02 Signals and Systems

x(t)

x(n)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
n

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 1

02 Signals and Systems

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 2

02 Signals and Systems

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑇)

Period=T

2𝜋
𝑇=Ω Ω0
0

𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛 + 𝑁)

2𝜋
𝑁=𝜔 𝑚 𝑚 = 0,1,2,3,4 …
0

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 3

02 Signals and Systems

𝑇 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑇)

t
Aperiodic signal

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(−𝑡) 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑥(−𝑡) 𝑜𝑑𝑑

𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡) (1)

𝑥 (−𝑡) = 𝑥𝑒 (−𝑡) + 𝑥𝑜 (−𝑡)
𝑥 (−𝑡) = 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) − 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡) (2)
(1) + (2) →
𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑥 (−𝑡) = 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) − 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡)
= 2𝑥𝑒 (𝑡)

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 4

02 Signals and Systems

1
∴ 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) = [𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑥 (−𝑡)]
2
(1) − (2) →
𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑥 (−𝑡) = 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡) − (𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) − 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡))
= 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡) − 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡)
= 2𝑥𝑜 (𝑡)
1
∴ 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡) = [𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑥 (−𝑡)]
2

→
→
→

0 < 𝐸 < ∞, 𝑃 = 0

0 < 𝑃 < ∞, 𝐸 = ∞

𝑇
𝐸 = lim ∫ |𝑥 (𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑇→∞ −𝑇

1 𝑇
𝑃 = lim ∫ |𝑥 (𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑇→∞ 2𝑇 −𝑇

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 5

02 Signals and Systems

𝐸 = lim ∑|𝑥 (𝑛)|2 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑁→∞
−𝑁
𝑁
1
𝑃 = lim ∑ |𝑥(𝑛)|2 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑁→∞ 2𝑁 + 1
−𝑁

Causal signal

Anti-Causal signal

Non-Causal signal

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 6

02 Signals and Systems

1, 𝑡 ≥ 0
𝑢(𝑡) =
0, 𝑡 < 0

𝑡, 𝑡 ≥ 0
𝑟(𝑡) =
0, 𝑡 < 0

𝑑 𝑑
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡 = 1 = 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑
(𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑝) = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝
𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑢(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡

∫ 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑝

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 7

02 Signals and Systems

𝑡2
,𝑡 ≥ 0
2
𝑝(𝑡) =
0, 𝑡 < 0

𝑑 𝑑 𝑡2 2𝑡
𝑝(𝑡) = ( ) = = 𝑡 = 𝑟(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 2
𝑑
(𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐) = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑝
𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
∫ 𝑟(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = = 𝑝(𝑡)
2
∫ 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐

∞
∫−∞ 𝛿(𝑡) = 1, 𝑡 = 0
𝛿(𝑡) = 0, 𝑡 ≠ 0

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 8

02 Signals and Systems

1
1, |𝑡| <
2
𝜋(𝑡) =
0,

|𝑡|
1− , |𝑡| < 𝑇
𝑇
𝑡
∆( ) =
𝑇
0,

1, 𝑡 > 0
(𝑡) =
−1, 𝑡 < 0

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 9

02 Signals and Systems

sin 𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑡) =
𝑡

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 10

02 Signals and Systems

1, 𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑢(𝑛) =
0, 𝑛 < 0

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 11

02 Signals and Systems

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 12

02 Signals and Systems

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 13

02 Signals and Systems

𝑥(𝐴𝑡)

|𝐴| > 1 →
|𝐴| < 1 →

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 14

02 Signals and Systems

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑇{𝑥(𝑡)}

x(t) T y(t)

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑇{𝑥(𝑡)}

x(n) T y(n)

𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑇{𝑥(𝑛)}

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 15

02 Signals and Systems

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥 2 (𝑡) →

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 2 ) →

𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛 + 2) →

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 − 2) →

𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑛𝑥(𝑛) →

𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(−𝑛) →

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 16

02 Signals and Systems

𝑥1 (t) T 𝑦1 (t) 𝑥2 (t) T 𝑦2 (t)

𝑥1 (t)+ 𝑥2 (t) T 𝑦1 (t)+ 𝑦2 (t)

𝑎𝑥1 (𝑡) + 𝑏𝑥2 (𝑡) = 𝑎𝑦1 (𝑡) + 𝑏𝑦2 (𝑡)

𝑑𝑦(𝑡)
+ 3𝑡𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑥1 (𝑡)

𝑑𝑦1 (𝑡)
+ 3𝑡𝑦1 (𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝑥1 (𝑡) → (1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑥2 (𝑡)

𝑑𝑦2 (𝑡)
+ 3𝑡𝑦2 (𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝑥2 (𝑡) → (2)
𝑑𝑡

