BREATHING WITHOUT STRUCTURES

BreathingwithoutstructuresThesimplestanimals,suchasjelyfishandsponges,havenoapparatus
respiratory; gases are exchanged over the entire surface of the body. The oxygen, which is
dissolved in the water, it freely passes through the animal's body and goes from one cell to another.
others. This only works in simple animals, in which all the cells are close to the
body surface. It occurs in sponges, jellyfish, and some worms. The cnidarians
They lack a specialized respiratory apparatus. Cnidarians lack a respiratory apparatus.
specialized.

Cutaneous respiration:
It occurs through the skin. In this case, there are numerous vessels near the skin.
blood cells that capture oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. This type of breathing
it requires a thin and gas-permeable skin, which must be constantly moist.
breathing is only effective in animals that live in very humid or aquatic environments,
like annelids. Cutaneous respiration Cutaneous respiration.

Tracheal respiration:
It is the type of respiration that terrestrial arthropods (insects, arachnids, and myriapods) exhibit.
Tracheae are tubes that open to the outside through openings known as spiracles.
situated along the surface of the body. The tracheas decrease in size as they branch out.
diameter while its walls become thinner. Thus, oxygen passes through them and reaches
the cells, while carbon dioxide exits from them.

Gills respiration
It is the most general mechanism of respiration in aquatic animals. The gills are
organs with very thin walls that, from the outside, are in contact with water, and by
the interior, with a multitude of capillaries, which are the ones that perform the exchange: they take in oxygen
Dissolved in water and they release carbon dioxide. There are gills in many types of animals.
aquatic, with different structures. We find them in many marine annelids, in
the aquatic mollusks, in the crustaceans, in the fish and in the larvae of amphibians. The gills can be
projected outside the animal (external gils) or housed in a cavity connected to the
exterior (internal gills). The water that bathes the gills must circulate and be renewed.
continuously. The conditions that must be met by the gills to be effective in the
Gas exchange involves: having a large surface area, a thin epidermis, and being highly vascular.
External gills of a polychaete annelid.

Pulmonary respiration:
It is typical of some vertebrates: amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals, although also of some
invertebrates, such as land snails. Gas exchange takes place through some
internal cavities with thin walls and highly vascularized, called lungs. The amphibians
the simplest lungs appear, in the form of a sack. In reptiles, they are partitioned, which allows
they have a larger surface area for gas exchange. In birds, the lungs are small and
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In mammals, the gas exchange surface is larger due to the presence of numerous sacs.
(alveoli) surrounded by blood vessels.
The breathing of animals

Animals have special characteristics that allow them to live in a specific place; this is called
call adaptation. When an animal is not adapted to the conditions of a particular area, it will be
very difficult to survive. A shark, for example, needs to live in the sea because its body is made for
that; if they took it to a pool, it would surely die, because the water would not be salty and because neither
it would have the depth it requires or the food it needs.

The same happens with all living beings.

Many people catch little birds from the street to keep them in cages and after a while, they die. That
it happens because they are not adapted to live in captivity as happens with other birds, for example, the
Canaries. All functions of living beings, including respiration, are designed by nature.
to make life easier for them in the place they belong.

How do earthworms breathe?

Some animals breathe through their skin; oxygen penetrates their body and is absorbed as if it were a
sponge that gets wet with water.

Earthworms belong to this type of animals.

In order to breathe and take advantage of the oxygen in the air, it is necessary for your skin to always be moist, because if
it dries out, they can no longer take in oxygen and then they die.

This type of respiration is called cutaneous respiration.

How do insects and spiders breathe?

Insects and spiders cannot breathe through their skin because it is thick and sometimes covered by a
hard shell that prevents air from entering. They have very simple structures called
tracheas.

Air enters the tracheas through small openings located on both sides of the body. This
breathing is called tracheal breathing.

How do fish breathe?

Fish take the oxygen that is dissolved in the water; to achieve this, they have pink structures.
located on both sides of the head called gills.

The gills look like combs with thin and soft teeth. When the fish swims, the water enters
through its mouth and then passes to the gills. The oxygen is retained by the gills and at the same time the fish
expels water with carbon dioxide.

Fish like tuna, manta rays, or sharks; toads and crustaceans, such as shrimp and
Crabs breathe through gills.

How do birds and mammals breathe?

Adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals including humans breathe through lungs.
Air enters through the nostrils, passes through a tube called the trachea, and finally reaches the lungs.
where oxygen is utilized.

CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION:

Land snails (gastropods) have a hump.

visceral, called the pallial cavity. This pallial cavity is highly vascularized, so it acts
like a lung. Furthermore, it has an opening for communication with the outside called
neumostoma. For this reason, the snail can breathe from its shell.

TRACHEAL RESPIRATION: In terrestrial invertebrates such as insects, arachnids and

Myriapods, respiration is TRAQUEAL.

The TRACHEAS are thin tubes connected to the outside, branched numerous times and
with very thin endings that are located directly between the Cells. In this way and without
intervention of the Circulatory System, the exchange occurs directly from the Tracheas
until the Cells y vice versa.
INSECTS, ARACHNIDS, and MYRIAPODS have small openings in their ABDOMEN.
called STIGMAS, through which the AIR absorbed and expelled by movements enters and exits
alternatives and contraction of the abdomen. Inside the body, after the stigmas, there are
thin chitin tubes that branch many times reaching all parts of the
Body. These tubes are called TRACHEAS. The thin wall of the tracheas allows
exchange of O2 and CO2 directly between the interior of the TRACHEA and the CELLS that
they form the body of the animal.

Branchial respiration:

Gills are characteristics of aquatic animals, such as some annelids, mollusks,

crustaceans echinoderms y fish.
The gills are projections of the external surface of the body or of the inner layer of the
intestine towards the outside of the animal, and therefore, they evolve by evagination.
Hey two types of gills externals e internals.
Fish breathe through gills, a type of reddish plates that are located at
both sides of the head.
The fish opens its mouth to gulp water; then, it pushes it towards the gills, which are responsible for
***** oxygen. This passes into the blood, and the blood vessels carry it throughout the body.
Carbon dioxide is a gas that is not useful and that the fish expels through its gills.
Lungs
The lungs of a frog are similar to those of other animals. According to the
biologist professor John W. Kimball, are made up of two thin sacs
connected to the mouth through small openings called glottis. Although the
lungs are small, their surface is greatly increased by a series of
internal parts embedded in the vessels through which oxygen enters the blood.

Breathing
Frogs lack many structures such as chest muscles, ribs, or
diaphragm that other animals use to actively support breathing. For
to be able to breathe, the air is carried from the nostrils to the lungs by movement
from the throat, which is inflated. Once the frog opens its glottis, it can raise the
floor of the mouth to force air into their lungs.

Skinrespiration
All amphibians are tied to water, but their lungs do not function in environments.
aquatic, so that frogs use their skin as a supplemental organ for the
gas exchange. The frog must remain moist to breathe through its skin,
therefore it is well adapted to humid environments.

Metamorphosis
The tadpoles begin their lives as the ancestors of fish and breathe oxygen
in the water through the internal gills. Only during the radical process of the
The metamorphosis of the frog loses its gills and develops its complete lungs.
that can breathe air. The gills do not disappear until the lungs begin.
its development, which ensures a smooth continuity.

Frogswithoutlungs
The Borneo flat-headed frog is the only one known not to have lungs.
Lives on the island of Borneo Southeast Asia, was discovered in 1978, but it was not until
three decades later that scientists found that the frog lacked
lungs. All of its breathing is done through its skin, which makes it appear
plan.