PAPER

PRE-PAPER
Before paper was invented, different materials used as writing surfaces. Local environments
influenced the kinds of materials used: clay tablets, tree bark, or materials such as papyrus
and parchment.
Developed in Egypt as early as 3,000 BCE. Made by slicing the papyrus plant
lengthwise, and then laying the strips side-by-side. A second layer of strips was
Papyrus
placed on top, perpendicular to the first layer. The two layers were then pounded
together into a laminate.
Named for the Greek city of Pergamum, was invented in the second century BCE.
Parchment use was widespread in Europe for centuries, and the United Kingdom
continued to use parchment to record new laws into the twenty-first century.
Parchment
Production: the skin of the sheep or cow was scraped, stretched, and lime rubbed
into the skin to stabilize it as it dried. The skin would then be cut into smaller pieces
for documents. Animal skins were also used to make pages and covers for books.
In south-east Asia, palm leaves were used as a writing surface as long ago as the
fifth century BCE. The leaves were cut into a long, rectangular shape. A sharp
Palm Leaves
tool was used to scratch text onto the leaf, and rubbing soot into the marks revealed
the writing.
Used widely in tropical civilizations, is a pre-paper cloth like material.
Evidence of tapa being made as early as 4000 BCE in Southeast Asia, in Peru by
2100 BCE, and it is first mentioned by the Chinese in 600 BCE.
Production: Made by beating, but not breaking down, the bark of the mulberry
tree into thin sheets. A 2-inch strip of bark can be beaten into a 10 inch sheet.
Tapa
The bark of other trees such as the fig and breadfruit can also be used to make
tapa cloth.
Purposes; beyond writing, including clothing, bedding, and other household
purposes. Tapa degrades easily in its native environment and only fragments
remain from its earliest use.
What is Paper is a thin sheet material made from cellulose fibers that can be used for
Paper writing, printing, packaging, and more.
Traced back to 200 BCE in China. Archaeologists found a paper prayer
embedded into the adobe brick of a home, apparently a blessing. In 105 CE, Ts’ai
Early Paper Lun, who worked for the Chinese emperor, announced and recorded the process of
Making/
papermaking.
Evidence
Use; Most early paper was used either for religious purposes, by the government,
or the very wealthy for business transactions.
 Paper is made with pulped plant fiber which is diluted with water, and
formed into a sheet using a screen. The plant fibers are linked, or bonded,
What It's through the papermaking process through hydrogen bonding.
Made From
 Paper is made from cellulose fibers derived from wood, rags, grasses,
herbivore dung, or other vegetable sources.
 The first papers were made from recycled fishing nets, bamboo, mulberry bark, or
hemp.
Steps:
 Harvested the fibers.
 Soak the fibers for up to three months stones or wooden vats.
 Pounded the fibers into pulp, likely using wooden tools or rocks.
How It's  Poured a scoop of pulp on top of a mold and spread it out evenly by hand.
Made
 Water drained through the screen, leaving the pulp behind.
 The molds with the wet paper were placed in the sunshine to dry.
 Dry paper was peeled off the mold, and the process repeated.

