SECULAR UNIVERSITY

ELOY ALFARO FROM

LEARNING

Integrative project

AUTHORS:
CANTOS PEÑAFIEL MARIA
MY LAST NAME IS KATHERINE
Nazarene Denisse Mojarrango
PROAÑO CHELE JORDANO
SUAREZ ANCHUNDIA BRIGITTE

TEACHER

Dr. Eng. Juan Luis Rodríguez

COURSE:
5 'A'

THEME: INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

(CYCLE EIGHT)

MANTA, 2016
 Index

COVERA....................................................................................................................... 0
Index ............................................................................................................................ 1
1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 2
2 JUSTIFICATION 3
3 OBJECTIVES 4
3.1 General objective: ....................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Specific objectives: ................................................................................................ 4
4 Marco theoreticalo .5
4.1 History of the internal combustion engine .................................................................. 5
4.2 Internal combustion engine .................................................................................... 5
4.3 Otto Cycle Internal Combustion Engine ................................................................................ 7
Advances of the internal combustion engines Otto cycle ........................................................ 8

5 Substance of worko ............................................................................................... 9

5.1 Some examples of work substance are: ........................................................... 9
5.2 EIGHT AIR CYCLE ................................................................................................ 10
5.3 GASOLINE................................................................................................................ 11
5.4 Comparison of gasoline and diesel engine classes .............................................. 12
5.5 The 4 phases of a gasoline engine are: ................. 13
5.6 The 4 phases of a Diesel engine are: .............................................................. 13
6 Performance of the Otto cycle ideal ....................................................................... 14
7 Conclusionn ............................................................................................................ 16
8 Bibliography........................................................................................................... 17
 INTRODUCTION

The origins of engines are very remote. Especially when considering the beginnings or
precedents of some constitutive elements of the engines, essential for their
functioning as such.

Considered as complete and functional machines, and producers of mechanical energy.

Currently, internal combustion engines, despite the associated problems
(energy crises, dependence on oil, air pollution, increase in
CO2 levels are still essential and are manufactured according to very different designs.
a very wide range of powers that goes from a few watts to thousands of kW.

The design created by Mr. FEDERICO AUGUSTO OTTO is already over 143 years old.
and it has been refined to such an extent that it has reached the limit of mechanical performance and
qualitative; all of this is the result of clever creative flashes and many hours of
labor. Even so, the organic performance of the whole barely reaches a nascent
forty percent. Of course, remembering the fifteen percent yield of the
majestic steam machine, we notice a great advance.

It is one of the most used machines today and of which it is known to be one of
the cause of environmental damage due to its oil consumption.
An internal combustion engine. It is a type of machine that obtains mechanical energy.
directly from the chemical energy of a fuel that burns inside a chamber of
combustion. Its name is due to the fact that this combustion occurs inside the machine
in itself, unlike, the steam engine.

The internal combustion engine has improved in many aspects, the performance of the
engines have evolved from the order of 10% that the first engines reached,
up to 35% or 40% that is achieved today. The performance of the engines is not the
the only aspect that has been improved, but based on applied new technologies, various
electronic applications, improvements in fuels, lighter materials and
resistant, etc., have achieved brutal powers in these thermal engines.
 2 JUSTIFICATION

The present integrative project has been determined as the object in the study of the engine.
of internal combustion Otto and know its efficiency.

The topic is very helpful for the necessary knowledge in the subject so
we present interest, required time, and the necessary resources to develop the
study; On the other hand, from a methodological point of view, this research generates
more practical knowledge of that subject

Carrying out this research project allows us to understand how it works.

of said internal combustion engine since it is an open field in which it is very useful
It is feasible to understand the functioning and the processes involved in them.

3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 3 OBJECTIVES

3.1 General objective:

Know the elements in the internal combustion engine 'Otto Cycle' and its
functioning

3.2 Specific Objectives:

Correctly understanding internal combustion engines and their operation from this
work

Know the parts of an Otto cycle internal combustion engine

Know the four strokes of the Otto cycle

Explain the operation of the Otto cycle.

