TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF MATEHUALA.

Degree: Civil Engineering, Group A.

DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS

REINFORCED

DESIGN OF SLABS
Jason Brian Mendoza Salinas

Tuesday, December 7, 2021

Classification and types of analysis.

The analysis of slabs is understood as the determination of internal actions in

a plate given when the applied load is known. This determination is more
difficult in the case of beams, because slabs are highly specialized elements
hyperstatic. The analysis of slabs can be carried out using the methods of
Theory of Elasticity that is described briefly below.

Analytical method
It is a difficult exact solution to propose for slabs of complicated geometry, therefore
which for practical purposes is not advisable

Finite differences
It is a method of numerical integration. An approximate solution that aims to
principle of solution to represent the derivatives of the differential equation in
finite differences. If initial or boundary conditions are considered, it will be a
convergent driving process and approximate to the exact solution as a function
of the number of differences considered. This procedure is prior to that of
finite elements and has the limitation of greater complexity in the
compliance with the boundary conditions, which is why in practice it is used
in a way that is unusual compared to finite elements.

Finite elements
It is an approximate solution through function interpolation whose model
a mathematician is the discretization or subdivision of fields, and to each field is assigned
denomination subfield or finite element. For the solution of the differential equation
an equivalent mathematical expression and interpolation functions are determined
that makes it stationary. The equivalent mathematical expression to the equations
differentials are called variational or functional principle. The discretization in
finite elements will be a convergent process to the exact solution if certain conditions are met
requirements of consistency and continuity mentioned above

Marcus method (relative stiffnesses)

Allows visualization of the behavior of edge-supported slabs that are
It was used for design purposes for some time. This method is based on calculation.
of the double Laplacian by the finite difference method. For this, the
expression.
Assume a rectangular slab freely supported along its entire perimeter in the
the two central bands C1 and L1 have been marked that correspond to the clearing
short and clearly long, respectively, which has a uniformly distributed load.
distributed w. The central point of the slab is part of the C1 and L1 bands
simultaneously, so the deflections at the midpoint can be equalized
from each strip, as follows
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Moment coefficient tables
The most commonly used slab analysis method in practice consists of the use of
moment coefficient tables, obtained by one of the methods
more refined mentioned earlier. The determination of the moments by means of
from these coefficients it is straightforward, but of course it can only be analyzed
regular shaped slabs with uniform load. When establishing the coefficient tables
At times, the results of the elastic analyses are modified to take into account
count the most important differences between ideal slabs and slabs of
reinforced concrete. Some of these differences are as follows:
a) The moment distributions in reinforced concrete slabs are
different from elastic distributions, due to the influence of
cracking.
b) The support conditions of slabs in real structures do not correspond to
the ideal conditions of the elastically analyzed slabs. For example, the
Real slabs are usually supported by beams that have finite bending stiffness.
that is, they have some flexibility, while the ideal slabs are
supported on infinitely rigid supports. Also the beams of structures
rails work as T-beams with a hard-to-define web width, which
it implies uncertainty in its rigidity. This is not taken into account in the analyses.
common elastics.
c) According to the theoretical distributions of moments, these vary as
length of the slab axes. Since it is not practical to distribute the steel
reinforcement following theoretical distributions, it is common to consider two or three
zones of constant moments

REINFORCED SLABS IN ONE AND TWO DIRECTIONS

In reinforced concrete buildings, the slabs are those elements

structural structures plans that allow, firstly, to supply
support surfaces for vertical loads, whether they are live or dead, and in
second term act as a tie element (diaphragm) to the system of
columns and walls which ultimately support the structure.
In our environment, the most commonly used slabs in buildings are unidirectional.
and of the lightweight type, these cover lights on average up to 5m. However,
for larger lights and for a better distribution of the loads towards both
system directions use reinforced slabs in two directions.
The slab can be directly supported on columns or rest on walls.
cargo ships, concrete or steel beams thus creating different conditions
of support that indicate special forms of structural work. For example, if
the slab rests along its entire perimeter on rigid load-bearing beams or on
walls have the system of perimeter-supported slabs which can
work in one or two directions depending on the relationship of their sides. If the
the slab rests on only two beams or load-bearing walls the slab is in one
direction. If it finally rests directly on the columns, it generates
two types of unique surfaces in reinforced concrete: the flat slab and the plate
Unlike unidirectional slabs, two-way slabs achieve
that the vertical loads are distributed more evenly among the beams then these
towards the columns and finally towards the foundations, that is to say the design loads
about each of these elements is more uniform compared to the
previous ones where these elements will be in higher demand in a
determined direction.
ARMED SLABS IN TWO DIRECTIONS
The bidirectional slab is a reinforced concrete panel subjected to bending in more than one direction.
one way. Many variants of this type of construction have been used
for mezzanines and ceilings, including flat slabs, solid flat slabs, and slabs
lightweight plates with box slots. The flat plate is the most
simple of the two-way slab systems (reinforced in two directions) in
how much analysis, sizing, detailing, manufacturing, and placement of rods
and formwork. The flat slab is defined as a bidirectional slab of thickness
uniform, supported by any combination of columns and walls, with or without
beams on the edges, and without abacuses, column capitals, or consoles. The
shear effort and deflection limit the spans of flat plates to no more than
9 meters if the loads are light and no more than 6 meters if the loads are
heavy. Although it is true that the use of reinforcing steel around the
columns understand those limits a little, the main application of this way of
construction allows the use of smaller columns. However, it can
to use other variations in order to extend the economic limits of load
and clear free.
REINFORCED SLABS IN ONE DIRECTION
Structurally, there are two types of perimeter-supported slabs.
and flat. The first ones are those that are necessarily supported in their entire
perimeter over its supports (walls and/or beams), and the second are those that
They are supported only on columns. Based on the experiences of the earthquakes.
Since 1985, the use of flat slabs has almost been eliminated as most of
the buildings that used this slab system either failed or were seriously compromised
damaged during the incident.
This is due to the enormous shear punching effort exerted by the
column in the slab; to the supports (columns) have no restrictions
around and no rigid frames are formed in the structure.
Slabs are structural elements whose dimensions in plan are
relatively large compared to their thickness. The slabs that work
in a direction, they are those that work only the direction
perpendicular to the supports, this occurs when in a perimeter slab
supported there is a side that is twice or more than twice larger than
the other side. This is defined as the relationship.