April 27, 2016 PUBLIC HEALTH II: Uses of Cartography in Public Health

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PUBLIC HEALTH II
Prof. Dr. Narciso Kestelman
Arce. Heads of Practical Work: Dr. Marta Ganin; Lic. Gladys Gareca; Dr. Cecilia Luna; Dr. Susana
Medina. Teaching Assistant: María Laura Nuñez. Secretary: Paula Itharte

19/9/11

Uses of Cartography in Public Health

Abraham, M.; Gareca, G.; Aragón, S.; Albornoz, S.

INTRODUCTION: In the planning, execution, and evaluation of activities of the

health team, it is necessary to have means that allow for quick understanding,
clear, detailed and precise, special characteristics for describing, comparing and analyzing
places, times, and people; for which the so-called maps are used, in their various
types with the fundamental purpose of understanding the characteristics, conditions, limitations
and conditions of the work area.
For the geographic recognition activity of their assigned work area, the Agent
Socio-health or healthcare personnel use cartography.
Blog Archive

OBJETIVOS DE LA CARTOGRAFÍA:Podemos resumirlo en los siguientes puntos: ▼ 2011(11)

a) Before the survey: · Define the area of responsibility and influence. ► November 2011(2)
Plan and organize activities.
► October 2011(3)
Estimate the necessary resources (travel expenses, payroll, transportation, etc.)
▼ September 2011(3)
Calculation of the budget (per diems, transportation, number of forms, etc.).
b) During the survey: TP Cartography
Check the boundaries of the assigned area. Uses of Cartography in Health
Observe the main geographical features of the area. (rivers, mountains, etc.). Public
Evaluate present environmental risk factors (sewage, garbage dumps, etc.). TP Statistical Method
Know the characteristics of the population (living conditions).
► August 2011(3)
c) After the survey: · Assess the epidemiological situation of the area.
Prioritize areas and groups at higher risk.
Coordinate actions with other sectors present in the area.
Compare data and information with the existing ones.
Execution of health programs (PAI, epidemiological surveillance, tuberculosis control and
others)
Based on this activity, a diagnosis of the health situation is made in order to
plan health actions such as: Epidemiological surveillance, determine the populations
of greater risk, carry out immunization campaigns, for communication and transport.

USES OF CARTOGRAPHY:
It can be graphically represented:
The different divisions of a province (Departments, municipalities, programmatic areas and
operational
Location of routes, roads, paths.
Location of populated areas and distribution of housing.
Location of public buildings and organizations linked to the community (services
of health, schools, police, churches, community centers, clubs, others).

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April 27, 2016 PUBLIC HEALTH II: Uses of Cartography in Public Health

MAIN SOURCES OF INFORMATION IN CARTOGRAPHY:

Cadastre Office: surveying plans of urban and rural plots.
Directorate of Statistics and Censuses: maps and plans prepared for censuses and
surveys.
Road Management Directorate: updated maps of routes and roads.
Mining Department: topographic survey plans.
Municipalities: urban center plans, city limits, and neighborhoods.
Ministry of Education: location of schools.
Provincial Health System: location of programmatic areas, operational areas, CAPS and
hospitals.

CLASSIFICATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL:

In order to distinguish the cartographic material according to the extent of the area covered
and the amount of details is classified into three main groups:
Maps: it is the graphic representation of relatively extensive areas, the scale
Frequently used is small. For example: Provinces, Departments, Municipalities
and Communes.
Plans: the term plan is used for the drawing of cities or towns, when these are
based on surveys conducted using precision instruments. By
to be about smaller areas their scale is larger.
Sketch: a sketch is the approximate representation of an area done by hand
height using the compass, calibrated steps or any other imprecise system. These are
they are created when the existing cartography does not meet the necessary conditions for the tasks
to be carried out. The scale is variable.

CARTOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS:
Symbols: they are representations of the main natural or cultural details of a
community and are of conventional use. They can be figures, lines, colors, etc. for example
plazas, public buildings, boundaries of areas of responsibility, geographical accidents,
main access routes. The symbols must be clear and easy to draw and to

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April 27, 2016 PUBLIC HEALTH II: Uses of Cartography in Public Health
dimension in accordance with the scale that was used. A symbol is good when it can
recognize itself without the need for labeling and can be such that it remembers the detail by itself
what it represents.
Scale: the sketch is a graphic representation of a large area and, any representation
is at a certain size or proportion. This proportion is called scale. The sketch
it is smaller in relation to the surface of the represented area; it is necessary to put the
scale because at first glance the proportion in which it is drawn would not be appreciated. The
scales must always be represented in whole numbers and in km. It is represented by three
different ways:
1) Scale by numerical fraction: relates the length of a line on the map and the
corresponding on the ground, represented in broken shapes with the unit as
numerator.
Scale = Distance on the sketch / Distance on the ground
Scale = 1/250,000 or 1: 250,000
1 cm of the plan corresponds to 2.5 km of the terrain.
2) Scale cm per km: Indicates the number of km of the terrain that corresponds to one cm of
sketch. For example: scale: 1 cm for 1 km.
3) Graphic Scale: represents distances on the ground on a graduated straight line.
This scale has the advantage that it works even when the sketch is enlarged or reduced.
Orientation: It is necessary to include the orientation of the cardinal points in every sketch.
In our context, the most used is the north in the upper right part of the sketch.

REQUIREMENTS THAT A SKETCH MUST FILL:

A sketch should not include unnecessary details, but it should be detailed enough.
to allow the staff of the area to prepare a basic map to outline the area of
responsibility. It should include details and other information that helps to locate the area and the
access routes as well as the most important landmarks. The sketch will be
consequent in terms of scale and direction and the details must be indicated by the symbols
conventional cartographic.

GUIDE FOR CREATING A SKETCH:

a) Preliminary activities:
Before starting the preparation of a rural or urban sketch for the area of
responsibility and influence of the Assistance Center, the first thing is to seek, from the sources of
existing information data that allows us to have a graphic approach to the area that
we are going to represent.
Reasons why it becomes necessary to prepare a sketch are:
When there is no cartography available of the area to be studied.
When the scale of the plan is inadequate.
When the plans are old.

b) Execution activities:

For the urban area:

Before starting the drawing (if the basic map is not available):
The main access route that connects with the head will be identified.
departmental and/or municipal.
2. Next, the outline of the area of responsibility will be recognized and delineated.

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April 27, 2016 PUBLIC HEALTH II: Uses of Cartography in Public Health
Assistance Center and will be oriented by the sun towards the cardinal points.
extend the same (we can deduce the North direction by locating the directions in which
the sun rises and sets, knowing that these are East and West respectively. If in the
Tomorrow we will look directly at the sun, we will have the North on our left, which always
it must match the top of the sketch), always in relation to the main track.
3. Place the cardinal points in the upper right corner of the sketch, clearly visible and
large size.
4. Place each of the existing blocks, starting from left to right of the
main access road and always taking as a reference the one that leads us from the
departmental or municipal header, in order to end in front of the point where it
started.
5. In case one does not enter directly into the city's quadrant, but rather is preceded by it.
a determined number of isolated houses on both sides of the main access road, in
in these cases, the first step is to locate the houses that are on the right of
The same, when the totality of the blocks is located, the houses will be situated.
that exist on the left side, outside the quadrant.
6. When starting the draft of the drawing, conventional signs will be used such as
landmarks.
Distances can be measured using step measurement techniques; distances
it is calculated by counting the steps between two points, multiplied by the average length of
step (For example, a person taking 150 steps between two points, and the average length of their steps is
From 0.6 m, the distance between the points is 150 x 0.6 m = 90 m. This technique is the most
simple and recommended to use, there is also measurement through the odometer
from a wheeled vehicle, surveying tapes, odometers on bicycle wheels, etc.
7- Parallel to the geographical location of the blocks, they will be located in each
one of them, in small squares, each and every one of the existing houses in the
same, according to the order in which they appear, considering that it is always traversed from
left to right and according to the quadrant each block; always starting from the
northeast extreme.

8- Upon completing the sketch drawing, that is, with the location of the quadrant, the
apples, the houses and the landmarks using the conventional signs, are
they will list the apples and the houses in sequential order, always from left to
right, but the numbering will be independent for each block. It will start with the
house number 1 and will end with the corresponding sequential number for the total of the
houses of the block.
Observations: Determine how to proceed when there are two residences in the same
lot and/or two families in the same housing. The house number will be preceded by the
M (apple), L (any of the letters assigned to the apple), 15 (any of
the consecutive numbers assigned to the houses). Do not forget that all cartography includes a
reference frame, which must be located in a box at the bottom right.