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 17

02 Signals and Systems

(1) × 𝑎 + (2) × 𝑏 →
𝑑𝑦1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑦2 (𝑡)
𝑎 + 3𝑎𝑡𝑦1 (𝑡) + 𝑏 + 3𝑏𝑡𝑦2 (𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑥1 (𝑡) + 𝑏𝑡 2 𝑥2 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑
[𝑎𝑦1 (𝑡) + 𝑏𝑦2 (𝑡)] + 3𝑡[𝑎𝑦1 (𝑡) + 𝑏𝑦2 (𝑡)] = 𝑡 2 [𝑎𝑥1 (𝑡) + 𝑏𝑥2 (𝑡)]
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) + 2𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥 2 (𝑡) →
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) + 2𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑥(𝑡) →
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑦(𝑛) = 𝐴𝑥(𝑛) + 𝐵 →

𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑛𝑥(𝑛) →

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 18

02 Signals and Systems

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) cos 50𝜋𝑡

𝑦(𝑡, 𝑇) = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑇) cos 50𝜋𝑡
𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑇) = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑇) cos 50𝜋( 𝑡 − 𝑇)
𝑦(𝑡, 𝑇) ≠ 𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑇)

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 19

02 Signals and Systems

𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(2𝑛)
𝑦(𝑛, 𝑘) = 𝑥(2𝑛 − 𝑘)
𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑘) = 𝑥(2(𝑛 − 𝑘)) = 𝑥(2𝑛 − 2𝑘)
𝑦(𝑛, 𝑘) ≠ 𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑘)

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑎𝑦1 (𝑡) + 𝑏𝑦2 (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥1(𝑡) + 𝑒 𝑏𝑥2 (𝑡)
𝑦(𝑡, 𝑇) = 𝑒 𝑥(𝑡−𝑇)
𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑇) = 𝑒 𝑥(𝑡−𝑇)
𝑦(𝑡, 𝑇) = 𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑇) →

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑥(𝑡) →
𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) + 4 𝑦(𝑡) + 5𝑦(𝑡) = 5𝑥(𝑡) →
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) + 4𝑡 𝑦(𝑡) + 5𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) →
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) + 4𝑡 𝑦(𝑡) + 5𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥 2 (𝑡) →
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥 2 (𝑛 − 1) →

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 20

02 Signals and Systems

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑥(𝑡) →
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑥(𝑡) →

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 21

02 Signals and Systems

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞

𝑋+ (𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=0

|𝑋(𝑧)| < ∞

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 22

02 Signals and Systems

𝑥(𝑛) = {1,2,3,4}

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
3

= ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=0

= 𝑥(0)𝑧 0 + 𝑥(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑥(2)𝑧 −2 + 𝑥(3)𝑧 −3

= 1 × 𝑧 0 + 2 × 𝑧 −1 + 3 × 𝑧 −2 + 4 × 𝑧 −3
2 3 4
=1+ + +
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3

𝑥(𝑛) = {1,2,3,4}

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
0

= ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−3

= 𝑥(−3)𝑧 3 + 𝑥(−2)𝑧 2 + 𝑥(−1)𝑧1 + 𝑥(0)𝑧 0

= 1 × 𝑧 3 + 2 × 𝑧 2 + 3 × 𝑧1 + 4 × 𝑧 0
= 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 2 + 3z + 4

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 23

02 Signals and Systems

∞ ∞

𝑥(𝑛) = {1,2,3,4,3,2,1}

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
3

= ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−3

= 𝑥(−3)𝑧 3 + 𝑥(−2)𝑧 2 + 𝑥(−1)𝑧1 +

𝑥(0)𝑧 0 + 𝑥(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑥(2)𝑧 −2 + 𝑥(3)𝑧 −3
= 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 2 + 3z + 4 3𝑧 −1 + 2𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −3

∞ ∞

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 24

02 Signals and Systems

𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑢(𝑛)

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑢(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞

= ∑ 1 × 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=0
∞

= ∑(𝑧 −1 )𝑛 ∞
1
𝑛=0 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 =
1−𝑥
1 𝑛=0
=
1 − 𝑧 −1
𝑧
=
𝑧−1
𝑧
∴ 𝑍. 𝑇 𝑜𝑓 𝑢(𝑛) =
𝑧−1
|𝑋(𝑧)| < ∞
1
=
1−𝑧 −1

∞ 𝑧 −1 = 1

𝑧 −1 | < 1

|𝑧| > 1

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 25

02 Signals and Systems

𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑢(−𝑛)

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑢(−𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞

= ∑ 1 × 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
0

= ∑ 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞

X(z) = ∑ 𝑧 𝑛 ∞
1
𝑛=0 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 =
1−𝑥
1 𝑛=0
=
1−𝑧
1
∴ 𝑍. 𝑇 𝑜𝑓 𝑢(−𝑛) =
1−𝑧
|𝑋(𝑧)| < ∞
1
=
1−𝑧

∞ 𝑧=1

𝑧| < 1

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 26

02 Signals and Systems

𝑧
• 𝑎𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) =
𝑧−𝑎

𝑎
• 𝑎𝑛 𝑢(−𝑛) =
𝑎−𝑧

𝑎
• 𝑎𝑛 𝑢(𝑛 − 1) =
𝑧−𝑎

𝑎𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

➢
➢

Prepscale - Kerala PSC AEI | KSEB AE 27