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HTML Notes

Class 11

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8 views28 pages

HTML Notes

Class 11

Uploaded by

yashkvish06
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HTML Tutorial

HTML or Hypertext Markup Language, is the most widely used language on Web.
Technically, HTML is not a programming language, but rather a markup language.
This tutorial gives a complete understanding on HTML.

Before you begin, it's important that you know Windows or Unix. A working knowledge
of Windows or Unix makes it much easier to learn HTML.

You should be familiar with:

 Basic word processing using any text editor.


 How to create directories and files.
 How to navigate through different directories.
 Basic understanding on internet browsing using a browser like Internet
Explorer or Firefox etc.

Introducing HTML:

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to
write Web Pages. As its name suggests, HTML is a markup language.

 Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are
linked together. When you click a link in a Web page, you are using hypertext.
 Markup Language describes how HTML works. With a markup language, you
simply "mark up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to
structure it to display.

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents
like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific
information between researchers.

All you need to do to use HTML is to learn what type of markup to use to get the results
you want.

Creating HTML Document:


Creating an HTML document is easy. To begin coding HTML you need only two things: a
simple- text editor and a web browser. Notepad is the most basic of simple-text editors
and you will probably code a fair amount of HTML with it.

Here are the simple steps to create a basic HTML document:

 Open Notepad or another text editor.


 At the top of the page type <html>.
 On the next line, indent five spaces and now add the opening header tag: <head>.
 On the next line, indent ten spaces and type <title> </title>.
 Go to the next line, indent five spaces from the margin and insert the closing
header tag: </head>.
 Five spaces in from the margin on the next line, type<body>.
 Now drop down another line and type the closing tag right below its mate: </body>.
 Finally, go to the next line and type </html>.
 In the File menu, choose Save As.
 In the Save as Type option box, choose All Files.
 Name the file template.html.
 Click Save.
You have basic HTML document now, to see some result put the following code in title and
body tags.

<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document description goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

Now you have created one HTML page and you can use a Web Browser to open this HTML
file to see the result. Hope you understood that Web Pages are nothing but they are simple
HTML files with some content which can be rendered using Web Browsers.

Here <html>, <head>,...<p>, <h1> etc. are called HTML tags. HTML tags are building blocks
of an HTML document nd we will learn all the HTML tags in subsequent chapters.

NOTE: One HTML file can have extension as .htm or .html. So you can use either of them
based on your comfort.

HTML Document Structure:

An HTML document starts and ends with <html> and >/html> tags. These tags tell the
browser that the entire document is composed in HTML. Inside these two tags, the document
is split into two sections:

 The <head>...</head> elements, which contain information about the document


such as title of the document, author of the document etc. Information inside this
tag does not display outside.
 The <body>...</body> elements, which contain the real content of the document that
you see on your screen.

HTML Tags and Elements:


HTML language is a markup language and we use many tags to markup text. In the above
example you have seen <html>, <body> etc. are called HTML tags or HTML elements.

Every tag consists of a tag name, sometimes followed by an optional list of tag attributes ,
all placed between opening and closing brackets (< and >). The simplest tag is nothing more
than a name appropriately enclosed in brackets, such as <head> and <i>. More complicated
tags contain one or more attributes , which specify or modify the behaviour of the tag.

According to the HTML standard, tag and attribute names are not case-sensitive. There's
no difference in effect between <head>, <Head>, <HEAD>, or even <HeaD>; they are all
equivalent. But with XHTML, case is important: all current standard tag and attribute names
are in lowercase.

HTML is Forgiving?

A very good quality associated with all the browsers is that they would not give any error if
you have not put any HTML tag or attribute properly. They will just ignore that tag or
attribute and will apply only correct tags and attributes before displaying the result.
We cann ot say, HTML is forgiving because this is just a markup language and required
to format documents.
HTML Basic Tags
The basic structure for all HTML documents is simple and should include the following
minimum elements or tags:

 <html> - The main container for HTML pages


 <head> - The container for page header information
 <title> - The title of the page
 <body> - The main body of the page

Remember that before an opening <html> tag, an XHTML document can contain the
optional XML declaration, and it should always contain a DOCTYPE declaration indicating
which version of XHTML it uses.