 Paper is made by forming a pulp slurry on a wire or screen, draining the

water, and then pressing the sheet to remove more water.
Around 600 CE, papermaking expanded to Korea. Though the basic process
remained the same,
Advancements: Several major advances:
Korean  An animal-powered grinding or pulping mill process.
Contribution  The invention of the laid paper mold (a bamboo frame with a screen cover)
and moving the wet paper to wooden boards to dry, allowing the molds to
be reused more quickly.
 Koreans inventions still use today: the envelope and toilet paper.
Began in Japan circa 610 CE, brought to Japan by Korean Buddhist Monks.
 In 770 CE, Empress Shotuko ordered the first mass printing on paper,
known as the Hyakumanto Dharani. One million copies of a series of
Japan prayers were printed. Woodblocks were probably used by the Priests to print
the prayers.
Japanese papermakers adjusted the process to meet their needs. Some of the paper
they made was so thin and smooth, almost transparent & felt like silk.
 8th century CE, a golden age of science, mathematics, and literature in
Samarkand. The inexpensive production of paper allowed that knowledge
to be recorded and spread.
 Samarkand was known for high-quality paper from which copies of the
Papermaking Quran were made.
Travels
 Papermaking spread to Baghdad, where the first water-powered paper
mill was established in 794 CE. Papermaking and other innovations
continued to spread through the Islamic world, to Damascus in Syria, then
Cairo in Egypt, and finally to Europe.
A Muslim Knowledge hub (major center of learning) of mathematics,
astronomy, medicine, engineering, agriculture, literature, and papermaking
 Paper mills were established in Xativa where, Andalusians converted
Roman olive grinding mills into paper mills.
Al-Andalus
 Wire paper molds were used here for the first time, creating a smoother
paper surface. In 1151, the water-powered stamping mill was introduced in
Spain for pulping the fibers, instead of beating fibers by hand or using a
grinding stone.
  By 1264 CE, Fabriano, Italy, (home to many well-established paper
mills).
 Europeans used cotton and linen for papermaking, collected mostly from
recycled clothing.
 Rag pickers bought old clothing to sell to mills.
 At the mills, workers sorted the clothing by color, grade, and condition.
 After buttons and hooks were removed, the rags washed to remove dirt.
 A rag knife cut the rags into strips.
 Wet strips were rolled into balls and coated with lime and fermented for a
few weeks.

Book printing in Mexico beginning around 1539

First paper mill established 1575 in the village south of Mexico City. The Spanish
were granted a 20-year exclusive contract to make paper.

William Rittenhouse and his family, (Papermakers from Germany). In 1690, they
established the first paper mill in the British colonies in Germantown,
Pennsylvania, an area north of Philadelphia.
This first paper mill was built of logs, the location chosen because the water was
clean and free of heavy mineral deposits. Rittenhouse made paper in the European
method of papermaking. Made about 4 reams of newspaper in a day. Annual
production about 1, 200 to 1,500 reams of paper.
Uses Writing, printing, and packaging, wrapping things, or covering walls.
Recyclability Paper can be recycled 5–7 times before the fibers become unusable.
The word "paper" can also refer to:
Other Official documents, such as divorce papers or legal papers
Meanings A set of printed questions for an exam. A piece of writing on a particular subject,
especially one done by students.
 PAPER SERIES TYPES/ INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR PAPER
SIZES: A, B & C SERIES.
Paper sizes have evolved since their creation. Geographical factors also have a big impact on
different terms, names and sizes for paper.
ISO 216, USED IN UK AND IS THE SAME ACROSS MOST OF THE
WORLD.

Standards However, the United States, Canada and many other countries of
North/Central America do not use ISO 216. Instead, they use the American
National Standards (ANSI) formatting. Here, you’ll find sizes like letter and
legal in place of A4 and A5.
This can make things trickier for designers, publishers and artists who work
Observation
internationally.
ISO 216 is characterized by the √2 aspect ratio, used for both the A series and the B
series. A "2:1" aspect ratio in paper means that the width of the paper is twice
Aspect Ratio
the length of its height; essentially, for every 1 unit of height, the width is 2 units
long, creating a wide, panoramic style look.
Wide format: This ratio is often used for panoramic photographs or posters
where a wider view is desired.
Key Points of
Calculation: To determine the dimensions of a 2:1 paper, simply multiply the
2:1 Aspect
desired height by 2 to get the width.
Ratio
Example: If a paper has a height of 10cm, with a 2:1 aspect ratio, the width
would be 20cm.

PAPER SIZES IN THE A, B AND C SERIES

The three most common paper series types are A, B, and C, which are defined by the ISO 216
standard: The ISO 216 standard defines the international paper sizes:
The preferred formats, with A0 as the basis for the other sizes:
The most popular paper size category, with A0 being the largest and A10 being
the smallest.
A4 is the most common size for letterhead and general printing, measuring
8.3 x 11.7 inch.
A4 is the recommended standard paper size for business, administrative, and
government correspondence.
A Series
The A0 sheet measures 84.1 x 118.9 cm or 33.1 x 46.8 inches and has a surface
area of 0.999 949 m² or almost 1 m², which corresponds to 16 A4 sheets.

