American Nazi Party

The American Nazi Party (ANP) is an

American neo-Nazi political party founded by American Nazi Party
George Lincoln Rockwell in 1959. In Rockwell's Abbreviation ANP (1959–1967)
time, it was headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. NSWPP (1967–1983)
It was renamed the National Socialist White Leader Martin Kerr
People's Party (NSWPP) in 1967. Rockwell was Founder George Lincoln Rockwell
murdered by former ANP member John Patler
Founded October 1959
later that year. Following Rockwell's murder, the
Headquarters (Rockwell's headquarters)
organization appointed Rockwell's second in
928 North Randolph Street,
command, Deputy Commander Matt Koehl as the Arlington, Virginia, U.S.
new leader.
Newspaper The Stormtrooper
The NSWPP, now under Koehl's command, was Youth wing NSLF (1969–1974)
subject to ideological disagreements between Membership 500 (c. 1967)
members in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to Ideology Neo-Nazism
several members being kicked out and forming Political position Far-right
their own groups. Koehl renamed the NSWPP the International World Union of National Socialists
New Order in 1983, which came with a shift in affiliation
the organization towards esoteric neo-Nazism. Party flag
After Koehl's death in 2014, a long-time member
and officer of the New Order, Martin Kerr,
assumed leadership.

History
Politics of the United States · Political parties ·
Elections

Background and founding

The American Nazi Party was founded in October 1959 by George Lincoln Rockwell, a commercial
artist, publisher, and commander in the United States Navy. Rockwell had became radicalized into
National Socialism after an initial contact with antisemitic anti-communist figures, and then after reading
Adolf Hitler's autobiography Mein Kampf in 1950, from then on becoming a neo-Nazi.[1][2]

After this experience, Rockwell spent several years organizing extreme right-wing political groups; he
initially tried to do this in a socially acceptable fashion, but came to see this as a failure as it did not
attract an extreme enough audience. He eventually decided to go public with his antisemitism, and made
more extreme and explicit political efforts.[3] When Rockwell's supporters were implicated in the Hebrew
Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing, it caused a backlash against him, and Rockwell's wife and
family cut ties with him.[3] Now miserable, Rockwell had a Nazi "religious experience" of and committed
to overt, explicit advocacy of Nazism.[4] In October 1959, Rockwell founded the American Nazi Party.[2]
Activities
Its headquarters were established at 928 North Randolph
Street in Arlington, which also became Rockwell's home, and
a nearby farmhouse served as a barracks for its members.[4][5]
Under Rockwell, the party explicitly embraced Nazi uniforms
and iconography, and embarked on high profile media stunts
designed to gain the maximum amount of press
coverage.[6][7] The group itself was quite fringe and had few
members in comparison with the very large amount of
publicity it garnered.[7] Members regularly protested and
caused disruptions.[8]
Martin Luther King Jr. (left) gesturing at
Roy James (right) after James punched
The Virginia House of Delegates revoked the ANP's
him in the face; in the center, breaking
corporation charter in June 1962 and banned the use of the them up, is Ralph Abernathy
name "Nazi" or "National Socialist" in charter names. A new
charter was submitted under the name of ANP, Inc., which
was rejected on a technicality. It was recreated under the name the George Lincoln Rockwell Party with
only a single change on the board of directors.[9]

In September 1962, ANP member Roy James punched Martin Luther King Jr. twice while King was
speaking at a convention. King did not defend himself and instead spoke spoke to him.[10][8][11] James
expressed regret and apologized shortly after the attack, but later went back on it.[10][12] James was
sentenced to 30 days in jail and fined $25 (equal to $259.87 today) after pleading guilty to charge of
assault and battery and disorderly conduct. King had not wanted to press charges, but Birmingham Judge
Charles H. Brown insisted on trying James, calling the incident an "uncalled for, unprovoked assault."[13]
In September 1962, Rockwell awarded James a medal for the deed.[8]

In November 1963, when King was set to speak in Danville, Virginia, to set up a dialogue with whites,
Rockwell sent ANP member Karl Allen and another member to instigate against him.[14][15] He initially
planned to have Allen stay there for some time to harass King, but this plan was derailed by the Kennedy
assassination.[16]

Rockwell's money habits and usage of the ANP's funding resulted in regular problems for the party and
rough conditions for its members.[17] Many became dissatisfied with his leadership.[18] The second
highest ranking member, Karl Allen, left the ANP in December, claiming it was for personal reasons.[19]
This surprised Rockwell, and he was disturbed to lose the best educated member of the group and second
in command. Many party members left and followed Allen, and drew up a list of grievances against
Rockwell and his leadership tactics, particularly an inability to "refrain from inserting his personality and
judgment into every minute part of the Party's operation". They enumerated a list of grievances to be
addressed and changes in the party's operations if they were to rejoin.[18] Rockwell refused to address the
demands. He was most worried about a demand that he would no longer have sole discretion over the
board of directors, which he worried would be used to take control of the party. From then on declared
them to be "the mutiny" and kept them out of the ANP.[20]

