JAVA
1.
Install Java
2.
a. Install JDK ([Link]
[Link])
b. Install IntelliJ
([Link]
1.
Sample Code
2.
Functions
A function is a block of code which takes some input, performs
some operations and returns some output.
The functions stored inside classes are called methods.
The function we have used is called main.
Class
A class is a group of objects which have common properties. A
class can have some properties and functions (called
methods).
The class we have used is Main.
1.
Our 1st Program
2.
package [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Our 1st Program
[Link]("Hello World");
}
}
1.
Variables
2.
A variable is a container (storage area) used to hold data.
Each variable should be given a unique name (identifier).
package [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Variables
String name = "Aman";
int age = 30;
String neighbour = "Akku";
String friend = neighbour;
}
}
1.
Data Types
2.
Data types are declarations for variables. This determines the
type and size of data associated with variables which is
essential to know since different data types occupy different
sizes of memory.
There are 2 types of Data Types :
Primitive Data types : to store simple values
Non-Primitive Data types : to store complex values
Primitive Data Types
These are the data types of fixed size.
Data Meaning Siz Range
Type e
(in Bytes)
byte
2’s complement integer 1 -128 to 127
short
2’s complement integer 2 -32K to 32K
int Integer numbers 4 -2B to 2B
long
2’s complement integer 8 -9,223,372,036,854,775,808
to
(larger values) 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
float Floating-point 4 Upto 7 decimal digits
double Double Floating-point 8 Upto 16 decimal digits
char Character 2 a, b, c ..
A, B, C ..
@, #, $ ..
bool Boolean 1 True, false
Non-Primitive Data Types
These are of variable size & are usually declared with a ‘new’
keyword.
Eg : String, Arrays
String name = new String("Aman");
int[] marks = new int[3];
marks[0] = 97;
marks[1] = 98;
marks[2] = 95;
1.
String Class
2.
Strings are immutable non-primitive data types in Java. Once
a string is created it’s value cannot be changed i.e. if we wish
to alter its value then a new string with a new value has to be
created.
This class in java has various important methods that can be
used for Java objects. These include:
a.
Concatenation
b.
String name1 = new String("Aman");
String description = new String("is a good boy.");
String sentence = name1 + description;
[Link](sentence);
a.
CharAt
b.
String name = new String("Aman");
[Link]([Link](0));
a.
Length
b.
String name = new String("Aman");
[Link]([Link]());
a.
Replace
b.
String name = new String("Aman");
[Link]([Link]('a', 'b'));
a.
Substring
b.
String name = new String("AmanAndAkku");
[Link]([Link](0, 4));
1.
Arrays
2.
Arrays in Java are like a list of elements of the same type i.e. a
list of integers, a list of booleans etc.
a.
Creating an Array (method 1) - with new keyword
b.
int[] marks = new int[3];
marks[0] = 97;
marks[1] = 98;
marks[2] = 95;
a.
Creating an Array (method 2)
b.
int[] marks = {98, 97, 95};
1.
Casting
2.
Casting in java is the assigning values of one type to another.
The types being considered here are compatible i.e. we can
only assign values of a number type to another type storing
numbers (vice-versa is not allowed i.e. floating values cannot
be assigned to boolean data types).
Casting in Java is of 2 types:
a.
Implicit casting
b.
This casting is done by java implicitly i.e. on its own. It is
assigning smaller values to larger data types.
float price = 100.00F;
int gst = 18;
float finalPrice = price + gst;
a.
Explicit casting
b.
This casting is done by the programmer. It is assigning
larger values to smaller data types.
int price = 100;
float gst = 18.00F;
int finalPrice = price + (int)gst;
1.
Constants
2.
A constant is a variable in Java which has a fixed value i.e. it
cannot be assigned a different value once assigned.
package [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Constants
final float PI = 3.14F;
}
}
1.
Operators
2.
There are 4 types of operators in Java :
a.
Arithmetic Operators
b.
Arithmetic operators are just like operators we used in
Math. These include:
1.
‘+’ Add
2.
int a = 30;
int b = 40;
int sum = a + b;
1.
‘-’ Subtract
2.
int a = 30;
int b = 40;
int diff = a - b;
1.
