Material and Energy Balance

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SERIES 11. (B.E. Chemical Reactions)

Prob.1
The sulfur dioxide gas is oxidized using a 100% excess of air with a
conversion of 80% to SO3The gases enter at 400°C and exit at 450°C. How many
calories are absorbed in the heat exchanger of the converter per mol-Kg of SO2
introduced?

Prob 2.
Carbon monoxide burns at 200 °C and at atmospheric pressure with dry air at 450.
°C, in an excess of 200% of what is theoretically necessary. The combustion products
They abandon the chamber at 950 °C. Calculate the heat released or absorbed in the chamber.
of reaction in Kcal/kmol of burned CO, assuming that the combustion is
incomplete (95%).

Support date:

Reaction enthalpy (298K), ΔHr298 K -67636 Kcal/kmol

Average specific heats of the reactants:

CpCO7,017 Kcal/kg.°C; Cpair7,230 Kcal/kg.°C;

Average specific heats of the products:

CpCO2= 11.95 Kcal/kg.°C; CpCO=7,117 Kcal/kg.°C; CpO27.94 in Kcal/kg.°C

CpN27,510 Kcal/kg.°C

Prob3.

Calculate the enthalpy variation at 1193 K for the following reaction:

ZnO(S)+ C(S)---------- Zn(g)+ CO(g)

The latent heat of fusion of Zn is 1.58 Kcal/at-gr at its melting point of 693 K.
and its latent heat of vaporization is 31.1 Kcal / at-gr at its boiling point of
1193 K. The average heat capacities at constant pressure of one atmosphere
They are 6.6 cal/atm-g of Zn 10 (s) cal / atm-gr of Zn (l) Y 13 cal/mol of ZnO . (s)
In addition ▲H°fZnO(s) -83.17 Kcal/mol.

Prob. 4
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Ing. Carlos Pereyra, L. 1
Material and Energy Balance
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It is desired to raise the temperature of a crude oil from 25 ºC to 90 ºC with

the purpose of facilitating its pumping. To supply the necessary energy, it is used as
combustible methane CH4that completely burns with air in an excess of
20% over the stoichiometric, both methane and air enter the furnace at 25
°C and the combustion gases leave it at 250 °C
Calculate:
The amount of methane that must be burned per ton of oil to achieve the
desired heating.
Data extracted from tables:
Combustion heat of CH425 °C
Latent heat of vaporization of water, ΔHv = 540 Kcal/kg
Specific heats, Cp:
Cp H2The liquid = 1 Kcal/kg.ºC; Cp H2The steam = 0.57 Kcal/kg.°C
Cp O2= 0.25 Kcal/kg. °C = 0.5 Kcal/kg.°C ; Cp. N20.26 Kcal/kg.ºC
Cp CH40.52 Kcal/kg. ºC; Cp CO20.22 Kcal/kg. °C
Cp oil = 0.5 kcal/kg. °C

Prob. 5

In the reaction: 2 A + B ---- C

The heat of reaction at 300 K is -10,000 cal/gmol. The heat capacities of the
substances A, B and C, in cal/gmol.K are:

A 16.0 - (1.5 x 10^3 / T)

B 11.0 - (0.5 x 103/T)
C 25.0 - (1.0 x 103/T)

Where T is expressed in K. The heat capacity equations are valid in

the range 300 K ≤ T ≤ 1000 K

a. Derive an equation for the heat of reaction as a function of temperature.

b. Calculate the temperature at which the reaction changes from exothermic to endothermic.
Use the iterative method of Newton.
c. Calculate the heat of reaction at 500 K, assuming that substance A undergoes a
phase change at 400 K, with ΔHV(400 K) = 928 cal/gmol, after which its
heat capacity takes a constant value of 10 cal/gmol.K.

Prob. 6

The flame temperature is referred to as the temperature it reaches when burning a

Combustible adiabatically with air. Calculate the theoretical flame temperature
produced when a gas containing 20% CO and 40% H burns completely2y
40% of N2with a 50% excess of air. The fuel and the air are found
initially at 25°C.

Available data:

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Ing. Carlos Pereyra, L. 2
Balance of materials and energy
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Molar heats For other gases: CP= a + bT (kcal/kmol-°K)

CO2Cp = 18,036 - 4,464 · 10-5T
Normal combustion heats. a b · 10-2
H2= Hc298-57.80 kcal/mol.g H2 6,424 0.1039
CO = Hc298-67.63 kcal / mol.g. CO 6,480 0.1566
N2 6,259 0.1488
Latent heat of condensation O2 6,732 0.1505
H2O : 540 kcal/kg H2O 6,970 0.3464

Prob.7
The adiabatic flame temperature of a fuel is the temperature of the
oxidation products that are reached when it is completely burned in form
adiabatic one mole of fuel with a stoichiometric amount of air.
It is assumed that the fuel and air are fed at 25 °C and 1 atm, and that the
The composition of air is 21% O2and 79% of N2The products of combustion are
CO2(g), H2O (g), SO2(g) and N2(g).
Calculate the adiabatic flame temperatures of the following fuels:

a. H2(g)
b. C2H6(g)
c. Coal with last analysis of 80% C, 8% H, 2% O, 3% S, 7%
ashes.

