformer

A transformer is a static electrical machine which transforms electrical power from one circuit to
another circuit, without changing the frequency. A transformer can increase or decrease the
voltage with corresponding decrease or increase in current.

Direct Loading of Transformer:

Voltage Regulation:

The change in secondary voltage from no load to full load expressed as the fraction of no load
secondary voltage is defined as the voltage regulation of the transformer.
𝐸 −𝑉
2 2
% 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐸2
×100

Losses:

There are two types of losses in transformer

1. Copper losses or Winding losses (They are variable).

2. Iron losses or Core losses (They are constant)

Due to various losses, the power output of the transformer is always less than the corresponding
power input. So, for the same input, higher the value of power output i.e. lesser the losses, more
efficient is the transformer.

Efficiency:

Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power.

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 9 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

When expressed in percentage;

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
%η = 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
×100%

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. Circuit Diagram

Procedure:

1) Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Slowly increase the voltage to 220 Volts applied through the autotransformer to the primary
side of the single-phase transformer.
3) Note down the values of voltage, current and wattage from meters at no load.
4) Increase the load on the secondary of the transformer by switching on the lamp bank keeping
the primary voltage constant at 220 Volts and note down readings.
5) Repeat step 4 for the set of next readings.
6) Draw graph
i. % Efficiency v/s Output.
ii. Regulation v/s Output.

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 10 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Observation Table:

SN. Primary Primary Primary Secondary Secondary

Voltage Current Power Voltage Current
V1 (Volt) I1 (Amp) W1 (Watt) V2 (Volt) I2 (Amp)

Calculations:

1) Output Power W2 = V2 × I2 (cos Φ= 1, since Load is Resistive)

Input Power W1 (Wattmeter Reading)
𝑊
2) % 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑊2
1
×100

𝐸 −𝑉
3) % 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2 2
𝐸2
×100

Result Table:
SN. Power output (W2) % Efficiency % Regulation

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 11 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Graphs: Plot the graphs of % Efficiency and % Regulation Verses Output Power

Conclusion:

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 12 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Tutorial No 5

Verification of Voltage and current relationships in Three-phase Star or Delta connected

balanced load.

Aim: To verify the relation between phase and line quantities in three phase balanced star or delta
connections of load.

Apparatus:
SN. Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 Three Phase Auto transformer 0 - 415V, 10 A, 8.14 KVA 1
2 Three Phase Lamp load 415 V, 10A 1
3 A.C Ammeter 0-5 A 1
4 A.C Ammeter 0-10A 1
5 A.C Voltmeter 0-300V 1
6 A.C Voltmeter 0-600 V 1

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: Circuit Diagram of Star Connection

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 13 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Fig: Circuit Diagram of Delta Connection

Theory:

A balanced three phase system is one in which the voltages in all phases are equal in
magnitude & differ in phase from one another by equal angle i.e. 120 degrees (electrical). A
three-phase balanced load is that in which the loads connected across three phases are identical in
nature and magnitude.

Star Connection:

In this type of interconnection, one terminal of each load impedance is connected to a

common point known as the star point or neutral point. The voltage measured between any line
and the neutral point is referred to as the phase voltage, while the voltage measured between any
two line conductors is termed the line voltage. Consequently, VRN, VYN, and VBN represent the three
phase voltages, each equal to VPH . Similarly, the line currents IR, IY, and IB are also the phase
currents in a balanced star-connected system, i.e., IL=IPH. We have, phase relations,

𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉
𝑅𝑌 𝑅𝑁 𝑌𝑁

𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉
𝑌𝐵 𝑌𝑁 𝐵𝑁

𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉
𝐵𝑅 𝐵𝑁 𝑅𝑁

From phasor diagram,

𝑉𝑅𝑌 = 2×𝑉𝑅𝑁 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 = 3𝑉𝑅𝑁

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 14 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

i.e., 𝑉 = 3𝑉
𝐿 𝑃𝐻

Also line Currents IR, IY, IB are the phase currents,

𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉
𝑅𝑌 𝑅𝑁 𝑌𝑁

𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉
𝑌𝐵 𝑌𝑁 𝐵𝑁

𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉
𝐵𝑅 𝐵𝑁 𝑅𝑁

i.e, IL=IPH

Delta Connection:

In this type of interconnection, the end of first load impedance is connected to start of
second load impedance, the end of second load impedance is connected to start of third load
impedance and end of third is connected to start of first. In this way a closed loop of three
impedances is formed. Three-phase supply is given to the three junctions in the closed loop of the
impedances. Current flowing through any line is called line current (i.e., I R = IY = IB = IL) & current
through any single load impedance is called phase current (i.e., IRY = IYB =IBR = IPH). The line voltages
VRY , VYB & VBR are phase voltages as well as line voltages.

