What is a String in Java?

A String is a sequence of characters like words, sentences, or any text data. In Java, Strings are immutable, meaning
once you create a String object, you cannot change its content. If you try to modify it, a new String object is created
behind the scenes.

Companies: Amazon, Microsoft

How are Strings stored in Java memory?

Java stores Strings in two places:

• String constant pool: Special memory area where string literals are stored and reused to save memory.
• Heap memory: When you create a String with new String(), it’s stored in the heap and not pooled by
default.
Why it matters: Helps optimize memory by avoiding duplicate strings.

Companies: Google, Facebook

What does immutability mean for String?

Once a String is created, you cannot change its characters. Methods like replace() or concat() don’t modify
the original string; instead, they return a new string with the changes.
Why it matters: This property allows Strings to be safely shared between multiple parts of a program
without risk of unexpected changes.
Companies: Amazon, IBM

Difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer?

• String: Immutable, safest but costly if frequently modified.

• StringBuilder: Mutable (can be changed), faster for single-threaded programs.
• StringBuffer: Mutable and thread-safe (synchronized), used when multiple threads access the string.
Why it matters: Choosing the right class affects performance and thread safety.
Companies: Google, Microsoft

What is string concatenation? How to do it?

• Concatenation means joining two or more strings. You can use the + operator or .concat() method. For
example: "Hello" + " World" → "Hello World".
Why it matters: Efficient concatenation matters in performance-critical applications.
Companies: IBM, Infosys

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What is the string pool?

A string pool is a special memory region inside the Java heap where String literals are stored uniquely. If a
string literal already exists in the pool, Java reuses that object instead of creating a new one.
Why it matters: Saves memory and speeds up string comparison using ==.
Companies: Facebook, Microsoft

How to create a String?

You can create a String in two ways:

• Using string literals: String s = "Hello"; (stored in string pool).

• Using constructor: String s = new String("Hello"); (new object in heap).
Why it matters: Literal strings are reused, constructors create new objects.
Companies: Amazon, TCS

Difference between == and .equals() for Strings?

• == compares if both variables point to the same object in memory.

• .equals() compares the actual content inside the strings.
Example:

String a = "abc";

String b = new String("abc");

a == b; // false, different objects

a.equals(b); // true, contents same

Companies: Amazon, Cisco

What does .intern() do?

• If you create a String not in the pool (for example, using new String("hello")), calling .intern() adds it
to the pool if it’s not there yet.
• If the pool already has that String, .intern() returns the reference to the existing one in the pool.

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 • This way, you can save memory by reusing String objects.

Example to clarify:

String s1 = "hello"; // String literal, goes to String Pool

String s2 = new String("hello"); // New String object, NOT in pool

String s3 = s2.intern(); // s3 refers to String Pool "hello"

System.out.println(s1 == s2); // false, because s2 is different object

System.out.println(s1 == s3); // true, both refer to the same String Pool object

• s1 == s3 is true because both point to the same object in the String Pool.
• s1 == s2 is false because s2 is a new String object on the heap, not the pool.

What is string interning?

Interning means adding a String object to the string pool using .intern() method. If a string with the same
content already exists in the pool, that reference is returned. Otherwise, it adds the new string to the pool.
Why it matters: Helps save memory and enables faster comparisons.
Companies: Google, Microsoft

Why does it matter?

• Memory efficient: Avoids multiple copies of the same String.

• Faster comparisons: You can compare interned Strings using == instead of .equals(), which is quicker

How to convert String to int?

Use Integer.parseInt("123") to convert the string "123" into integer 123. If the string doesn’t contain a valid
number, it throws NumberFormatException.
Why it matters: Common when reading numeric data from user input or files.
Companies: Microsoft, Amazon

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How to get the length of a String?

Use .length() method which returns the number of characters in the string.
Example: "hello".length() → 5.
Why it matters: Knowing length helps in iteration and validation.
Companies: Infosys, Amazon

How to find a character at a specific index?

Use .charAt(index). Index starts at 0, so str.charAt(0) returns the first character.

Example: "hello".charAt(1) → 'e'.
Why it matters: Access individual characters when processing strings.
Companies: Google, Microsoft

How to check if a string contains another string?

Use .contains("sub"). Returns true if substring exists, else false.

