CONTROL

NUMERIC
COMPUTERIZED
FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING

1st EDIÇ AH
@ENS INAND O_ME FOUR NICA
 ANDRÉ PIMENTEL MOREIRA

Computer Numerical Control

FUNDAMENTALS AND PROGRAMMING

Fortaleza/CE
1aEdition
2022
 PREFACE

Ethis e-book is intended for students and professionals of

areas of mechanics, mechatronics, production or related fields. In this book

the aim was to present, in a clear and comprehensible manner, the concepts, fun-

programming fundamentals and machine operation with Control Nu-

Automated Meter.
The e-book is the result of extensive research of literature, catalogs

from manufacturers, technical manuals, and websites, which presents a

variety of information, covering the history of machines
numerical control, conceptual aspects to the main techniques for the
production of parts through the programming of CNC machines.
The first edition of Computer Numerical Control:
Fundamentals and Programming is organized into an introduction and thirteen more.

chapters, which present in addition to the syntaxes, detailed descriptions of the

functions, examples of programming, and various projects of pieces in scenarios

turning lathe and machining center.

The e-book presents the forms of manual programming.
with and without the use of fixed machining cycles, introduction to programming
parameterized machining and programming with the aid of CAM tools.
In addition, the e-book presents the main functions G uses-
in machines equipped with MACH and FANUC controls, which
were organized in ascending numerical order. Thus, it allowed
allowing the reader to access the desired command G in an organized manner.

Throughout the e-book, there are several examples of mechanical projects.

of machining, which can be used as an example to practice the

various CNC programming techniques.
Itisworthnotingthatthecontentsintermsofoperationofthemachine
The concepts presented in this e-book are simplified and purely theoretical.
Therefore, a deeper exploration of the subject is necessary and accompanies

training of a qualified professional to operate the machines

pads with numerical control.
I hope that this e-book can be a facilitating instrument for the
learning of all readers (students, teachers, and professionals of
area), for they are certainly the people for whom this work was conceived
and directed.
Good reading.
 DEDICATION

To my family for all the encouragement and to the friends

gas in the field of industrial automation and metal
mechanics through revisions and suggestions of the contents
presented here.
Summary

I
1 Fundamentals of CNC 1
1.1 History of the CNC 1
1.1.1 History and perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2 Advantages and disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2Machining theory 20
2.1 Cutting parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.1 Cutting speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1.2 Advancement speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.3 Effective cutting speed . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.4 Cutting depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.5 Machining force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.6 Machining power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

I
3 Principle of CNC operation 38
3.1 Control grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.1.1 Semi-closed circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1.2 Closed circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.1.3 Hybrid circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.1.4 Open circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2 Drive Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2.1 Direct current motors . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2.2 Alternating Current Motors . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2.3 Pulse Width Modulation - PWM . . . . . 67
3.3 Signal feedback devices . . . . . . . . 74
3.3.1 Teco-generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3.2Encoders78
3.3.3Resolvers89

4 Fastening devices 92
4.1 Fixation of parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.1.1 Self-centering plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.1.2 Vises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.1.3 Clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.2 Tool fastening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.1Gang tools97

seven
 4.2.2 Electric tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.2.3 Revolver Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2.4 Magazine 100
4.2.5 Mandrill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2.6 Tool Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

5 Supports and cutting tools 105

5.1 Interchangeable pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2 Cutting tool materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.2.1 High-speed steel - HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

5.2.2 Hard metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

5.2.3 CVD Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2.4 PVD Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.2.5 Melted alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.2.6 Ceramic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.2.7 Cermet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.2.8 Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) . . . . . . . . . 126
5.2.9 Cubic boron nitride (CBN) . . . . . 128