VL=VPH

We have, as phasor relations,

𝐼 = 𝐼 − 𝐼
𝑅 𝑅𝑌 𝐵𝑅

𝐼 = 𝐼 − 𝐼
𝑌 𝑌𝐵 𝐵𝑁

𝐼 = 𝐼 − 𝐼
𝐵 𝐵𝑅 𝑌𝐵

From phasor diagram,

𝐼 = 2×𝐼 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 = 3𝐼

𝑅 𝑅𝑌 𝑅𝑌

i.e., 𝐼 = 3𝐼
𝐿 𝑃𝐻

Procedure:

1) Connect the given lamp load in STAR, make it balanced by switching the appropriate number of
lamps in each phase.

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Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

2) Measure the line and phase voltages as well as line and

3) Repeat the same procedure by connecting the load in DELTA

Observation for Star Connected Load:

VL (V) VPH (V) IL (A) IPH (A)

VRY VYB VBR VRN VYN VBN IR IY IB IRY IYB IBR

Observation for Delta Connected Load:

VL (V) VPH (V) IL (A) IPH (A)

VRY VYB VBR VRN VYN VBN IR IY IB IRY IYB IBR

Calculation:

Assumption: Load is resistive ie. Cos ϕ = 1

Star Connection:

VL= √3 VPh

P= √3 VPhIL cosϕ

Delta Connection:

IL= √3 IPh

P= √3 VPhIL cosϕ

Note: Draw Phasor diagram as per scale for any one case from observation on graph paper.

Conclusion:

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 16 MMCOE, Pune

Basic Electrical Technology Tutorial

Tutorial No 6

Measurement of voltage, current, mains frequency and phase angle using Power Quality
Analyzer and calculate active, reactive & apparent power.

Aim: To measure the voltage, current, mains frequency and phase angle using Power Quality
Analyzer and calculate active, reactive & apparent power.

Materials:

● Power Quality Analyzer

● Electrical power source (AC supply)
● Load (resistive or inductive load)
● Connecting leads

Theory: A power quality analyzer is used to measure and analyze electrical parameters such as
voltage, current, frequency, and phase angle. These measurements help assess the quality of
power and ensure that electrical systems operate efficiently.

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 17 MMCOE, Pune

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Procedure:

1. Setup:
○ Ensure that the power quality analyzer is properly calibrated and functioning.
○ Connect the power quality analyzer to the AC power source using the appropriate
leads.
○ Connect the load to the power source if not already connected.
2. Voltage Measurement:
○ Set the power quality analyzer to measure voltage.
○ Select the appropriate range (AC voltage).
○ Record the voltage value displayed on the analyzer.

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3. Current Measurement:
○ Switch the analyzer to measure current.
○ Select the appropriate range (AC current).
○ Ensure the current clamp (if used) is properly placed around one of the conductors.
○ Record the current value displayed on the analyzer.
4. Frequency Measurement:
○ Set the analyzer to measure frequency.
○ Record the frequency value displayed on the analyzer.
5. Phase Angle Measurement:
○ Switch the analyzer to measure phase angle.
○ Ensure the analyzer is connected correctly to measure the phase difference between
voltage and current.
○ Record the phase angle value displayed on the analyzer.
6. Analysis:
○ Compare the measured values with the expected values for your load and power
source.
○ Check for any discrepancies and note any anomalies.
7. Safety:
○ Follow all safety procedures to prevent electrical hazards.
○ Use insulated tools and wear appropriate protective gear.

Conclusion:

Tutorial No 7

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 19 MMCOE, Pune

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Write a program to generate sine and square waves. Obtain related parameters

Aim: To write a program to generate sine and square waves. Obtain related parameters.