 4 Theoretical Framework

4.1 History of the internal combustion engine

Since the French inventor Denis Papin built his first machine in 1687
vapor capable of moving by itself, until the triumph of engineer James Watt with his other machine
of steam with a notable and improvable performance, there were many modifications, that each time
they were improving this technology more, but there was another competitor who was going to go much further, the
internal combustion engine. By the mid-19th century, the steam engine was working well, but
had the problem of its large volume for application in vehicles. An engine was needed that
combine the stove, the boiler, and the cylinder of the steam engine into a small unit and
light. The internal combustion engine in which the injected fuel, mixed with air,
it is detonated to move a piston inside a cylinder, it turned out to be the most suitable solution.

The first alternative gasoline internal combustion engines that set the
The foundations of what we know today were built almost simultaneously by Karl Benz and Gottlieb.
Daimler. Previous attempts at internal combustion engines did not have the phase of
compression, but they worked with a mixture of air and fuel that was drawn in or
blown inside during the first part of the system's movement. The most distinct
significant between modern internal combustion engines and old designs is
the use of compression.

Considered as complete and functional machines, and producers of energy.

mechanics, there are some examples of engines before the 19th century. From the production
oil commercial in the mid-19th century (1850) the improvements and innovations were
very important. By the end of that century there were a multitude of engine varieties
used in all types of applications.

Despite the associated problems (energy, dependency, pollution of

air, increased levels of CO2) are still essential and are manufactured according to
very different designs and a very wide range of powers that goes from a few watts
up to thousands of kW

4.2 Internal Combustion Engine

An internal combustion engine is a type of
machine that obtains mechanical energy
directly from the chemical energy of a
fuel that burns inside a combustion chamber. Its name is due to the fact that
this combustion occurs within the machine itself, unlike by

example, the steam engine.

THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES

The purpose of an engine is to perform work as efficiently as possible, for that various
people devised the internal combustion engine that would replace the steam engine, of this
way they would optimize the world of engines. In the case of internal combustion engines, the
the work to be done is achieved thanks to an explosion, that explosion is achieved thanks to the
internal energy of the fuel that ignites. All fuel has an internal energy that
can be transformed into work, then, in internal combustion engines, energy
used for the engine to perform work is the internal energy of the fuel. This energy
internal manifests itself with an increase in pressure and temperature (explosion), which is what
will do a job.

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES

In order to continue the cycle, a mechanism capable of producing four piston strokes is needed.
to carry out the four processes of the cycle, the crank-slider mechanism used is also in the
steam engine is the most suitable.

The force supplied to the moving crankshaft does work. The work it performs
the engine for each turn that the crankshaft makes on itself is defined as torque.
Therefore, the torque is proportional to the force of the explosion, since the revolutions do not come into play.
of the crankshaft per unit of time. Where the crankshaft revolutions do intervene is in the
developed power, which we define as the amount of work (motor torque) per unit of
time. Power is proportional to the torque and the revolutions the crankshaft makes per unit of
time (rpm)

Power = Torque x rpm

The power is reflected in the maximum average acceleration and in the top speed, that is,
the more power, the less time to reach a speed and a higher maximum speed
of the vehicle.

4-STROKE ENGINE

The four-stroke engine was a revolution in the world of engines, since Alphonse Beau
de Rochas conceived this cycle and later Nikolaus August Otto improved it, there have been many more
changes that have improved its performance and is still used today. Next
We will explain what the four-stroke cycle is based on.