6 CNC programming principles 129

6.1 Reference points for programming . . . . . . . . . 129
6.1.1 Machine zero point . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.1.2 Reference point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

eight
 6.1.3 Zero point of the part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.2 Cartesian coordinate systems . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.2.1 Absolute and incremental coordinates . . . . . . 136
6.3 Program structure ......................................... 139
6.3.1 Special characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.3.2 Positioning functions . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.3.3 Special functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.4 Interpolation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.4.1 Linear interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.4.2 Circular interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.4.3 Polar coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.5 Programming language............................ 149
6.5.1 APT Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.5.2 EIA/ISO Language ..................................... 155

7 Preparatory Functions of Movement 157

7.1 Preparatory Functions G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.2 Miscellaneous functions M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.3 Proposed Exercises 01 ......... 166

8 Syntax of the preparatory functions 182

8.1 Functions G ....................................... 182

nine
8.1.1 Function G00 – Application: rapid movement
(approach and retreat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.1.2 Function G01 – Application: linear interpolation
(linear machining or feed rate) . . . 183
8.1.3 Functions G02, G03 – Application: interpolation
circular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
8.1.4 Function C and R – Insertion of chamfer or corner
rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
8.1.5 Function G4 – Application: length of stay .194
8.1.6 Function G15/G16 – Application: activates and deactivates

polar coordinate 194

8.1.7 Functions G17, G18, G19 – Application: selects
work plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
8.1.8 Functions G28 – Application: returns axes to
machine reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
8.1.9 Function G33 – Manual Threading . . . . . . . 203
8.1.10 Functions G40, G41, and G42 - Application: compen-

tool radius section . . . . . . . . . . . 207

8.1.11 Functions G43, G44 and G49 – Activates and deactivates the

compensation of tool length . . 210

8.1.12 Functions G50.1 and G51.1 – Mirror image . . . 213

x
 8.1.13 Function G52 – Local coordinate system – LCS215
8.1.14 Functions G53 – Machine coordinate system
quina - MCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
8.1.15 Functions G54 to G59 and G54.1 P1 to G54.1 P48 –
Working Coordinate System - WCS . . . 221
8.1.16 Functions G68 and G69 - Rotation of the coordinate system

ordered 223

9 Fixed machining cycles 228

9.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
9.2 Pre-programmed functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
9.2.1 Function G37 - Automatic Threading Cycle
(MACH Command) .......... 232
9.2.2 Function G66 - Automatic roughing cycle long
Longitudinal (MACH Command) . . . . . . . . . . 240
9.2.3 Function G70 – Fixed finishing cycle . . . . . 245
9.2.4 Function G71 - Material removal by turning
mento . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
9.2.5 Function G72 - Face material removal
mento
9.2.6 Function G73 – Peeling Hole Operation
(woodpecker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

xi
9.2.7 Function G74 R - Woodpecker drilling . . . . . . . 254

9.2.8 Function G74 – Turning of simple profiles

(grinding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
9.2.9 Function G74 – Tapping with tap
left - floating mandrel . . . . . . . . . . . 260
9.2.10 Function G74 – Tapping with a tap at the
left - rigid male . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
9.2.11 Function G75 – Fixed facing cycle . . . . . 267
9.2.12 Function G76 – Boring – fine finish 271
9.2.13 Function G76 - Multi-threading cycle
automatic
9.2.14 Function G80 – Cancellation of fixed cycle . . . . 277

9.2.15 Function G81 – Drilling/broaching – without

download
9.2.16 Function G82 – Drilling/Boring – without
download with dwell 280
9.2.17 Function G83 – Drilling – with discharge . . . . . 283

9.2.18 Function G84 - Tapping with right-hand tap

– floating mandrill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
9.2.19 Function G85 – Boring/Drilling . . . . . 288

12
 9.2.20 Function G86 – Boring – better finishes
Mento
9.2.21 Function G87 – Pull drilling . . . 293
9.2.22 Function G88 – Boring with manual return
9.2.23 Function G89 – Boring/broaching with
dwell

10 Subprograms and unconditional jump 302

10.1 Subprograms and unconditional jump . . . . . . . . . . 302
10.2 Unconditional deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