Using Python
import numpy as np
import [Link] as plt

# Parameters for sine wave

amplitude = 1 # Amplitude of the sine wave
frequency = 5 # Frequency in Hz
sampling_rate = 1000 # Sampling rate in samples per second
duration = 1 # Duration in seconds

# Time axis
t = [Link](0, duration, int(sampling_rate * duration), endpoint=False)

# Generate sine wave

y = amplitude * [Link](2 * [Link] * frequency * t)

# Plot the sine wave

[Link](figsize=(10, 4))
[Link](t, y, label=f'{frequency} Hz Sine Wave')
[Link]('Generated Sine Wave')
[Link]('Time [s]')
[Link]('Amplitude')
[Link](True)
[Link]()
plt.tight_layout()
[Link]()

Using Matlab

% Parameters
A = 1; % Amplitude
f = 5; % Frequency in Hz
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency in Hz
T = 1; % Duration in seconds

% Time vector
t = 0:1/Fs:T-1/Fs;

% Sine wave
y = A * sin(2 * pi * f * t);

% Plot the sine wave

figure;
plot(t, y, 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
title('Sine Wave');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 20 MMCOE, Pune

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grid on;

Note: Write a program and attach printout of program and output (i.e Waveform)

Tutorial No 8

F.Y. B. Tech Electrical Page No. 21 MMCOE, Pune

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Differentiate energy bill on grid integrated renewable energy system and normal
residential consumer bill.

Aim: To differentiate energy bill on grid integrated renewable energy system and normal
residential consumer bill.

Aspect Normal Residential Consumer Grid-Integrated Renewable System

Consumer

Energy Source Entirely from the utility grid (DISCOM) Partially from renewable system (e.g.,
solar) + grid

Metering Type Unidirectional meter (only import) Bidirectional meter (import and export –
net metering)

Billing Units Total units consumed from grid Net units = Import – Export

Monthly Bill Based on total kWh consumed × Based on net kWh consumed from grid;
applicable tariff slab bill reduced by self-generation

Tariff Slabs Standard residential slabs (e.g., 0-100, Same slabs, applied only to net
101-300...) consumption

Fixed Charges Yes Yes (same or slightly lower depending

on state)

Subsidies Usually none Government subsidy for solar panel

installation (CAPEX), reduced bills

Power Purchase Fully borne by consumer Reduced due to self-consumption from

Cost renewable

Excess Generation Not applicable May be credited or carried over for

future use (depending on net metering
policy)

Environmental None Reduces carbon footprint, supports

Benefit green energy

Note : Prepare case study on different energy bills on grid integrated renewable energy
system and normal residential consumer bill.

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Aspect Normal Residential Consumer Grid-Integrated Renewable

System Consumer

Conclusion:

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Tutorial No 9

Develop a wiring diagram for placing fan, tube light and lamp at suitable places of room size
10’x12’.
Aim: Develop a wiring diagram for placing electrical fixtures in a room.
To develop a suitable wiring diagram for placing a fan, tubelight, and lamp in a room of size
10’x12’, we will need to plan for proper electrical distribution, ensuring safety and convenience for
operation. Here’s how we can approach this:

Materials: Wiring diagram software (e.g., Microsoft Visio, AutoCAD)

A. Room Layout:

● Room dimensions: 10' x 12' (length x width).

● Suggested placement of electrical devices:
● Fan: Center of the room or slightly off-center depending on air circulation.
● Tubelight: Mounted centrally along one of the longer walls, either above or below the
center line.
● Lamp: Position one or two wall-mounted lamps or a table lamp, depending on the room
layout.

B. Electrical Distribution Plan:

● Power Sources: We need one switchboard with 3 switches (for fan, tubelight, and lamp).
● Circuits: Each device (fan, tubelight, lamp) should be connected to separate circuits from a
common distribution board for safety.

C. Wire Sizing and Routing:

● Fan: Generally, fans use a 1.5 mm² wire with a 16A switch and socket.
● Tubelight: Use a 1.5 mm² wire with a 6A switch (for the tubelight, which typically uses
lower power).
● Lamp: A table lamp or wall lamp typically uses a 1.5 mm² wire with a 6A switch.
● Earthing: Ensure proper earthing for all electrical appliances.

D. Wiring Diagram:

Electrical Panel:

● Main MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) for the room to protect all devices.
● From the MCB, run three separate wires (for fan, tubelight, and lamp) to their respective
switchboard.

Switchboard:
● Place the switchboard on an easily accessible wall (typically near the door or on the
opposite wall to the devices).

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● Switch for Fan: Use a 1-pole, 16A switch for fan control.
● Switch for Tubelight: Use a 1-pole, 6A switch for the tubelight.
● Switch for Lamp: Use a 1-pole, 6A switch for the lamp.

Connections:

● Fan: Connect the fan to a 1.5 mm² wire running from the switchboard to the fan's location.
The fan should be installed on the ceiling, ideally in the center of the room.
● Tubelight: Connect the tubelight to a 1.5 mm² wire from the switchboard to the location
where the tubelight is to be fixed (typically along one of the longer walls).
● Lamp: Connect the lamp to a 1.5 mm² wire running from the switchboard to its
designated location (whether it's a table lamp or wall-mounted).