Now we will explain each of these tags one by one. In this tutorial you will find the
terms element and tag are used interchangeably.

The <html> Element:


The <html> element is the containing element for the whole HTML document. Each
HTML document should have one <html> and each document should end with a closing
</html> tag.

Following two elements appear as direct children of an <html> element:


 <head>
 <body>
As such, start and end HTML tags enclose all the other HTML tags you use to describe the
Web page.

The <head> Element:


The <head> element is just a container for all other header elements. It should be the first
thing to appear after the opening <html> tag.

Each <head> element should contain a <title> element indicating the title of the
document.

The <title> Element:

You should specify a title for every page that you write inside the <title> element. This
element is a child of the <head> element). It is used in several ways:

 It displays at the very top of a browser window.


 It is used as the default name for a bookmark in browsers such as IE and Netscape.
 Its is used by search engines that use its content to help index pages.

Therefore it is important to use a title that really describes the content of your site. The
<title> element should contain only the text for the title and it may not contain any other
elements.

Example:

Here is the example of using title tag.

<head>
<title>HTML Basic tags</title>
</head>
The <body> Element:

The <body> element appears after the <head> element and contains the part of the Web page
that you actually see in the main browser window, which is sometimes referred to as
body content.

A <body> element may contain anything from a couple of paragraphs under a heading to
more complicated layouts containing forms and tables.

Most of what you will be learning in this and the following five chapters will be written
between the opening <body> tag and closing </body> tag.

Example:

Here is the example of using body tag.

<body>
<p>This is a paragraph tag.</p>
</body>

Putting all together:


Now if we will put all these tags together, it will constitute a complete HTML
document as follows:

<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Basic tags</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph tag.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Attributes
Attributes are another important part of HTML markup. An attribute is used to define
the characteristics of an element and is placed inside the element's opening tag. All
attributes are made up of two parts: a name and a value:

 The name is the property you want to set. For example, the <font> element in the
example carries an attribute whose name is face, which you can use to indicate
which typeface you want the text to appear in.
 The value is what you want the value of the property to be. The first example
was supposed to use the Arial typeface, so the value of the face attribute is Arial.
The value of the attribute should be put in double quotation marks, and is separated from
the name by the equals sign. You can see that a color for the text has been specified as well
as the typeface in this <font> element:

<font face="arial" color="#CC0000">

Many HTML tags have a unique set of their own attributes. These will be discussed as each
tag is introduced throughout the tutorial. Right now we want to focus on a set of generic
attributes that can be used with just about every HTML Tag in existence.
Generic Attributes:

Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of HTML's tags.

Attribute Options Function

align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags

valign top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags within an HTML element.

bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, Places a background color behind an element


RGB values

background URL Places an background image behind an


element
width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or
table cells.

height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or


table cells.

title User Defined "Pop-up" title for your elements.

HTML Formatting Tags

If you want people to read what you have written, then structuring your text well is even
more important on the Web than when writing for print. People have trouble reading
wide, long, paragraphs of text on Web sites unless they are broken up well.

This section will teach you basic text formatting elements like heading elements and
paragraph elements.

Whitespace and Flow:

Before you start to mark up your text, it is best to understand what HTML does when it
comes across spaces and how browsers treat long sentences and paragraphs of text.

You might think that if you put several consecutive spaces between two words, the
spaces would appear between those words onscreen, but this is not the case; by default,
only one space will be displayed. This is known as white space collapsing. So you need to
use special HTML tags to create multiple spaces.

Similarly, if you start a new line in your source document, or you have consecutive empty
lines, these will be ignored and simply treated as one space. So you need to use special HTML
tags to create more number of empty lines.
Create Headings - The <hn> Elements:

Any documents starts with a heading. You use different sizes for your headings. HTML also
have six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and
<h6>. While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and after that heading.
Example:

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>


<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>

This will display following result:


This is heading 1
This is heading 2
This is heading 3

This is heading 4

This is heading 5

This is heading 6

Create Paragraph - The <p> Element:


The <p> element offers a way to structure your text. Each paragraph of text should go
in between an opening <p> and closing </p> tag as shown below in the example:
<p>Here is a paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>

This will produce following result:


Here is a paragraph of text.