‘*’ Multiply
2.
int a = 30;
int b = 40;
int mul = a * b;
1.
‘/’ Divide
2.
int a = 30;
int b = 40;
int div = a / b;
1.
‘%’ Modulo - Remainder of a/b
2.
int a = 30;
int b = 40;
int modulo = a % b;
1.
Unary Operators
2.
int a = 30;
a++;
a--;
Pre-incrementer : It increments the value of the
operand instantly.
Post-incrementer : It stores the current value of
the operand temporarily and only after that
statement is completed, the value of the operand
is incremented.
Pre-decrementer : It decrements the value of the
operand instantly.
Post-decrementer : It stores the current value of
the operand temporarily and only after that
statement is completed, the value of the operand
is decremented.
a.
Assignment Operators
b.
Operator Operation Example
= Assigns value of right operand to left A=B will put
operand value of B in
A
+= Adds right operand to the left A+=B
operand and assigns the result to means A =
left operand. A+B
-= Subtracts right operand from the left A-=B means
operand and assigns the result to A=A-B
left operand.
*= Multiplies the right operand with A*=B means
the left operand and assigns the A=A*B
result to the left operand.
/= Divides left operand with the right A/=B means
operand and assigns the result to left A=A/B
operand.
a.
Comparison/Relational Operators
b.
Relational operators define the relation between 2 entities.
They give a boolean value as result i.e true or false.
Suppose : A=5 and B=10
Operator Operation Example
== Gives true if two operands are equal A==B is
not
true
!= Gives true if two operands are not equal A!=B is
true
> Gives true if left operand is more A>B is
than right operand not
true
< Gives true if left operand is less than right A<B is
operand true
>= Gives true if left operand is more A>=B is
than right operand or equal to it not
true
<= Gives true if left operand is more A<=B is
than right operand or equal to it true
a.
Logical Operators
b.
Logical operators are used to connect multiple
expressions or conditions together.
We have 3 basic logical operators.
Suppose : A=0 and B=1
Operator Operation Example
&& AND operator. Gives true if both (A && B)
operands are non zero is
false
|| OR operator. Gives true if atleast one (A || B)
of the two operands are non-zero. is
true
! NOT operator. Reverse the logical state of !A is true
operand
1.
Math class
2.
Math is an important class in Java that is extensively used and
has a lot of interesting functions.
To import - import [Link];
Some functions include:
a.
Max
b.
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
[Link](a, b);
a.
Min
b.
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
[Link](a,b);
a.
Random
b.
int randomNumber = (int)([Link]()*100);
1.
Taking Input
2.
We take input using the Scanner class and input various types
of data using it.
To import the Scanner class - import [Link];
Example :
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
int n = [Link]();
float a = [Link]();
String name = [Link]();
String line = [Link]();
1.
Conditional Statements ‘if-else’
2.
The if block is used to specify the code to be executed if the
condition specified in if is true, the else block is executed
otherwise.
int age = 30;
if(age > 18) {
[Link]("This is an adult");
} else {
[Link]("This is not an adult");
}
1.
Conditional Statements ‘switch’
2.
Switch case statements are a substitute for long if statements
that compare a
variable to multiple values. After a match is found, it executes
the
corresponding code of that value case.
int n = 1;
switch(n) {
case 1 :
[Link]("Monday");
break;
case 2 :
[Link]("Tuesday");
break;
case 3 :
[Link]("Wednesday");
break;
case 4 :
[Link]("Thursday");
break;
case 5:
[Link]("Friday");
break;
case 6 :
[Link]("Saturday");
break;
default :
[Link]("Sunday");
}
1.
Break & Continue
2.
Jumps in loops are used to control the flow of loops. There are
two statements used to implement jump in loops - Continue
and Break. These statements are used when we need to
change the flow of the loop when some specified condition is
met.
Continue statement is used to skip to the next iteration of
that loop. This means that it stops one iteration of the loop.
All the statements present after the continue statement in
that loop are not executed.
int i;
for (i=1; i<=20; i++) {
if (i%3==0) {
continue;
}
[Link](i);
}
In this for loop, whenever i is a number divisible by 3, it will
not be printed as the loop will skip to the next iteration due to
the continue statement. Hence, all the numbers except those
which are divisible by 3 will be printed.