E. Final Placement and Installation:

● Fan: Ensure it’s positioned centrally on the ceiling or at an ideal point for even airflow.
● Tubelight: Mount the tubelight on the wall or ceiling as per the room's layout.
● Lamp: For a table lamp, place it on a table, or for a wall lamp, mount it as needed.

Wiring Diagram Representation (Simplified):

+ +
| Main Distribution |
| Board |
+ +
| | |
+ + + + +
| | |
+--v--+ +--v--+ +--v--+
|Fan | | Tubelight| |Lamp|
+------ +---------+ + ---------- +
| | |
(1.5mm²) (1.5mm²) (1.5mm²)
| | |
Switchboard Switchboard Switchboard
(16A) (6A) (6A)
| | |
Wall Wall Table
Fan Mounted Lamp
Tubelight

Key Points to Remember:

● The fan should be on a separate circuit with a 16A switch for safe operation.
● The tubelight and lamp are on separate 6A circuits to avoid overloading.
● Wires should be routed neatly and placed inside PVC conduits or other protective casing
for safety.

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● Proper earthing should be maintained for all appliances.

This diagram and setup will allow easy control of the fan, tubelight, and lamp while ensuring
safety in the wiring. Make sure to use quality materials and follow local electrical codes. If you're
unsure or not qualified, it's always best to hire a certified electrician to install the system.

One sample wiring diagram of house is shown below for reference:

Conclusion:

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Tutorial No 9

Tutorial: Develop a Single Line Diagram of an Electrical Power System Using Software

1. Introduction to Single Line Diagrams (SLD)

● Objective: Understand the purpose and benefits of SLDs.

● Definition: A single line diagram represents an electrical power system using single lines to
show how various components are connected.
● Components: Generators, transformers, circuit breakers, buses, load centers, and
distribution panels.

2. Software Preparation

● Select Software: Choose your software (e.g., AutoCAD Electrical, ETAP, or any other).
● Install Software: Ensure the software is installed and updated.
● Create an Account: If required, sign up and log in to the software.

3. Setting Up the Project

● Open Software: Launch the software and create a new project.

● Project Settings: Set up project specifications like voltage levels, units (metric/imperial),
and any specific project standards.
● Template Selection: Choose a suitable template for the single line diagram if available.

4. Drawing the Single Line Diagram

Step 1: Create a New Drawing

● New File: Start a new drawing file.

● Title Block: Add a title block to include project information, revision details, and other
relevant data.

Step 2: Add Electrical Components

● Insert Symbols: Use the software’s library to insert symbols for various components:
○ Power Source: Generators or utility sources.
○ Transformers: Show primary and secondary sides.
○ Busbars: Representing distribution points.
○ Circuit Breakers: For protection and switching.
○ Loads: Motors, lighting, or any equipment.
● Place Symbols: Position these symbols on the drawing canvas according to your system
layout.

Step 3: Connect the Components

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● Draw Lines: Use the software’s line tool to connect the components:
○ Power Flow: Show the direction of power flow.
○ Connections: Ensure correct connections between transformers, buses, breakers,
and loads.
● Label Lines: Clearly label the lines to indicate voltage levels, capacities, and any other
relevant information.

Step 4: Add Annotations and Labels

● Text Annotations: Add text to label components and connections.

● Voltage and Ratings: Include voltage ratings, current capacities, and other important
details.
● Legend: If your diagram is complex, add a legend to explain symbols and lines.

Step 5: Review and Verify

● Check Connections: Ensure all components are correctly connected.

● Verify Labels: Make sure all labels and annotations are accurate and clear.
● Compliance: Verify that the diagram complies with any relevant standards or codes.

5. Finalize and Export

● Save Your Work: Save the drawing in the software’s native format.
● Export Options: Export the diagram in commonly used formats (PDF, DWG, etc.) for sharing
or printing.
● Backup: Create backups of your project files to prevent data loss.

6. Review and Share

● Peer Review: Have the diagram reviewed by a colleague or supervisor.

● Feedback: Incorporate any feedback or corrections.
● Distribute: Share the final diagram with stakeholders as required.

7. Conclusion

● Summary: Recap the steps to create an effective single line diagram.

● Resources: Provide additional resources for further learning (manuals, online courses, etc.).
● Questions: Open the floor for any questions or clarifications.

Suggest a suitable device to step down localized power distribution and measure voltage, current
and power.

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Conclusion

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