11 Programming, operation, and CNC simulation 310

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Software for CNC simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
11.2.1 Son - CNC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
11.2.2 Sinutrain Sinumerik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
11.2.3 CNC Simulator
11.2.4 EditCNC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
11.2.5 Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
11.2.6 Swansoft CNC Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
11.3 Examples of CNC simulation and operation . . . . . . . . 322
11.3.1 Examples of application of the CNC Simu software
lator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

thirteen
 11.3.2 Examples of application of Swansoft software
CNC Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

12 Parameterized Programming 364

12.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
12.2 Macro function B - G65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
12.3 Arithmetic operations and logical operations . . . . . . . 366
12.4 Omission of the decimal point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
12.5 Referencing variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
12.6 Bracket levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
12.7 Parametric program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
12.8 Deviation and repetition
12.9 Unconditional jump - GOTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
12.10 Conditional deviation - IF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
12.11 Repetition - WHILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
12.12 Proposed exercises 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

13 Safety in the operation of CNC machines 390

13.1 Specifics of CNC machining . . . . . . . . . . . 390
13.1.1 Operational factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
13.1.2 Human and ergonomic factors . . . . . . . . . 399
13.1.3 Physical factors and facilities . . . . . . . . . . . 401

14
Bibliographic References 403

15
 Introduction

DSince the beginning of the oldest civilizations, man seeks to

streamline and facilitate your work through innovative processes and
tools. The constant pursuit of improving processes sim-
simplifies all types of work, whether physical or mental. In this case, in the act-

Currently, we are immersed in various examples of work optimization.

mental, such as the use of the electronic calculator and tools
computational.
In terms of reducing physical labor, it is observed that each day
new inventions emerge with the aim of placing man merely as
viewer, being imposed upon him only the role of deciding what level
of participation in the process. For example, in the navigation process and

modern aviation man simply follows the evolution of decisions

taken by the automatic controller, a scenario very different from the past,
when the commander acted constantly in the process. That is,
each new generation of new products, one can observe in each model a
evolution that allows physical and mental efforts to be reduced.
Considering the evolution of the processes initiated with the practice of

agriculture, the industrial revolution can be said to be the most significant for

seven
the manufacturing processes. It can be seen that even in the practice of agriculture,

modern machines have largely replaced the use of tools

manuals such as hoes, sickles, and shovels. The industrial revolution that began

with the Scotsman James Watt (designing the steam engine) in 1769,
also created the need to modernize the machinery industry
tools.
Today, machines with computer numerical control (CNC) are
used in various sizes and industrial segments, ranging from the
small machining shops to the grand manufacturing companies
Tura. In reality, there are almost no manufactured products that are not
somehow related to the technology of these machine tools
innovative.
Similarly, all workers involved in the environments
industries that operate CNCs must be able to understand
the technologies used in automated machining processes.
example, both product designers and operators on the floor
Factory workers must master mechanical drawing techniques and processes.
and machining tools. Just like the designers and operators, the
Those responsible for quality control must have extensive knowledge.
about metrology and dimensional tolerances. Furthermore, unlike what
occurs in conventional machines, maintenance professionals of

eight
CNC machines must have knowledge beyond the electromechanical systems.
cannons, to have knowledge in electronics and, in many cases, in systems
more computerized. In other words, it is evident that the professionals
they must have diverse knowledge to master this technology.
Currently, the use of CNC machines is an essential factor.
but for machining solution of parts with complex profiles. What
previously, high manufacturing times and great skill were required
machining workshop, manufacturing of jigs and special machines, with the
CNC technology or the process is carried out in a simple and reliable way.

speed.
According to Cassaniga (2000), Numerical Control (NC), and its defi-
simplest notion is that all geometric and dimensional information
elements contained in a part, known through drawings and dimensions
(numbers), would be understood and processed by the CNC machine, possi-
enabling the automation of the operation. In other words, the CNC is a piece of equipment

electronic that receives information in the way the machine will re-
to carry out an operation, through a specific language, called pro-
CNC grama processes this information and returns it to the system through
of electrical impulses. Electrical signals are responsible for the triggering
mentor of the engines that will give the machine the desired movements with

all the characteristics of machining, performing the operation in sequence

nine
programmed without the operator's intervention.