For the rural area:

Before starting the drawing, the main access route, which connects to the
community with the urban center it belongs to politically, that is, the head town
principal.
In the drawing up of the boundary map of the political entity called town, village, or commune,

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April 27, 2016 PUBLIC HEALTH II: Uses of Cartography in Public Health
it must be considered that this is made up of one or several hamlets, and by one or more
sectors, which must be incorporated into the drawing as a layout plan, to
the following steps will be followed:
Outline and recognize the surrounding area that includes the town and the sector(s).
2. Justify the boundaries of the outline in each of the cardinal points, trying to
use for that any geographical accident with signs (like rivers, ravines,
hollows, hills, that are easily identifiable.
3. Before starting the drawing, the area occupied by the town will be traversed from north to south and from east
to the west, trying to approximately establish the territorial extension it occupies,
using step measurement techniques, vehicle odometers, tapes of
surveyor, etc.
4. Once the limits of the area of responsibility have been recognized, and having made the
Survey of the geographic area, will proceed to initiate the drawing and the location
geographical of each of the existing houses in each hamlet and sector that the
It begins with the first hamlet that is located in relation to the road.
of main access and that leads us from the municipal head to the town.
5. The survey will begin by locating first the homes that are found at the
right of the access road, continuing in that same order all around until
end in front of the opposite point where it started. During the survey, will be used
for the identification of reference points conventional signs.
6. The houses should not be numbered until the sketch of each one is complete.
of the settlements that make up the town. The numbering of the settlements and sectors will be done
individually, following the same order as was done for the location tour
of the houses.
7. Regarding the numbering of the homes, very varied situations will arise that
will depend on the topography, hydrography, and other conditioning factors, impossible to
to foresee. Sometimes a river or ravine can divide the locality, in which case it will be needed
number one margin first and then the other.

Housing numbering:
The housing is listed in the order of its geographical location. It will start on the side
right of the main access road, always continuing to the right and with
proximity between one and another, that is, the closest to number 1 will be number 2, and so on.
successively in sequential order, until numbering the total of the existing homes. The
The house number will be preceded by the sector number. See Annex

Necessary equipment:
The necessary and essential equipment to create a sketch consists of instruments.
very simple ones among which are:
hard pencils and erasers
rule
carrier
compass
squadrons
drawing paper and a hard surface to draw on
compass.

CARTOGRAPHY AND PLANNING: One of the most important applications of the

cartography is the organization of the activities of local health agents, and the
monitoring the health conditions of the population under your care, the cartography has a
important role in decision-making at other levels.
The planning of health actions requires that all levels, both political
as the administrators have information regarding the services and to the
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April 27, 2016 PUBLIC HEALTH II: Uses of Cartography in Public Health
communities of which they are responsible for the health.
Health services are responsible for defined populations based on criteria.
geographical, so the information related to them pertains to an area
determined, which we call area of responsibility.
The assignment of "areas of responsibility" is a proposed application of the
strategic planning in the geopolitical-social and cultural space that encompasses each of
the health units (CAPS and Operational Areas) and that allows for greater knowledge
deep and dynamic way of living and getting sick of the community in the area, and to
same time, give the correct answer.
Another fundamental component of the health system is the service networks and for that
to fulfill their purpose it is necessary to make accessible to everyone, health professionals and users, the
information related to the offer provided by each service. The mapping is essential to these.
fines. Visual models have been verified, which allow relating services to
its geographic location helps to clarify the issues better and provide consistency to
the proposed solutions. These visual models can describe the environment
geographical location of each center and its area of responsibility and communications and
existing relationships between them, as well as their location and characterization. Likewise,
they can describe the community in demographic, social, and epidemiological aspects.
In the Provincial Health System, the 'areas of responsibility' are defined.
mostly and associated with the systematization used by the Statistics Department
in the censuses, that is to say, by districts and census fractions, which allows for the establishment of a
updated association between geographical area and the population of the "areas of
"responsibility" of services. The technology currently available allows for the
visualization not only of geographical features but also the association of the
geographical areas with databases that describe the available information regarding
both the service aspects and the community they are responsible for.
Tools that enable this are called Geographic Information Systems.
(GIS). With this technology, satellite maps can be used, which in addition to visualization
clearer geographical accidents provide other related data about it
socioeconomic factors such as land use or level of urbanization. Similarly,
they can relate aerial photos and digital mapping in order to provide the planner and
who has to make decisions, the greatest amount of information possible, presented
so that its analysis can be quick and efficient.

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