4.3 Combustion Engine Otto Cycle

The Otto cycle is a set of processes used by internal combustion engines.
(2-stroke or 4-stroke). These engines accept a mixture of fuel and air, which is
compressed so that it can react effectively to the addition of heat, so the
chemical energy of the mixture can be transformed into thermal energy, and through the
the expansion of combustion products produces movement, and subsequently
the exhaust gases from combustion are expelled and subsequently replaced by
a new mixture of fuel and air.
The efficiency or thermal performance of an engine of this type depends on the ratio of
compression, ratio between the maximum and minimum volumes of the chamber of
combustion. This ratio is usually from 8 to 1 up to 10 to 1 in most engines
Modern Otto. Higher proportions can be used, such as 12 to 1, increasing
thus the engine's efficiency, but this design requires the use of high fuels
octane index to avoid detonation. (this is false)
A low compression ratio does not require fuel with a high octane number.
to avoid this phenomenon; in the same way, a high compression requires a
high octane number fuel, to avoid the effects of detonation, that is,
that there is an auto-ignition of the fuel before the spark occurs in the
spark plug.
The average efficiency of a good 4-stroke Otto engine is between 25 to 30%, lower
the performance achieved with diesel engines, which reach efficiencies of 30 to 45%,
due precisely to its higher compression ratio.

NEW TECHNOLOGIES
In recent years, the application of electronics in 4-stroke engines in automotive technology
it has been very important, with how engine technology has been able to grow and grow until
to achieve engines with high performance, low consumption, and brutal power. In this section, we
They will explain two systems that are starting to be used today.

Advances in Otto cycle internal combustion engines

[Link] Engines with VVT-i system:

The variable valve timing system is a system that changes the opening duration.
and closure 66vrTX NV brief TX of the air intake (or exhaust gas) valves in a
alternative internal combustion engine, especially of the Otto cycle, based on the
conditions of regime and motor load in order to optimize the process of
renewal of the load. The ultimate goal is to improve volumetric performance in all
the circumstances, without resorting to supercharging devices.

An engine equipped with a variable valve timing system is freed from this
restriction, which allows for improved performance in the operating range
of the engine. In low rpm areas, a reduced overlap promotes stable idle and a
lower gas emissions
[Link] Direct gasoline injection system:
The direct injection of gasoline enables an exact definition of the intervals of
fuel supply in each working cycle of the pistons as well as a precise
control of the time needed to prepare the air-fuel mixture. In some
partial load conditions of the engine, the fuel is injected very close to the spark plug
and with a certain cylindrical turbulence (tumble effect) at the end of the phase of
compression while the piston is moving towards its top dead center. It is
concentrated mixture load can be exploded even if the engine is in
those moments in a work phase with a certain excess of air (1/12.4). Its
the degree of thermodynamic effectiveness is correspondingly higher. Compared to
An injection system in the intake manifold (MPI) achieves significant
advantages of fuel consumption thanks to the elimination of the aforementioned stranglehold

5 Substance of work

It is a fluid in which energy can be stored and from which it can be taken.
Fluid is a liquid, gas, or vapor (a substance that offers little resistance to
transformations).

5.1 Some examples of working substance are:

Steam (steam turbine)

Air (air compressor)

Mixture of air and gasoline (internal combustion engine)

Windmill (air)

Hydraulic turbine (water)

Cooling system (refrigerant)

The cycles of real internal combustion engines are quite complex. To reduce
the analysis at a manageable level uses the following approaches, known
commonly as standard air assumptions:

The working fluid is air and always behaves like an ideal gas.

All the processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible.
3. The combustion process is replaced by a heat addition process from a
external source.

4. The escape process is replaced by a heat rejection process that returns to the
workflow to its initial state.

5.2 EIGHT AIR CYCLE

The Otto cycle consists of four internally reversible processes in series.

Process 1-2 is an isentropic compression of air, when

the piston moves from the bottom dead center to the
upper dead point.

Process 2-3, the air absorbs heat at constant volume, from

an external source, while the piston is at the point
superior dead. This process represents the ignition of the
mixes air fuel and the consequent rapid combustion.

Process 3-4 is an isentropic expansion (stroke of

work)

Process 4-1, at constant volume, in which the air releases heat.

while the piston is at the BDC. (bottom dead center)
5.3 GASOLINE
THE 4 STROKES OF THE COMBUSTION ENGINE
The movement of the pistons inside the cylinder is divided into 4 different strokes.
and each of them with a mission.
First Admission Time: the mixture of gasoline and air enters. The piston goes down.