According to Cassaniga (2000), the CNC is not just a sis-

a topic that directly affects the equipment, it should be seen as
a process that should be responsible for changes in the company culture
press. This means that, in order to achieve better utilization
of a CNC equipment, it is interesting to have a good organization
action, mainly regarding the manufacturing process, control
of tools (fixation, cutting, and measurement) and time management
standards and work methods.
According to Rocha (2008), the CNC turning center is basically
a lathe with computer numerical control built initially
work for the production of revolution or cylindrical parts that comes from-

state of two bases which are called bus on which

two axes are running, one is the X axis (the axis that determines the diameter

of the piece) and another the Z axis (the axis that determines the length of the piece),

the fixation of the piece is done by nuts fixed to a plate that comes
coupled to the central shaft of the machine which is called the axle shaft,

and we can also use the point that is fixed on a body that nor-
malmente is located on the Z axis bar in the position opposite to the plate and the

bracket that is placed between the plate and the point that is generally used for fixing

long parts.

x
 According to Smid (2003), CNC milling machines also
called machining centers, are popular and efficient machines
mainly due to its flexibility. According to Smid (2003),
the main benefit that users obtain from a machining center
CNC is the ability to group various diverse operations into a single one.
configuration. For example, drilling, boring, countersinking,
screwing, facing, and contour milling can be incorporated
radii in a single CNC program operation. In addition, the flexibility-
Data is improved by automatic tool exchange using pallets.
to minimize idle time, indexing for a different face than
request, using a rotary motion of additional axes and several others
time-saving resources.
CNC machining centers can be equipped with software
special that controls speeds and cutting advancements, tool life
cutting tool, automatic measurement in process, detection of iron
broken mint, displacement adjustment and other optimization devices
production optimization and time savings.
In simple terms, the objective of a machine tool with
CNC is making the cutting or machining tools follow automatically
mathematically, a pre-programmed trajectory through coded instructions
fixed, with the speed of the trajectory and the rotation of the tool or piece

xi
also pre-programmed. There are several ways to execute this program
some manual, others assisted by computer like by
example the CAM -Computer Aided Manufacturingthe CAP -Com-
Computer Aided ProgrammingThere are also cases where the very

CNC can be used to assist in programming, using methods

interactive with the operator. The lathes use G and M codes respectively.
following the ISO standard with some exceptions that vary according to the

machine manufacturers (BRUNE, 2002).

The choices of tools are made according to the profile of the insert,
chip breakers and class of the insert material, which is normally of-
finished by the material to be machined (regarding its alloys and hardness),

where machining is normally done with soluble oil cooling

in water which must be abundant and directed.

twelve
Chapter 1

Fundamentals of CNC

1.1 History of the CNC

Nthe research process for product improvement, combined with

the development of computers made it possible to reach the first
numerically controlled machines. The main factor that forced the
industrial means to this quest was World War II. During
the war, the need for evolution played a decisive role in the concep-
the need for large-scale production required many airplanes,
tanks, boats, ships, weapons, trucks etc, all in the rhythm of production
high-scale production and great precision, as the war was consuming
everything, including labor. A large part of the labor but-
kitchen used by factories as specialized, was replaced by
female, which at the time implied the need for training, with
reflections on productivity and quality. It was the right moment to
develop large production automatic machines for parts of
precision and that did not depend on the quality of the applied labor.
Faced with this challenge, the research process began where it emerged
numerically controlled machine.
According to Suh et al. (2008), starting from the late 18th century, Jo-
seph Marie Jacquard1invented the automatic control method for
weaving machines using punched cards. This method was the
beginning of the concept of numeric commands (NC). The concept of NC
it was actually applied to machine tools, after the Second World War
World Cup and, in 1947, United States Air ForceU.S. Air Force) e
the companyParsons Corporationdeveloped the method to move
two axes almost simultaneously using punched cards, including
data on aircraft parts coordinates. Since then, this tech-
the logic was transferred to the servomechanisms laboratory of the Institute
of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). After much research, in March
1
French mechanic, (1752-1834) managed to fully automate the mechanical loom.
controlled by the large perforated tape. The system allowed the patterns of the fabrics
they were defined by the way the threads were raised or lowered. It can be
considered the first programmable mechanical machine in history, as the cards for-
I needed the commands necessary for weaving complex patterns into fabrics
and the set of cards could be exchanged without altering the structure of the textile machine.
(CONTIN, 2014)