Here is a second paragraph of text.

Here is a third paragraph of text.

You can use align attribute to align your paragraphs.


<p align="left">This is left aligned.</p>
<p align="center">This is center aligned.</p>

<p align="right">This is right aligned.</p>


<p align="justify">This is jutified. This works when you have multiple lines in your paragraph
and you want to justfy all the lines so that they can look more nice.</p>

This will produce following result:


This is left aligned.

This is center aligned.

This is right aligned.

This is jutified. This works when you have multiple lines in your paragraph and you want to
justfy all the lines so that they can look more nice.
Create Line Breaks - The <br> Element:
Whenever you use the <br> element, anything following it starts on the next line. This tag
is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as
there is nothing to go in between them.

Note: The <br> element has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you
omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss
the forward slash character and just use <br> it is not valid XHTML
Example:
Hello<br>
You come most carefully upon your hour.<br>
Thanks<br>
Mahnaz

This will produce following result:


Hello

You come most carefully upon your hour.

Thanks

Mahnaz

Centering Content - The <center> Element:


You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.

Example:

<p>This is not in the center.</p>


<center>
<p>This is in the center.</p>
</center>

This will produce following result:

This is not in the center.

This is in the center.

Preserve Formatting - The <pre> Element:


Sometimes you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the
HTML document. In those cases, you can use the preformatted tag (<pre>).
Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the
formatting of the source document.

<pre>
*
* *
* * *
</pre>

This will produce following result:

*
* *
* * *
Horizontal Rules - The <hr> Element

Horizontal rules are used to visually break up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates
a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line
accordingly.

For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as follows:

<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>


<hr>
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>

This will produce following result:

This is paragraph one and should be on top

This is paragraph two and should be at bottom

Again <hr> tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and
closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.

Note: The <hr> element has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you
omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss
the forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid XHTML

Bold Text - The <b> Element:

Anything that appears in a <b>...</b> element is displayed in bold, like the word bold here:

<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a bold typeface.

Italic Text - The <i> Element:

Anything that appears in a <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized, like the word
italicized here:

<p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a italicized typeface.


Underlined Text - The <u> Element:

Anything that appears in a <u>...</u> element is displayed with underline, like the
word underlined here:

<p>The following word uses a <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a underlined typeface.

Strike Text - The <strike> Element:

Anything that appears in a <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough,


which is a thin line through the text:

<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.

Monospaced font - The <tt> Element:


The content of a <tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most fonts are known as
variable- width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the
letter m is wider than the letter i). In a monospaced font, however, each letter is the same
width.

<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a monospaced typeface.

Superscript Text - The <sup> Element:


The content of a <sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same size
as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a characters height above the other
characters.

<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

superscript
The following word uses a typeface.
Subscript Text - The <sub> Element:
The content of a <sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same as
the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character.s height beneath the other
characters.

<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a subscript typeface.

Larger Text - The <big> Element:

The content of the <big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of the
text surrounding it.

<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a big typeface.

Smaller Text - The <small> Element:

The content of the <small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the rest of the
text surrounding it.

<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>

This will produce following result:

The following word uses a small typeface.


HTML Phrase Tags

While some of these phrase elements are displayed in a similar manner to the <b>, <i>,
<pre>, and <tt> elements you have already seen, they are designed for specific purposes.
For example, the <em> and <strong> elements give text emphasis and strong emphasis
respectively and there are several elements for marking up quotes.

We will see all phrase tags in this section with examples.

Emphasized Text - The <em> Element:

The content of an <em> element is intended to be a point of emphasis in your document, and
it is usually displayed in italicized text. The kind of emphasis intended is on words such as
"must" in the following sentence:

<p>You <em>must</em> remember to close elements in XHTML.</p>

This will produce following result:

You must remember to close elements in XHTML.