Second Time Compression-ignition: it

compress the mixture when raising the piston. It explodes because of

the spark of a spark plug (gasoline ones) or by

compress it a lot (diesel).

Third Time Expansion: the explosion makes

lower the piston strongly, producing work.

Fourth Time Escape: by raising the piston by

inertia sends the gases from the explosion outward
(through the exhaust pipe).

The piston moves up and down through the cylinders and is a plunger that fits inside.
the walls of the cylinder using flexible rings called segments. The pistons are
they are placed inside the cylinder. Through the connecting rod and crankshaft joint, its
alternative motion is transformed into rotary motion in the crankshaft.
5.4 Comparison of gasoline and diesel engine classes
5.5 The 4 phases of a gasoline engine are:

Admission: The air mixed with gasoline enters the combustion chamber
Compression: The air and gasoline are compressed by the piston.
Explosion: When the spark plug releases the spark, the fuel explodes generating power.
Escape: the combustion chamber is cleaned to start again.

5.6 The 4 phases of a Diesel engine are:

Admission: Enter the air alone a the camera of combustion

Compression: The Air is compressed for the piston
Combustion: The injector releases a fine mist of fuel at the peak point of
piston up, causing it to burn due to the temperature of the air being
very compressed generating the power.
Escape: the combustion chamber is cleaned to start over.

For all this, the Diesel engine must have a higher compression of the air since
it needs to raise its temperature significantly to burn a non-explosive fuel
how diesel is and in some cases they need glow plugs for certain
moments (The Cold Start) to preheat the air to burn the diesel.
 6 Ideal Otto cycle efficiency

The performance of the Otto cycle, like that of any other thermal machine, comes
given by the relationship between the total work done during the cycle and the heat
supplied to the working fluid

= = 1 −| |

Heat absorption takes place at stage 23 and release at 41, so:

| 41|
Hyang = 1 -
23
Assuming that the air-fuel mixture behaves like an ideal gas, the
calories that appear in the previous equation are given by:

Q23=Cv(T3-T2)
Q23=Cv(T1-T4)
Q23=Cv(T4-T1)
since both transformations are isochoric Substituting into the expression of
performance
( 4− )1
Hyang = 1 -
( 3− ) 2
= 1 −( 4− 1)
( 3− 2)

The transformations 12 and 34 are adiabatic, so:

• 1 1 -1=
2V2 -1
4V4 -1= 3V3 -1

• 4V1 -1= 3V2 -1

Since2=V3yV4=V1.
Subtracting;

(B4 - B1)V1 -1(B3 - B2)V2 -1

( b4 - b1 )
( B3 - B2 )

The relationship between volumes V1/V2it is called compression ratio (r).

Substituting in the expression for yield, we obtain:

V2-1
Hya = 1 - ()
V1
The performance expressed in terms of the compression ratio is:

1
Y=1- -1

The greater the compression ratio, the higher the cycle efficiency will be.
by Otto.
 7 Conclusion

We conclude that the Otto cycle has been very important even today, it allowed us to
understanding what happens inside an engine which led to the creation of the
automobiles.
We can deduce if our engine operates on the Otto cycle. If the engine has a spark plug.
to produce the spark, we have a spark-ignition engine (Otto) (for
understand each other, gasoline engine.

We also have the performance of an engine useful for comparing or improving its
performance at 100. Due to this, the relationship between useful work and heat is understood
performed by said work.
 8 Bibliography

Sunday and Van Wylen. Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics.

Yunus, Cengel, Boles. Thermodynamics. McGraw Hill Publishing.

Keith Sherwin. Introduction to Thermodynamics. Publisher

Adison/Wesley Ibero-American.

Kenneth Wark. Thermodynamics. McGraw Hill Publishing.

Burghardt. Thermodynamic Engineering. Harla Publishing.

Howell, Buckuis. Principles of thermodynamics for engineers. Publisher

Mac Graw Hill

Octave Levenspiel. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics. Prentice Publishing

Hall

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