Design & Installation of Shaft Alignment

For CENTRAL MARE

Oct. 4, 2018

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Shaft Alignment

Purpose?
Influence effects?

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Influence Parameters

The shaft alignment calculations shall take into account the influence of:
– buoyancy of propeller
– thermal rise of machinery components (including rise caused by heated tanks in double
bottom and other possible heat sources)
– gear loads (horizontal and vertical forces and bending moments)
– angular working position in gear bearings for gears sensitive to alignment
– bearing wear (for bearings with high wear acceptance e.g. bearings with water or grease
lubrication)
– bearing stiffness (if substantiated by knowledge or evaluation, otherwise infinite)
– hull and structure deflections if known (deflections caused by e.g. draught changes and aft
peak tank filling)
– Hydrodynamic propeller loads

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Approval for Shaft Alignment

Shaft alignment calculation, to be approved if:

– Minimum shaft diameter (low speed side) > 400mm (300 mm for twin screw)
– Shaft generator or electric motor as integrated part of low speed shaft
– Upon request, designs found sensitive for shaft alignment
– All other designs shall have a shaft alignment specification, for information only

D > 400?

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Alignment Conditions

The shaft alignment calculations have to include the following conditions:

– alignment condition (during erection of shafting)
– cold, static, afloat, fully submerged propeller
– hot, static, afloat, fully submerged propeller

For geared shafting systems:

– running conditions as required to verify gear acceptance criteria
– all relevant combinations of prime mover operation

Main Engine

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Design Acceptance Criteria

The shaft alignment has to fulfil the following acceptance criteria for all relevant operating
conditions
– acceptance criteria defined by manufacturer of the prime mover, e.g. limits for bearing
loads, bending moment and shear force at flange
– acceptance criteria defined by the manufacturer of the reduction gear, e.g. limits for output
shaft bearing loads and load distribution between bearings
– bearing load limits as defined by bearing manufacturer
– zero or very low bearing loads are only acceptable if these have no adverse influence on
whirling vibration
– tolerances for gap and sag less than 5/100 mm are not accepted.

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Design Acceptance Criteria

– For single slope or no-slope bearings:

in hot static condition the relative nominal slope between shaft and aft most propeller shaft
bearing should, in general, not exceed 3·10^-4 rad (0.3 mm/m) and 50% of min.
diametrical bearing clearance divided by the bearing length, whichever is less.
– For white metal lined aft stern tube bearing which is either double sloped, or has a journal
diameter 500 mm or greater:
It shall fulfil requirements regarding hydrodynamic lubrication performance(aft stern tube
bearing lubrication criteria)

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Design Acceptance Criteria
aft stern tube bearing lubrication criteria

Fatigue Wiping

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Design Acceptance Criteria
aft stern tube bearing lubrication criteria

50% load
1000
75% load
NCR

500 MCR
Static Moment

My (kNm)
-500

-1000

-1500
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720
Phase angle relative phase mark [deg]

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Design Acceptance Criteria
aft stern tube bearing lubrication criteria

Bearing
pressure

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Design Acceptance Criteria
aft stern tube bearing lubrication criteria

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Design Acceptance Criteria
aft stern tube bearing lubrication criteria

Acceptance criteria is minimum speed

– The acceptance criterion for the bearing will be linked to the minimum speed for
hydrodynamic lubrication
– A ship should not operate extensively at shaft speeds below the minimum
speed for hydrodynamic lubrication

Low speed criterion:

- Hot static condition, n0,stat
nmin ≥ n0,stat

Full speed criterion:

- Hot running condition 1: 15% of full torque downwards, n0,dyn1
- Hot running condition 2: 40% of full torque vertical upwards, n0,dyn2

n full ≥ max{ n0, dyn1 , n0, dyn 2 }

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Design Acceptance Criteria
aft stern tube bearing lubrication criteria
The rule is based on a semi-empirical equation derived from the Reynold’s
equation
Calculation of minimum rotational speed (n0) ensuring hydrodynamic lubrication

28 ⋅103 C h 0 peff
n0 =
ν D Leff
h0 is the minimum allowable oil-film thickness defined as a function of journal diameter
C is the bearing clearance
ν is the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant at 40°C
D is the diameter of the bearing journal
Peff is the effective projected bearing load over an effective area of length Leff
Leff is an effective bearing length defined as a function of the bearing geometry
and bearing load distribution

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Design Verification data and Tolerances

The tolerances in the alignment specification have to correlate with the tolerance ranges used
in the calculations.
The final verification of the alignment shall be carried out afloat in at least one relevant
condition
In special cases, verification in running condition by means of strain gauges and/or proximity
transducers may also be required. In such cases the measurement program shall be
submitted for approval.
Tolerances for misalignment in way of slope and straightness of stern tube bearings have to
be defined
The tolerances shall reflect the calculation of lubricant film thickness

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Installation & Measurement
Block Condition Confirmation

Pre-Centering for S/Boss Boring

Stern Boss Boring

Final Centering of Shaft

Pre-Centering of R/Horn
Stern Bush Machining

Stern Bush Fitting R/Horn Boring

Seal Piping & Stern Boss Cleaning R/Horn Bush Machining

M/E Bed Plate Hole Boring S/Tube Seal Installation Rudder Carrier Setting

M/E Erection Propeller & Inter' Shaft Inserting Final Centering of Rudder

Propeller Force Fitting R/Horn Bush Fitting

Propeller nut securing check Horn Bush stopper Drilling

Intermediate Shaft Alignment Rudder Erection

Shaft Coupling Bolts Fitting Rudder Stock Inserting

Stern Bush Clearance Check R/Stock Force Fitting

S/Tube Seal Leakage Test R/D Jumpping Stopper Inst'

S/Tube Bush Wear Down Check Horn Bush Cleance Check

Steering Gear Erection

Launching

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Installation & Measurement

S/T bearing geometry

Measurement

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Installation

All large welding work in vicinity of the shafting shall be completed before sighting process
and insertion of propeller shaft.
All large and heavy structure elements shall be in place before final verification of shaft
alignment
When shaft alignment calculations are required, the stern tube bearing geometry shall be
measured and reported in presence of the surveyor after mounting of bearings, but prior to
insertion of the propeller shaft.
Straightness, slope and ovality shall be within the specified tolerances.

D
B C
A

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A.P
Installation

Laser

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Installation

Each stern tube bearing shall be checked at minimum three longitudinal positions.
Equal procedure shall be applied on each segment in case of multi slope bearing

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Installation

The shaft alignment shall be within the tolerances given in the shaft alignment specification
When shaft alignment calculations are required the measured values of gap and sag and/or
jacking loads with force-displacement diagrams and/or alternative verification data shall be
reported in presence of the surveyor

Temporary
supports

1300

Fwd stern
bearing
Int.
bearin
g
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Industry evolution and experience -trends

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Shaft align(1) and Shaft align(2) class notations -Voluntary

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Shaft align(1)

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Shaft align(2)

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DNV GL Rules’ strength for shaft alignment

Bearing lubrication design criteria based on hydrodynamics for propeller & oil film
Robust shaft alignment considering tolerances of design and installation
Most powerful tool of shaft alignment, Nauticus Shaft Alignment

Experienced engineers in Approval Centre and Advisory Centre for troubleshooting in

design/installation/operation.

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Thank you

Lim, Jae Hun/Principal Approval Engineer

[Link]@[Link]
+82-51-610-7789

[Link]

SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER

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