Strong Text - The <strong> Element:

The <strong> element is intended to show strong emphasis for its content; stronger
emphasis than the <em> element. As with the <em> element, the <strong> element should
be used only when you want to add strong emphasis to part of a document.

<p>You <strong>must</strong> remember to close elements in XHTML.</p>

This will produce following result:

You must remember to close elements in XHTML.

Block and Inline Elements:


We can categories all the elements into two sections:

 Block-level elements - Block-level elements appear on the screen as if they have


a carriage return or line break before and after them. For example the <p>,
<h1>,
<h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>, <pre>, <hr>, <blockquote>, and
<address> elements are all block level elements. They all start on their own new
line, and anything that follows them appears on its own new line.
 Inline elements - Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within
sentences and do not have to appear on a new line of their own. The <b>, <i>,
<u>, <em>,
<strong>, <sup>, <sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>, <ins>, <del>, <code>, <cite>,
<dfn>, <kbd>, and <var> elements are all inline elements.
HTML Comments
Comments are piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is good practice
to comment your code, especially in complex documents, to indicate sections of a document,
and any other notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments help you and others
understand your code.

HTML Comment lines are indicated by the special beginning tag <!-- and ending tag -->
placed at the beginning and end of EVERY line to be treated as a comment.

Comments do not nest, and the double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a
comment except as part of the closing --> tag. You must also make sure that there are no
spaces in the start-of-comment string.

For example: Given line is a valid comment in HTML

This is commented out -->

But following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the borwser. This is
because there is a space between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark.

<!-- This is commented out -->

Be careful if you use comments to "comment out" HTML that would otherwise be shown to
the user, since some older browsers will still pay attention to angle brackets inside the
comment and close the comment prematurely -- so that some of the text that was supposed
to be inside the comment mistakenly appears as part of the document.
Multiline Comments:

You have seen how to comment a single line in HTML. You can comment multiple lines by
the special beginning tag <!-- and ending tag --> placed before the first line and end of the
lastline to be treated as a comment.

For example:

<!--
This is a multiline comment <br />
and can span through as many as lines you like.
-->

Using Comment tag

There are few browsers who supports <comment> tag to comment a part of code.

<p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p>


HTML Fonts

Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser that is being used to
view your page. But the <font> tag is used to add style, size, and color to the text on your
site. The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your fonts.

To change any of the font attributes at any time within your page, simply use the <font>
tag. The text that follows will remain changed until you close with the </font> tag. You can
change any or all of the font attributes at the one time, by including all the required changes
within the one <font> tag.

Font Size:
You can set the size of your font with size attribute. The range of accepted values is
from 1(smallest) to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.

Example:

<font size="1">Font size="1"</font>


<font size="2">Font size="2"</font>
<font size="3">Font size="3"</font>
<font size="4">Font size="4"</font>
<font size="5">Font size="5"</font>
<font size="6">Font size="6"</font>
<font size="7">Font size="7"</font>

This will produce following result:

Font size="1"
Font size="2"

Font size="3"
Font size="4"
Font size="5"
Font size="6"
Font size="7"
SPECIFY THE RELATIVE FONT SIZE. <font size="+n"> or <font size="-n">: You can
specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the preset font size should
be.
Example:

<font size="-1">Font size="-1"</font>


<font size="+1">Font size="+1"</font>
<font size="+2">Font size="+2"</font>
<font size="+3">Font size="+3"</font>
<font size="+4">Font size="+4"</font>
This will produce following result:
Font size="-1"
Font size="+1"
Font size="+2"
Font size="+3"
Font size="+4"
Font Face:
You can set any font you like using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the
page doesn't have the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead they will default
to Times New Roman of your font with size attribute. See below few examples on using
different font face
Example:
<font face="Times New Roman" size="5">Times New Roman</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="5">Verdana</font>
<font face="Comic sans MS" size="5">Comic Sans MS</font>
<font face="WildWest" size="5">WildWest</font>

<font face="Bedrock" size="5">Bedrock</font>

This will produce following result:

Times New Roman


Verdana
Comic Sans MS
WildWest
Bedrock

Font Color:
You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that you
want by either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color.
Example:
<font color="#FF00FF">This text is hexcolor #FF00FF</font>
<font color="red">This text is red</font>

This will produce following result:

This text is hexcolor #FF00FF


This text is red
HTML Images
Images are very important to beautify as well as to depicts many concepts on your web
page. It is true that one single image is worth than thousands of words. So as a Web
Developer you should have clear understanding on how to use images in your web pages.