After several years of living in impoverished conditions, Rockwell began to experience some financial
success with paid speaking engagements at universities where he was invited to express his controversial
views as exercises in free speech. This prompted him to end the rancorous "Phase One" party tactics and
begin "Phase Two", a plan to recast the group as a legitimate political party by toning down the verbal
and written attacks against non-whites, replacing the party rallying cry of "Sieg Heil!" with "White
Power!", limiting public display of the swastika, and entering candidates in local elections.[6][21][22]

The years 1965 and 1967 were possibly the height of Rockwell's profile.[21] He was interviewed by
Playboy magazine, an event that stirred controversy within the ranks.[21] At the time Rockwell had about
500 followers.[6]

Name change and assassination of Rockwell

On January 1, 1967, the group underwent several changes. Rockwell changed the name of the American
Nazi Party to the National Socialist White People's Party (NSWPP), changed the logo to a stylized eagle,
and replaced their slogan of Sieg Heil with White Power, all in an effort to Americanize the organization
and increase its appeal.[23] This alienated some hard-line members. The new name was a "conscious
imitation" of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Rockwell wanted a more
"ecumenical" approach and felt that the swastika banner was impeding organizational growth. Rockwell
was killed on August 25, 1967, before he could implement party reforms.[6]

On August 25, 1967, as Rockwell left a laundromat, a former follower named John Patler shot Rockwell
from the roof of the building. One missed, the other hit his chest and ruptured his heart. He was
pronounced dead at the scene.[24][25]

Koehl's succession and ideological divisions

Rockwell's second in command, Deputy Commander Matt Koehl, a staunch Hitlerist, assumed the
leadership role after a council agreed that he should retain command. In 1968, Koehl moved the party to a
new headquarters on 2507 North Franklin Road, clearly visible from Arlington's main thoroughfare,
Wilson Boulevard.[26] In 1969, NSWPP William Luther Pierce and Joseph Tommasi founded the National
Socialist Liberation Front (NSLF) as a youth wing of the American Nazi Party, aiming for it to appeal to
White college students.[27] In 1970, David Duke joined the NSLF youth wing (through mail order).[28]

Koehl's leadership style resulted in many members leaving the group or being kicked out.[29] The party
began to experience ideological divisions among its followers as it entered the 1970s.[30] Thereafter, the
members engaged in internecine disputes, and they were either expelled by Koehl or they resigned. After
the murder of Rockwell, the party dissipated and ad hoc organizations usurped the American Nazi Party
logo. Those included James Burford in Chicago and John Bishop in Iowa.[21] Some members of the
NSWPP chose to support William Luther Pierce, who was kicked out by Koehl,[31] and formed the
National Alliance in 1974.[30] Others went with Joseph Tommasi, who was abruptly kicked out of the
group for unclear reasons by Koehl in 1973.[32][33] Tommasi founded the National Socialist Liberation
Front in 1974, using the same name as the NSWPP's youth wing, but in effect an entirely new
group.[29][34] The new NSLF was a highly militant splinter of the NSWPP that attracted its most radical
members; members were linked to several violent attacks.[35]

In 1975, members of the California NSWPP were the subject of the academy award nominee
documentary film The California Reich.[36]
In 1982 the Internal Revenue Service took action to foreclose on the group's headquarters in Arlington,
Virginia.[37] The site of the party headquarters, 928 North Randolph Street in Ballston, Virginia, is now a
hotel and office building. After Rockwell's death, his successor Matt Koehl relocated the headquarters to
2507 North Franklin Road in Clarendon, Arlington, Virginia.[38] The small building, often misidentified
today as Rockwell's former headquarters became The Java Shack.[39][40]

New Order
Koehl's NSWPP changed its name to New Order on January 1, 1983, on the grounds that the people in
the area "are not people looking to join revolutionary organizations", saying that it was moving to an area
in the Midwest which it would not reveal for security reasons.[41] This was announced by Martin Kerr,
the leader at the Franklin Road headquarters.[42] Due to recruitment issues along with financial and legal
trouble, Koehl was forced to relocate the group's headquarters from the DC area, eventually finding his
way to scattered locations in Wisconsin and Michigan.[43] The name change reflected the group's neo-
Nazi mysticism and it was still known by that name in 2010.[42]