Break statement is used to terminate the current loop. As
soon as the break statement is encountered in a loop, all
further iterations of the loop are stopped and control is
shifted to the first statement after the end of loop.
int i;
for (i=1; i<=20; i++) {
if (i == 11) {
break;
}
[Link](i);
}
In this loop, when i becomes equal to 11, the for loop
terminates due to break statement, Hence, the program will
print numbers from 1 to 10 only.
1.
Loops
2.
A loop is used for executing a block of statements repeatedly
until a particular condition is satisfied. A loop consists of an
initialization statement, a test condition and an increment
statement.
For Loop
The syntax of the for loop is :
for (initialization; condition; update) {
// body of-loop
}
for (int i=1; i<=20; i++) {
[Link](i);
}
While Loop
The syntax for while loop is :
while(condition) {
// body of the loop
}
int i = 0;
while(i<=20) {
[Link](i);
i++;
}
Do-While Loop
The syntax for the do-while loop is :
do {
// body of loop;
}
while (condition);
int i = 0;
do {
[Link](i);
i++;
} while(i<=20);
1.
Exception Handling (try-catch)
2.
Exception Handling in Java is a mechanism to handle the
runtime errors so that normal flow of the application can be
maintained.
It is done using 2 keywords - ‘try’ and ‘catch’.
Additional keywords like finally, throw and throws can also be
used if we dive deep into this concept.
int[] marks = {98, 97, 95};
try {
[Link](marks[4]);
} catch (Exception exception) {
[Link]("An exception for caught while accessing
an index the 'marks' array");
}
[Link]("We tried to print marks & an exception must
have occurred with index >=3");
1.
Methods/Functions
2.
A function is a block of code that performs a specific task.
Why are functions used?
a.
If some functionality is performed at multiple places in
software, then rather than writing the same code, again and
again, we create a function and call it everywhere. This helps
reduce code redundancy.
b.
c.
Functions make maintenance of code easy as we have to
change at one place if we make future changes to the
functionality.
d.
e.
Functions make the code more readable and easy to
understand.
f.
The syntax for function declaration is :
return-type function_name (parameter 1, parameterϮ
…… parameter n){ //function_body
}
return-type
The return type of a function is the data type of the variable
that that function returns.
For eg- If we write a function that adds 2 integers and returns
their sum then the return type of this function will be ‘int’ as
we will return a sum that is an integer value.
When a function does not return any value, in that case the
return type of the function is ‘void’.
function_name
It is the unique name of that function.
It is always recommended to declare a function before it is
used.
Parameters
A function can take some parameters as inputs. These
parameters are specified along with their data types.
For eg- if we are writing a function to add 2 integers, the
parameters would be passed like –
int add (int num1, int num2)
main function
The main function is a special function as the computer starts
running the code from the beginning of the main function.
Main function serves as the entry point for the program.
Example :
package [Link];
public class Main {
//A METHOD to calculate sum of 2 numbers - a & b
public static void sum(int a, int b) {
int sum = a + b;
[Link](sum);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
sum(a, b); // Function Call
}
}
1.
Mini-Project
2.
Let’s create a project where we are trying to ask the user to
guess a randomly generated number.
The number is in the range of 1 to 100.
If the user guesses a number that is greater, we print “The
number is too large”.
If the user guesses a number that is smaller, we print “The
number is too small”.
If the user is able to correctly guess the number, then we print
“Correct Number!”.
At the end we will print the number that was generated by our
Math library.
LET THE GUESSING BEGIN :)
CODE
package [Link];
import [Link];
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//MINI PROJECT
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
int myNumber = (int)([Link]()*100);
int userNumber = 0;
do {
[Link]("Guess my number(1-100) : ");
userNumber = [Link]();
if(userNumber == myNumber) {
[Link]("WOOHOO .. CORRECT
NUMBER!!!");
break;
}
else if(userNumber > myNumber) {
[Link]("your number is too large");
}
else {
[Link]("your number is too small");
}
} while(userNumber >= 0);
[Link]("My number was : ");
[Link](myNumber);