Insert Image - The <img> Element:


You will insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple
syntax to use this tag.
<img src="image URL" attr_name="attr_value"...more attributes />

Image Attributes:
Following are most frequently used attributes for <img> tag.
 width: sets width of the image. This will have a value like 10 or 20%etc.
 height: sets height of the image. This will have a value like 10 or 20% etc.
 border: sets a border around the image. This will have a value like 1 or 2 etc.
 src: specifies URL of the image file.
 alt: this is an alternate text which will be displayed if image is missing.
 align: this sets horizontal alignment of the image and takes value either left, right or
center.
 valign: this sets vertical alignment of the image and takes value either top, bottom or
center.
 title: specifies a text title. The browser, perhaps flashing the title when the
mouse passes over the link.

A Simple Example:
<img src="apple.jpg" alt="HTML Tutorial" />

Image Attributes - width, height, title, border and align:

Now let us try to set some more attributes:

<img src=" apple.jpg " alt="Apple Image" width="100" height="100" border="2" align="right"
title="Apple" />

HTML Text Links


Web pages can contain links that take you directly to other pages and even specific parts
of a given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases,
and images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on your any web
page.
In this tutorial you will learn how to create text links between the different pages of your
site, links within pages of your sites, and how to link to other sites (or external sites). If you
want to know more about URL then

Linking Documents - The <a> Element:

A link is specified using the <a> element. This element is called anchor tag as well. Anything
between the opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a user
can click that part to reach to the linked document.

Following is the simple syntax to use this tag.


<a href="Document URL" attr_name="attr_value"...more attributes />
Anchor Attributes:

Following are most frequently used attributes for <a> tag.


 href: specifies the URL of the target of a hyperlink. Its value is any valid document
URL, absolute or relative, including a fragment identifier or a JavaScript code
fragment.
 target: specify where to display the contents of a selected hyperlink. If set to "_blank"
then a new window will be opened to display the loaded page, if set to "_top"
or "_parent" then same window will be used to display the loaded document, if
set to "_self" then loads the new page in current window. By default its "_self".
 title: attribute lets you specify a title for the document to which you are linking.
The value of the attribute is any string, enclosed in quotation marks. The browser
might use it when displaying the link, perhaps flashing the title when the mouse
passes over the link.

A Simple Example:

<a href="http://www.kes.ac.in/" target="_blank" >TPB Home</a> |


<a href="http://www.amrood.com/" target="_self" >AMROOD Home</a> |
<a href="http://www.change-images.com/" target="_top" >Change Images Home</a>

This will produce following result, Click and come back to proceed with rest of the tutorial:

Create Download Links:

You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is
very simple; you just need to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows:

<a href="http://www.example.com/file.pdf">Download File</a>

This will produce following link and will be used to download a file.

Download File
HTML Tables

Tables are very useful to arrange in HTML and they are used very frequently by almost all
web developers. Tables are just like spreadsheets and they are made up of rows and columns.

You will create a table in HTML/XHTML by using <table> tag. Inside <table> element the
table is written out row by row. A row is contained inside a <tr> tag . which stands for table
row. And each cell is then written inside the row element using a <td> tag . which stands for
table data.

Example:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:


Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2

Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2

NOTE: In the above example border is an attribute of <table> and it will put border across
all the cells. If you do not need a border, then you can use border="0". The border attribute
and other attributes also mentioned din this session are deprecated and they have been
replaced by CSS. So it is recommended to use CSS instead of using any attribute directly.

Table Heading - The <th> Element:


Table heading can be defined using <th> element. This tag will be put to replace <td>
tag which is used to represent actual data. Normally you will put your top row as table
heading as shown below, otherwise you can use <th> element at any place:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
This will produce following result. You can see its making heading as a bold one:

Name Salary

Ramesh Raman 5000

Shabbir Hussein 7000

NOTE: Each cell must, however, have either a <td> or a <th> element in order for the table
to display correctly even if that element is empty.