2
In 1952, the first 3-axis milling machine with control was developed.
numerical (CN) (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1: First CN machine developed in the MIT laboratory - 1952. Source:
Hemphill (2002).

The conventional controls and commands have been removed and replaced
Two by the numeric command, equipped with a punched tape reader,
data processing unit and servomechanism on the axes. After
during this period, the United States Air Force had a development
extraordinary, as they employ complex and highly precise components,
in the manufacture of aircraft, especially jet planes for use
military, began to be produced simply and quickly, reducing-

3
the delivery deadlines of the product from the design to the finishing
final. In Figure 1.2, a machined ashtray is presented in the first ma-
which CN (Figure 1.1) developed at MIT in 1952.
The first CN commercial machines
they were built in the 1950s
2
by John T. Parsons (Figure 1.3) and de-
running of the use of perforated tape (Figure

1.4). Although the concept immediately

proved that the CN command could reduce
the costs, was so different that there existed
Figure 1.2: Machined Ashtray
in the first machine tool distrusts of manufacturers. The
with CN - 1959. Source: Azevedo
(2010). in order to promote faster adoption, the
The US Air Force bought 120 CN machines and lent them to various
three manufacturers so that they could familiarize themselves with the idea. Until

by the end of the 1950s, the CN was starting to catch on, but there was still

a series of questions. For example, G-code, the almost universal language

The CNC that we have today did not exist. Each manufacturer was established

creating your own language to define the machine's programming.

Perforated paper tape was used between 1910 and 1915 in devices.
2
American engineer, (1913 - 2007) regarded as the pioneer of manufacturing of
Numerical control for machine tools is the father of the Second Industrial Revolution.

4
telegram and teletype as support for receiving and sending information
machine. The first punched tapes used in computers derived from
came directly from those used in the telegraph supporting the Baudot code
of 5 channels. This code only allowed the encoding of 32 states.
The coding of the digits was
achieved by the intervention of a ca-
special charactershift(uppercase passage-
circular), which indicated the beginning of a zone

numeric. The passage to lowercase in-

it said the end of the numeric zone. Rapi-

the paper ribbons were emerging with

Figure 1.3: John T. Parsons.
one inch wide where it was possible Source: Supoj (2010).

to use the 7-bit ASCII code and, later, the 8-bit ASCII code
(ALMEIDA, 1999).
At the end of the 1970s, the original teletypewriters had been replaced
two by tape readers and punchers that allowed to reach speeds
very high. While a teletype reached reading speed of
order of 15 c/s (characters per second), there was a law in the 1970s
perforated tape readers that reached reading speeds on the order of
2,000 c/s (characters per second) (ALMEIDA, 1999).
The lack of standardization was felt quite strongly in companies that had

5
saw more than one control machine, manufactured by different
suppliers, each of them had their own language, with the need to
the necessity of a specialized technical team for each type of command,
what raised production costs.
In 1958, through the EIA
(Electronic Industries Association)
studies were organized in the sense of

standardize the types of language.