This series of paper sizes has been extended with formats larger than the A0
format, especially for printing purposes. They are 2A0, 4A0 etc. and are
respectively twice and four times larger than A0, but always stick to the same
proportions.
 A series in
mm, cm and
inches

Dimensions
of A range
in mm and
inches

The ‘B’ series is widely used in printing to accommodate for both paper size and
printing press size. B sheets are often used to print two A sheets at once. One B3
B Series
covers two A4 and one B2 has room for four A4. The paper sizes of the B series
are based on the B0 format.

B series in
mm
 The series is mainly used for envelopes and is designed to contain
corresponding A/B sheets without the need to fold them.
C Series
For example, a brochure in A4 format fits perfectly in a C4 envelope. Likewise,
an A5 sheet fit perfectly in a C5 envelope, as would a folded piece of A4.
THE VARIOUS USES OF PAPER SIZES
Most prominent paper sizes series. Consists of ten subgroups, ranges from the A0
format, the largest format on the scale, to the A10, the smallest.
Large paper sizes: A1 and A0.
 Generally used for technical drawing. (Construction and architecture
sectors) because the proportions of the projects can be expected to obtain
an accurate rendering.
 Used in the advertising and communication sector because the
dimensions of a poster in A0 or A1 format offer a good visibility for the
design of promotional materials.

Intermediate paper sizes: A3, A4 and A5.

 A3; Creation of prints and posters
 Used as a visual medium for meetings and presenting ideas.
 A5; is half the size of an A4 format and is popular for graphic design, for
example, in the creation of promotional leaflets, brochures and
booklets. A5 also used in the publishing and stationery sectors: found on
A Series our shelves in books, diaries, notebooks and greeting cards.

 A4; Most commonly used. Whether in a personal or professional setting.

The A4 sheets are generally sold per 500-unit strip. The A4 paper size is
used in many sectors, particularly:
 Magazines, Small posters, Menus, Calendars

Small paper sizes: A6 to A10.

 A6; Printing or editing of photographs. It is also the format used for
postcards.
 A7; Popular in the advertising and communication sectors as it is often
used to design small leaflets, flyers and stickers.
 A8; Commonly used for business cards. while the
 A9; is usually used for labels. Although their dimensions prevent you from
including a lot of information, there is a lot of graphic design work that
goes into these small paper sizes.
Finally, A10 is used for coupons, tickets or stamps, the smallest of paper sizes.
Coated paper: (Surface sealant is applied), affects weight, gloss, smoothness, and
Other types ink absorbency. Gloss paper: Special coating prevents ink absorption, making
of paper
colors pop and images appear crisp and vibrant. Matte paper: A smooth finish
include
that's often used for printing. Bond, Book, Text, Index, Bristol, Laid, Wove, and Cover
 PAPER WEIGHT
Also known as Basis Weight, is measured in
 LBS (pounds) and
 GSM (grams per square meter).
 GSM (Universal measurement and applies to all paper types), making it a
better measurement of a paper's weight.
 Measured in pounds per 500 standard sheets within its type.
Basics
 Each type of paper has its own range of basis weights because their
standard sizes are different
 If 500 sheets of a paper's standard sheet size weighs 100 lbs., then the
paper weight or basis weight of that type of paper will be 100 lb.
The heavier paper grade commonly referred to as "cardstock" is technically
known as "cover".
The measurement of a paper's thickness is also known as it's "caliper".
 Caliper measured using a tool called a micrometer.
 Caliper: Point size in thousandths of an inch, one point equals 1/1000 of
Paper an inch and can be expressed as 1 pt. or .00
Thickness Two papers of the same weight can have different caliper measurements
Or Caliper  Calendering: Smoothing and compressing of paper which will determine
how rough or smooth the paper will become
Thickness can vary due to the materials used in making the paper, and how much
it is compressed or compacted together during the paper making process.

Light Weight Paper

 Like pages of a book or regular copy paper (Can be folded without scoring
(Crease), Flexible and easy to manipulate, Prints in most home printers)
Medium Weight Paper
Paper  Like a standard greeting card (Should be scored before folding, Noticeably
Weight thicker than a light-weight paper, Prints in most home printers)
Examples Heavy weight paper
 Like a heavy greeting card (Often used for single panel cards and business
cards, Must be scored before folding, May not print in some home printers)
Extra-Heavy Weight Paper: Similar to gift box weight or chipboard, Can
be DT (double-thick) meaning two sheets are pasted together, Often used
for packaging and letterpress, Can only be printed by professional printers.