Table Cellpadding and Cellspacing:

There are two attribiutes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust
the white space in your table cell. Cellspacing defines the width of the border, while
cellpadding represents the distance between cell borders and the content within. Following
is the example:

<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5">


<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes:

You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single
column. Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.
Following is the example:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using of the following two ways:
 Using bgcolor attribute - You can set background color for whole table or just for
one cell.
 Using background attribute - You can set background image for whole table or just
for one cell.
NOTE: You can set border color also using bordercolor attribute.

Here is an example of using bgcolor attribute:

<table border="5" bordercolor="green" bgcolor="gray">


<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td bgcolor="red">Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>

<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>


<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>

Here is an example of using background attribute:

<table border="1" background="/images/home.gif">


<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td bgcolor="red">Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3" background="/images/pattern1.gif">
Row 3 Cell 1
</td></tr>
</table>

Table height and width:

You can set a table width and height using width and height attrubutes. You can specify
table width or height in terms of integer value or in terms of percentage of available
screen area. Following is the example:

<table border="1" width="400" height="150">


<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
Using Table Caption:

The caption tags will serve as a title or explanation and show up at the top of the table. This
tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.

<table border="1">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>
<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

HTML Colors

Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify
colors on page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags.

The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors:

 bgcolor: Sets a color for the background of the page.


 text: Sets a color for the body text.
 alink: Sets a color for active links or selected links.
 link: Sets a color for linked text.
 vlink: Sets a color for visited links - that is, for linked text that you have
already clicked on.

HTML Color Coding Methods:

There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page:

 Color names: You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.
 Hex codes: A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue that
make up the color.

Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.


HTML Colors - Color Names:
You can specify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16
basic color names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200
different color names supported by Netscape and IE. Check a complete list of HTML Color
Name.

W3C Standard 16 Colors:

Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them.

Black Gray Silver White

Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia

Red Green Blue Purple

Maroon Olive Navy Teal


HTML Colors - Hex Codes:

A hexadecimal is a 6- d i g i t representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent


a red value, the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).

Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following are the
examples to use Hexadecimal notation.

Color Color HEX

#000000

#FF0000

#00FF00

#0000FF

#FFFF00

#00FFFF

#FF00FF

#C0C0C0

#FFFFFF
HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain one or
more list elements. Lists may contain:

<ul> - An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
<ol> - An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.
<dl> - A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in a
dictionary.

HTML Unordered Lists


An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list is
created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

The type Attribute


You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default it is a disc.
Following are the possible options:

<ul type="square">
<ul type="disc">
<ul type="circle">

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="square">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="disc"> :

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="circle"> :

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:


Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

HTML Ordered Lists


If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted then HTML ordered list
will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is incremented
by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:

1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish

The type Attribute


You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default it is a
number. Following are the possible options:

<ol type="1"> - Default-Case Numerals.


<ol type="I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type="i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type="a"> - Lower-Case Letters.
<ol type="A"> - Upper-Case Letters.

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="1">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:

1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="I">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:

I. Beetroot
II. Ginger
III. Potato
IV. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="i">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:

i. Beetroot
ii. Ginger
iii. Potato
iv. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="A">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:

A. Beetroot
B. Ginger
C. Potato
D. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="a">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:

a. Beetroot
b. Ginger
c. Potato
d. Radish

The start Attribute


You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need.
Following are the possible options:

<ol type="1" start="4"> - Numerals starts with 4.


<ol type="I" start="4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type="i" start="4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type="a" start="4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type="A" start="4"> - Letters starts with D.

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="i" start="4" >

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="i" start="4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:

iv. Beetroot
v. Ginger
vi. Potato
vii. Radish

HTML Definition Lists


HTML and XHTML support a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed like in
a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list of terms,
or other name/value list.

Definition List makes use of following three tags.

<dl> - Defines the start of the list


<dt> - A term
<dd> - Term definition
</dl> - Defines the end of the list

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result:

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