There was then the standardization of input.
Figure 1.4: Perforated tape.
according to standard RS-244 that later Source: Azevedo (2010).

passed the EIA244A or ASCII3 Figure 1.5 illustrates the report.

from the magazinePopular Sciencein 1955, when the command was announced
numeric using perforated tape.
3
ASCII is an acronym for (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) ASCII is a code
numeric code that represents the characters, using a decimal scale from 0 to 127.
These decimal numbers are then converted by the computer to binary and it pro-
cease the command. (KARASINSKI, 2009)

6
Figure 1.5: Mechanism of reading punched tape. Source: Adapted from Howe (1955).

Each year, the application of the CN has been increased, mainly in the
aircraft industry. In 1956, the automatic iron exchanger emerged.
mints, later in 1958, the equipment with position control
point-to-point routing and the continuous generation of contours, which were

improved by this developing system. Starting from 1957,

there was in the United States, a great race in the manufacturing of ma-
machines commanded by CN, as the industrialists were investing until then in

adaptations of CN in conventional machines. In Figure 1.6 it is observed

I go to the CNC Milwaukee-Matic-II, considered the first machine with

7
automatic tool changer.

Figure 1.6: CNC Milwaukee-Matic-II: first CNC machine with automatic tool changer
tool box - 1959. Source: Warfield (2010).

Currently, the most used means of data entry for the CNC is
by computer, although for many years the punched tape was the means
most used, as well as others with less prominence. The language dis-
the programming of machines was the APTAutomatically Progra-
medTools), developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
in 1956, from then on, other languages were developed for
the continuous generation of outlines like AutoPrompt (Automatic Pro-
Programming of Machine Tools), ADAPT, Compact II, Action, and others
that emerged and continue to emerge for new applications.
With the advent of the integrated circuit, there was a significant reduction

8
in the physical size of commands, although their storage capacity
the increase has been noted when compared to the transistor controls
Curly. In 1967, the first controlled machines appeared in Brazil.
numerically, coming from the United States.
In the early 1970s, the first CNC machines emerged.
(Computer Numerical Control), and in Brazil are produced the
first national manufacturing CNC machines in Romi industry
entrepreneur Américo Emílio Romi4 , seen in Figure 1.7.
From there, an evolution is observed
notable and continuous solution concomitant

mind with computers in general,

making the commands (CNC)
more modern, employ in your con-
physical device (hardware) technology of úl-
third generation. With that, the reliability
Figure 1.7: Américo Emílio
in electronic components increased, Romi. Source: Feres (2014).

increasing confidence throughout the system. In Figure 1.8, the pri- is seen
4
He was a Brazilian industrialist, born in São José do Rio Pardo, SP, on June 26.
born in 1896, son of Policarpo Romi and Regina Seppia Romi. He was the founder of the Industries
Romi S.A., which became the largest manufacturer of machine tools and machines.
for plastic processing in Brazil. Indústrias Romi S.A. also produced
the first Brazilian tractor, the Toro, and the first passenger car manufactured in Brazil, the
Romi-Isetta.

9
my lathe equipped with CN from Brazil.
According to Cassaniga (2000), the command CN is the one that exe-
cut a program without memorizing it, and with each execution, the command must

read again the input vehicle. The CNC command is

the one who, after the first reading of the input vehicle, memorizes the
program and execute it according to the need, without the necessity
from a new reading.

Figure 1.8: DCE 480 CN - First lathe equipped with CN in Brazil - Industries
Romi - 1973. Source: Romi (2014).

1.1.1 History and Perspectives

CNC machines have evolved from simple controlled devices

by drilling bits for almost fully automated devices,
capable of operating without human intervention and controlling several axes at

same time.