The organization briefly attracted the media's attention in October 1983, when it held a private meeting at
Yorktown High School in Arlington, Virginia.[44] New Order's Chief of Staff, Martin Kerr, claims that the
group is no longer a white supremacist group and focuses on advocating "in favor of [white] people, not
against other races or ethnicities...we consider the white people of the world to be a gigantic family of
racial brothers and sisters, united by ties of common ancestry and common heritage. Being for our own
family does not mean that we hate other families." The SPLC still classifies them as neo-Nazis and as a
"hate group."[45][46][47] After Koehl's death in 2014, Kerr assumed leadership and maintains the New
Order website and organization.[43]

Organization
The American Nazi Party's flag was a standard Nazi flag with a small blue dot in the center,[48][49]
supposed to represent a globe, which it was in some iterations.[50] An ANP storm trooper meeting with
journalist George Thayer explained that this blue dot was supposed to be representative of the United
Nations being consumed by Nazism.[48] In a 1967 issue of the ANP's The Stormtrooper Magazine, the
party stated the blue dot was added to symbolize internationalism and non-German white races, in which
they differed from the original Nazis, to "represent the world and all the White People who live in the
world".[50] After Rockwell was assassinated, the blue dot was removed from the party's flag and they
began using a standard Nazi flag; an internal memo reproduced by James K. Warner in his 1968 "open
letter" declared that the "pure Aryan Swastika of our ancestors is to be used unblemished."[49]

The ANP published several periodicals, run on a subscription, which it used to connect with the party's
various sympathizers. The sympathizers sometimes became members or followers of the group.[51] Its
first periodical, the National Socialist Bulletin, was founded in May 1960; it was a small periodical, 15
pages long for each issue. It published eight issues, before it was succeeded by The Stormtrooper
Magazine.[51] They also ran The Rockwell Report, starting in 1961; the Report, unlike the Bulletin, was a
full-size magazine.[52]
Rockwell and some party members established a "Stormtrooper Barracks" in an old mansion owned by
the widow of Willis Kern[24] in the Dominion Hills section of Arlington at what is now the Upton Hill
Regional Park. After Rockwell's murder, the headquarters was moved again to one side of a duplex brick
and concrete storefront at 2507 North Franklin Road which featured a swastika prominently mounted
above the front door. This site was visible from busy Wilson Boulevard. Today, the Franklin Road address
is often misidentified as Rockwell's headquarters when in fact it was the successor organization's last
physical address in Arlington (now a coffeehouse).[53][54][55]

Namesake organizations
Since the late 1960s, there have been a number of small unrelated groups that have used the name
"American Nazi Party."

Perhaps the first was led by James Warner and Allen Vincent and it consisted of members
of the California branch of the NSWPP.[56] This group announced its existence on January
1, 1968. In 1982 James Burford formed another "American Nazi Party" from disaffected
branches of the National Socialist Party of America.[57] This Chicago-based group remained
in existence until at least 1994.[58][59][21]
A small American Nazi Party, operating out of Davenport, Iowa, under the leadership of John
Robert Bishop, maintained a presence until its eventual decline in 1985.[60][21][61]
A former member of the original American Nazi Party, Rocky Suhayda, founded his own
organization using the American Nazi Party name and has been active since at least
2008.[62]
Harold Covington also ran a group that took the name National Socialist White People's
Party.[63]

See also
Fascism in the United States
Neo-Nazi groups of the United States

References
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8. Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 13.
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Works cited
Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2002). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics
of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3124-6.
Green, Michael S.; Stabler, Scott L. (2015). Ideas and Movements that Shaped America:
From the Bill of Rights to "Occupy Wall Street". Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-
61069-251-9.
Kaplan, Jeffrey, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical
Racist Right. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7425-0340-3.
Marks, Kathy (1996). Faces of Right Wing Extremism. Boston: Branden Books. ISBN 978-0-
8283-2016-0.
Schmaltz, William H. (2000). Hate: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party.
Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-262-9.
Schmaltz, William H. (2013). For Race And Nation: George Lincoln Rockwell and the
American Nazi Party. River's Bend Press. ISBN 978-1-935607-13-7.
Simonelli, Frederick J. (1999). American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the
American Nazi Party. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02285-2.
Sunshine, Spencer (2024). Neo-Nazi Terrorism and Countercultural Fascism: The Origins
and Afterlife of James Mason's Siege. Routledge Studies in Fascism and the Far Right. New
York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-57601-0.
Thayer, George (1968) [1967]. The Farther Shores of Politics: The American Political Fringe
Today. London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press.

External links
Federal Bureau of Investigation - American Nazi Party monograph, June 1965 (https://vault.f
bi.gov/American%20Nazi%20Party%20) – Detailed report on George Lincoln Rockwell and
the original American Nazi Party

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