Available data:

COMPONENTS Hf (Kcal/gmol) Cp(J/mol.K) T

C 0 2,673 + 0.2617 x 10-2-1.169x10^-10 K
H2 0 6,702 + 0.0996 x 10-2-78.04x10-5 °C
N2 0 6.529 + 0.1488 x 10^-2 - 0.02271 x 10-5 K
O2 0 6,732 + 0.1505 x 10-2-179.1 x 10-5 K
0 4,380 + 0.440 x 10-2 K
C2H6 -20.24 11,800 + 3,326 x 10^-2 - 1,390 x 10-5 °C
CO2 -94.05 18,036 - 0.004474 x 10-2-1.5808x10-7 K
H2O -57.80 7,080 + 0,3200 x 10-2-483.3x10-5 °C
SO2 -70,95 9,299 + 0.9330 x 10-2-0.7418x10-5 Celsius

Prob.8

To manufacture H2SO4through the contact process, iron pyrite (FeS2burns with a

100% excess air to oxidize all Fe to oxide and all sulfur to SO.2Assuming that the
the combustion of pyrite is complete to form these products and SO is not formed3in the oven.
The gases that come out of the furnace are purified and passed to a catalytic converter where 80%
of the SO2It oxidizes to SO.3by combination of O2present in gases. The gases enter the
converted to 400ºC and assuming that the converter is theoretically isolated from such
Such that the heat loss is negligible. Calculate the outlet temperature of these.
gases. The Cp of the gases at the inlet and outlet temperature of the converter are acceptable with
the following values:

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Ing. Carlos Pereyra, L. 3
Balance of Matter and Energy
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COMPOUND Hº r (Kcal/mol)
)

O2 7,606 0.00
N2 7,222 0.00
SO2 11.43 -70.96
SO3 16.28 -94.45

Prob. 9

In a cracking operation, an oil refinery produces 500,000 feet.3Gas emissions

volatiles whose volume analysis is as follows:
H2= 10 %
CH4= 40 %
C3H8= 20 %
C3H6= 2%
C2H6= 28 %
Measured at 80 Psia and 400 °F.

To cool this stream to 90 °F, before introducing it into an absorption tower, the
gases flow countercurrently through a heat exchanger in which as
the refrigerant medium uses a charge of crude oil that has a specific heat
of 0.80 BTU/lb °F, a relative density of 0.85 and an initial temperature of 70 °F. If
The crude oil comes out of the heat exchanger at 300 °F.
Calculate:
a) The molecular mass of this gas mixture.
b) The approximate specific heat of this gas mixture at atmospheric pressure.

Prob 10.

In a process for the manufacture of nitric acid, NH is catalytically oxidized.3, the

Reactants are heated to 980 °C. What will be the heat of reaction if the products exit at
980° C.

If 1000 kg of NH is fed3, with 20% excess oxygen and with a percentage of

conversion of NH3of 85%.
Data extracted from tables:
Components

NH3 -10.96 0.01167

O2 0.0 0.00788

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Ing. Carlos Pereyra, L. 4
Material and Energy Balance
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H2O -57.79 0.00923

Prob 11.

Calculate the enthalpic energy (in BTUs) needed to completely calcine 100
pounds of limestone containing 80% calcium carbonate, 11% carbonate of
magnesium and 9% water. The produced lime is removed at 1650ºF and the gases exit at 400ºF.
The limestone is loaded at 70ºF.
Prob 12.

A plant that generates electrical energy burns natural gas (90% CH)410% of
C2H6At 77ºF and an atmospheric pressure with 70% excess air.
conditions. Calculate the maximum theoretical temperature in the boiler if all the products
they are in a gaseous state, resulting in the complete combustion of the
hydrocarbons.
Data:
Component Hºf Cp(J/mol·K)
(KJ/mol-
g)
C2H6 -84,667 49,37+13,92*10-2T
CH4 -74.84 34.31 + 54.69 = 89.00-2T
O2 0.00 29,10+1,158*10-2T
N2 0.00 29.00 + 0.2199 * 10-2T
CO2 -393,51 36,11+4,233*10-2T
H2O -241,826 33.46+0.688*10-2T

Prob 13.
A procedure to obtain hydrogen cyanide consists of
treat methane with ammonia over a platinum catalyst at 1250
°C. The reactants are fed into the reactor at 400 °C and the stream of
the output of the isthmus leaves it at the reaction temperature, that is to say
1250 °C. The effluent gas from the reactor consists of: HCN 23.5
%33.4%, CH42.6%, H270.5%. Calculate:

a. The conversion, referred to the reactant that is in deficit.

b. The reason CH4/NH3used.
The heat that needs to be supplied to the reactor for every 100 kmoles of
HCN produced.

Support date:

Component Hf(Kcal/mol) Cpm

25 °C (ccal/mol.K)

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Ing. Carlos Pereyra, L. 5
Material and Energy Balance
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CH4 -17.89 17.1

NH3 -10.96 13.5
HCN 31.10 11.9
H2 0 7.4

Prob 14.

A gas is introduced through a pipe at a pressure of 50 lbf/inch.2at a temperature of

10°C, with a speed of 10 feet/s. At another point in the pipe, the pressure is 2.
lbf/inch2What will be the temperature and speed of the gas at the outlet?
Assuming that the gas is ideal, the process is adiabatic and the Cp of the gas is equal to
0.46Kcal/Kg-°C, the diameter of the pipe is 2 inches in internal diameter.

Prob 15.

A horizontal straight tube with a 22mm inner diameter carries 90kg/h of air, which
enter at 20°C and 1.5 atm. of pressure.
Along the tube, the air is heated by an electric resistance that imparts it.
a heating power of 130 watts.
Find out the outlet air temperature if it exits at a pressure of 1.1 atm.
Additional data:
Cp=0.24 kcal/kg°K.

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Ing. Carlos Pereyra, L. 6