10
 Today it is common to find CNC machines operating in con-
together with complementary computing systems, which in other pa-
Lavas are adaptable software that assist in manufacturing processes.
in CNC machines that can interact in two ways - project au-
computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM). That is, CAD and CAM software enable design and im-
complement the plan behind a computer screen.
Software control means faster configuration and changes
easier options in design, even at the last minute. The entry of
external softwarethe controller system revolutionized the machines
CNC and brought them to today's industry standards, which have as characteristic-

greater flexibility of processes with total integration of data,

receptive to the dynamic forces of the globalized market, where they are applied

the concepts of Industry 4.0, smart factories (Smart Factory) and a

Internet of Things (IoT -Internet of Things).
The following is a timeline of the main events that
contributed to the development of numerical control technology
rich computerized.
1940- The MARK I is manufactured: the first computer built by
partnership between theHarvardand the IBM;

1949The contract is signed with PARSON for theU.S. Air Forcefor

11
we will manufacture machines equipped with CNC;

1952- MIT EPARSON puts in operation the first pro-

CN prototype (relays and electronic tubes) for metal processing;
1956The first Japanese CNC with FANUC control is launched.
1957The commercialization of the CN is initiated;
1957It is presented by Patrick Hanratty the first system of
softwareCAM, a CN programming tool called
READY;
1960The 2nd generation of CN is presented, equipped with transistors;
1965The 3rd generation of CN is presented, equipped with circuits.
degrees;
1967The first CN machines emerge in Brazil;
1970The first commands with CNC are put into operation;
1971It is manufactured by ROMI, the first CNC lathe with control.
SLO-SYN;
1977The first numerical commands emerge with CNC using tec-
microprocessor technology;
1980Flexible manufacturing systems are widely applied in.
cove
1984The first command with CNC (CNC 100) is launched.

12
video in Brazil by MCS for transfer machines5 ;
1987It is launched at the first International Machine Fair.
Tools and Integrated Manufacturing Systems (FEIMAFE) CNC
210 of MCS, equipping the Romi Centur30 lathes and the GPR Nardini,
with 100% national technology.
Figure 1.9 shows the automobile repair workshop founded
by Américo Emílio Romi, which marks the beginning of Indústrias Romi S.A.

in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, State of São Paulo - Brazil in 1930.

Figure 1.9: Santa Bárbara Office - 1930 (Indústrias Romi S.A). Source: Romi (2014).

According to Couto (2019), the fundamentals of manufacturing in the Industry

4.0, applied to CNC machines or any other type of machine, if-

jam them: by chip removal, forming or by laser cutting, water,
5
Process that occurs through the transfer of a printed image on a
laser printer or inkjet on special paper (transfer paper). (RIMAQ, 2014)

13
plasma, plastic and/or aluminum injectors etc. These will have to attend
the requirements: connectivity, flexibility, speed, synchronization
and intelligence.
According to Couto (2019), traditionally CNC machines,
although the second 'C' meant computerized, it always remained at
margin of direct administration or other modules of theEnterprise
Resource Planning(ERP)6 . It has never been required of these machines a
system connected with feedback of information that could be approved
veitated, as knowledge, for a production management in
real-time, they have always had a bit of intelligence. In terms
practical, the possibility of connecting with the company's ERP system
becomes a mandatory foundation in the view of Industry 4.0.
The machines equipped with CNC will undergo, with integration and co-

connection, to report the activities in real time, what is its efficiency, di-

preemptive agnostics of problems for predictive maintenance and pre-

warning alarms, anomaly in the process.
Another resource that these machines will increasingly have as usual,
there will be robots for tool exchange from an auxiliary magazine
6
It is a management system that allows easy, integrated, and reliable access to data.
of a company. Based on the information gathered by the software, it is possible to make
in-depth diagnostics on the necessary measures to reduce costs and increase
the productivity.

14
posted next to the machine, besides, of course, the monitoring of the des-

spent tools in programming the probe's operation over time

processing, the advantage of this is that this time is absolute and will be part

of the processing time and it will be absolute and repetitive, very imposing-

aunt in the management of the occupancy time control of the resource,

with finite capacity.
The machines will be endowed with such intelligence that it will help the

manager in the restocking task, in the administration of the synchronization of the

production density, in an integrated manner with other resources and power infor-

sea, through radio frequency identification technology (Radio-

Frequency Identification - RFIDif everything that is necessary for
execution of a production order is available for sequencing
planned maintenance, if it is not, the machine itself suggests to the manager

a new alternative sequencing and informs when the item that does not
It was complete to be produced, it should enter the sequence again.
about the shift, or if overtime will be needed on the resource and how much this may cost

affect customer service.

