------------------------------------------------March -26 Linux

Basics----------------------------------

day-->1

1. mkdir --> This command will help us to create a new directory.

Syntax --> mkdir <directoryName>

example --> mkdir linMar26

example --> mkdir day1

2. ls --> This command will hel us to list/listing all the files as well as
directories available.

example --> ls

2.1 ls -a --> This comand is similar to ls command but if there is any kind of
hidden files of directory
then we can use this command and here -a is a flag to list all the files or
dir.

3. cd --> If i want to change my directory so i will be using this command.

Syntax --> cd <DirectoryName>

Example --> cd linMar26

3.1 cd .. --> This command will allow us to move back one directory.

example --> cd ..

3.2 cd ../.. --> This command will allow us to move back 2 directory at the same
time.

example -> If i want to move back 4 directories ?

# cd ../../../.. OR cd --> this command will also allow to come back 4

directories

4. touch --> This comand will help us to create an empty file.

Syntax --> touch <YourFileName>

example -->touch file2.txt

4.1 touch file3.txt file4.txt file5.txt --> This command will create 3 empty files
on the same time.

Syntax --> touch <fileName1> <FileName2> <FileName3>

example --> touch 1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt 5.txt

5. rm --> This command will allow us to delete or remove a file inside the
directory.

syntax --> rm <fileName>

 example --> rm 1

5.1 rm 2 3 --> if we want to delete multile files at the same time so we can use
this command.

syntax --> rm <file1> <file2>

example --> rm 2 3

5.2 rm *.txt --> This command will allow us to delete all the txt files on the same
time.

example --> rm *.txt

6. Editors in linux --> nano , vi

6.1 nano --> This is an editor available in linux in order to edit the file,create
text based files.

syntax --> nano <filename>

example --> nano file3.txt

how to save and exit from the nano editor -->

Ctrl + s --> To save
Ctrl + x --> To exit

6.2 vi --> This is another type of editor avaliable in linux in ordwer to edit as
well as create
text based files.

Note --> once we are inside vi editor we have to go inside the INSERT mode by
pressing "i" and once
we have added all the data we have to press "Esc" key to come out from the insert
mode.

how to save and exit from vi editor --> :wq here w is to write/save the data and q
is to quit from
the editor.

syntax --> vi <fileName>

example --> vi demo.txt

7. sudo su --> If we want some admin priveledges the we can use this command and we
will become a root
user. here sudo means "superuser do"

example --> sudo su

8. cat --> This command will allow us to see the data inside the a particular file.

Syntax --> cat <fileName>

Example --> cat file3.txt

9. rmdir --> This command will allow us to remove a directory but this is having
some condition that
 the directory should be empty.

syntax --> rmdir <directoryName>

Example --> rmdir LINIX2

----------------------------------------------day-
2------------------------------------------

How to delete a directory which is having files inside it ??

10. rm -r -f LINUX --> This command will allow us to delete a directory even if it
is having
some files inside it so in that case we can use this command.here -r is for
recursive and it
removes the directory as well as it content and -f flag means forcefully we are
deleting
directory without any confirmation.

Syntax --> rm -rf <DirectoryName>

example --> rm -rf LINUX.

11. pwd --> This command will help us to see the present working directory where i
am
curently working.

example --> pwd.

12. echo "hello Everyone" --> This command is having multiples uses and it will
return the

same string. Single and double quotes both will work.

Syntax --> echo "Your String"

Example --> echo "hello Everyone!"

12.1 echo "This is a new text file" > file6.txt --> This command will allow us to
either to
create a new file or to edit an exiting/empty file.

Syntax --> echo "Your String" > <fileName>

13. cp --> This command will help us to copy data from source file to destination
file.There
is one limitation of using cp command that the actaul data in the destination
is replaced
from the source file but it actual data is lost. we are having one alternative
using cat
command.

Syntax --> cp <Sourcefile> <DestinationFile>

Example --> cp newfile1.txt newfile2.txt

13.1 cat newfile1.txt >> newfile3.txt--> Cat cmmand also helps us to append tha
data into the destination file without removing
the existing data.
 Syntax --> cat <SourceFile> >> <DestinationFile>

14. grep --> This command will allow us to search specific data from an existing
file and
it will return the entire data but the data we are searching will be highlighed
with some
color.

Syntax --> grep "text you want to search" <fileName>

example --> grep "Pattern" pattern.txt

14.1 grep -i "text" pattern.txt --> This command will seach the text but with the
help of
-i flag it will ignore the case.The full form of grep is global regular
expression
print.

syntax --> grep -i "text" <filename>

example --> grep -i "text" pattern.txt

14.2 grep -i -E "This|PATTERN" pattern.txt if we want to search multipl strings at

the same time which are not together inside a
file then in that case we will be using pipe operator(|).-E here is for
extended regular
expressions

15. cal --> This command will show us the calender of the month.

Syntax --> cal <month> <year>

example --> cal 04 2025

15.1 ncal --> This will also show us the calender but in a different format.

Syntax--> ncal <month> <year>

Example --> ncal 10 2022

15.2 ncal -y --> This command will show us the calender for entire/curent year.

Syntax --> ncal/cal -y <Specificyear>

example --> ncal -y 2025

16. sudo apt update --> When we want to install some package into our linux then
firstly we
have to updates the packages.here apt is the package manager of linux.

17. vim newfile --> This is another text editor almost identical to your vi editor.

--------------------------------------------------Day-
3------------------------------------------------

18. ifconfig --> This command will help us to find the Ip address of the linux
based OS.

Kali Linux VM IP address --> 192.168.11.128

Windows base Machine IP address --> 192.168.242.1

19 ping --> This command will help us to check the connectivity between two
different machines.

Syntax --> ping <targetmachineIP>

example --> ping 192.168.242.1 here i am checking the connectivity from kali
linux to windows base
machine.

20 mv --> This command is used to rename a file as well as it will also help us to
move a file to a
specified location.

syntax --> mv <SourceFilename> <DestinationFileName>

example --> mv file1.txt file2.txt

20.1 mv --> mv command is also used to rename an existiing file.

Syntax --> mv <oldFileName> <NewFileName>

example --> mv file2.txt newfile2.txt

20.2 mv --> Mv command will help us to move a file from one location to another.

Syntax --> mv <filename> <path/../>

21 top --> This command will help us to see all the processes running in the
background along with its
Process ID,CPU usage etc.

22 whoami --> This command will display us we are working as which user or the name
of the user.

23 w --> This command will give me some additional info about the user.

24 wget --> This commad will help us to diwnload a file from the internet .

Syntax --> wget <diwnloadlink>

25. history --> This command will return us all the executed commands on the linux
terminal.