Due to the high capacity of processors and the evolution of the code
and from machine language, the CNCs should process programs with
greater agility and also, following the development of information
tica, the need for connectivity and the trend towards interactivity

15
increasingly greater with the user, new functionalities also emerge
ram to facilitate operation and provide a human experience
machine more and more friendly.

1.2 Advantages and disadvantages

The main advantages of CNC over CN according to Di-

Niz (1990) mainly refers to the possibilities of altering the pro-
grammar during its execution (directly through the keyboard of the machine

and output of stored programs through a punch card

paper tape or teleprinter, in addition to using fixed cycles of plant-
gem and employ subroutines.
According to Diniz (1990), among the advantages of using
from CNC, one can highlight:

a. increase in flexibility;

b. reduction in the circuits ofhardwarethe simplification of the remnants

you are well as the availability of automatic diagnostic programs

ticos, reducing maintenance personnel;

c. elimination of the use of perforated tape;

d. increase in the possibilities of correcting programs (editing);

16
e. possibility of using peripheral computing equipment;

f. use ofdisplayfor human-machine integration;

the operator intervention related to product parts is drastic

reduced or eliminated mind;

h. manufacturing of consistent and precise parts;

i. repeatability;

j. times ofsetupvery short or nonexistent (after the first);

k. machining execution with high rotations;

Operational security.

CNC machining also has some disadvantages. Among the dis-

advantages can be highlighted:

a. high initial investment;

b. demanding and specialized maintenance;

The CNC processing route is not easy to control, not so intuitive.

as much as common machine tools;

d. does not completely eliminate human errors;

17
e. it does not have such evident advantages for small and very small series
nas;

f. high cost of accessories and tools.

In Figure 1.10, examples of machining centers are observed.

the lathes equipped with CNC, being the Nardini machining centers
Skybull 600, equipped with the Oi-mate controller (Fig. 1.10(a)), Romi
Discovery 1000, equipped with the Fanuc 21i control (Fig. 1.10(b)) and the

Romi Discovery 308, equipped with the Mach 8 control (Fig. 1.10(c))
and the Romi Centur 30 R turning centers, previously equipped
with the Mach 5 command, replaced by the MCS command throughre-
trotting(Fig. 1.10(d)), the Romi Centur 30, equipped with the command
Mach 9 (Fig. 1.10(e)) and the Nardini Diplomat Vulcanic Golg 160, equal-
I am using the Fanuc Oi command (Fig. 1.10(f)).

18
 Nardini Machining Center Romi Dis Machining Center
Skybull 600 - IFCE. Source: Author. covery 1000 - IFCE. Source: Author.

(c) Romi Dis Machining Center CNC Lathe Romi Centur 30 R -

covery 308 - SENAI/CE. Source: Au- SENAI/CE. Source: Author.
tor.

CNC Lathe Romi Centur 30 S - (f) Nardini Diplomat CNC Lathe

SENAI/CE. Source: Author. Volcanic Gold 160 - IFCE. Source:
Author.

Figure 1.10: Examples of machining centers and lathes equipped with CNC.

19
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<[Link]

QUEIROZ, R. A. de A. Step Motors. Salvador/BA: University

Salvador - Research Center in Computer Networks, 2013.

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 About the author
He was an instructor in the metalworking and mechatronics area of
National Service for Industrial Learning of Ceará
(SENAI-CE) and is currently a faculty member of the Department of
Industry of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and
Ceará Technology (IFCE), Fortaleza Campus. It has
PhD in Mechatronics from the Polytechnic School of
Federal University of Bahia. The main interests are
in the field of Industrial Automation, with an emphasis on
programmable logical controllers, supervisory systems,
instrumentation and process control, drive systems
hydraulics and pneumatics and industrial robotics. In the area of
industrial mechanics, with a focus on manufacturing processes
conventional and computer numerical controlled.

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