Example: "hello world".contains("world") → true.
Why it matters: Useful for search operations inside strings.
Companies: Amazon, Facebook

How to convert a string to lowercase/uppercase?

Use .toLowerCase() or .toUpperCase() to convert all letters to lower or upper case respectively.
Example: "Hello".toUpperCase() → "HELLO".
Why it matters: Normalize strings for comparison or display.
Companies: Microsoft, Accenture

How to trim whitespace from a string?

Use .trim() to remove leading and trailing spaces but not spaces inside the string.
Example: " hello ".trim() → "hello".
Why it matters: Clean input before processing or storing.
Companies: Infosys, Amazon

How to replace characters or substrings?

Use .replace(oldChar, newChar) or .replace("old", "new") to replace characters or substrings.

Example: "hello".replace('l', 'p') → "heppo".
Why it matters: Modify strings safely and easily.
Companies: Microsoft, IBM

How to split a string?

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 Use .split(delimiter) to break a string into parts based on the delimiter.
Example: "a,b,c".split(",") → array ["a", "b", "c"].
Why it matters: Parsing CSV or formatted data.
Companies: Amazon, Google

How to check if a string starts or ends with a substring?

Use .startsWith("prefix") or .endsWith("suffix").

Example: "hello".startsWith("he") → true.
Why it matters: Validate or filter strings.
Companies: Infosys, TCS

How to check if a string is empty?

Use .isEmpty() which returns true if the string has no characters (length is 0).
Example: "".isEmpty() → true.
Why it matters: Input validation.
Companies: Amazon, Infosys

How to convert String to char array?

Use .toCharArray() method. For example, "hello".toCharArray() returns ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'].
Why it matters: When you need to manipulate individual characters.
Companies: Infosys, IBM

How to convert char array to String?

You create a new String object from a char array: new String(charArray).
Example: new String(new char[]{'h','i'}) → "hi".
Why it matters: Converts character arrays back into string form after processing.
Companies: Microsoft, Wipro

How to check if a string contains only digits?

Use .matches("\\d+") which checks if the string consists of one or more digits.
Example: "12345".matches("\\d+") → true, "123a".matches("\\d+") → false.
Why it matters: Input validation for numeric strings.

How to remove all spaces from a string?

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 Use .replace(" ", "") to remove every space character.
Example: "a b c".replace(" ", "") → "abc".
Why it matters: Clean strings before processing.
Companies: Microsoft, IBM

Write a program to reverse the given string?

1. import java.lang.String;
2.
3. public class demo {
4. public static String reverse(String str) {
5. StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(str);
6. return sb.reverse().toString();
7. }
8.
9. public static void main(String[] args) {
10. String input = "krishna";
11. String result = reverse(input);
12. System.out.println("reversed string is:" + result);
13. }
14. }

Write a program to reverse the string:

Reverse the input string in-place.

public class ReverseString {
public static void main(String[] args) {
char[] s = {'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'};
reverseString(s);
System.out.println(java.util.Arrays.toString(s)); // [o, l, l, e, h]
}

public static void reverseString(char[] s) {

int left = 0, right = s.length - 1;
while (left < right) {
char temp = s[left];
s[left++] = s[right];
s[right--] = temp;
}
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 }
}

Longest Common Prefix (LeetCode #14)

Find the longest common prefix among an array of strings.

public class LongestCommonPrefix {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] strs = {"flower", "flow", "flight"};
System.out.println(longestCommonPrefix(strs)); // "fl"
}

public static String longestCommonPrefix(String[] strs) {

if (strs == null || strs.length == 0) return "";
String prefix = strs[0];
for (int i = 1; i < strs.length; i++) {
while (strs[i].indexOf(prefix) != 0) {
prefix = prefix.substring(0, prefix.length() - 1);
if (prefix.isEmpty()) return "";
}
}
return prefix;
}
}

write a program to check that whether the string is palindrome or not?

public class demo {

public static boolean check_palindrome(String str) {

int start = 0, end = str.length() - 1;

while (start < end) {

if (str.charAt(start) != str.charAt(end)) {

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return false;

start++;

end--;

return true;

public static void main(String[] args) {

String input = "krishna";

boolean palindrome = check_palindrome(input);

if (palindrome) {

System.out.println("palindrome number");

} else {

System.out.println("not palindrome number");

Count Occurrence of a Character

public class CharCount {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String str = "hello world";

char ch = 'l';

int count = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {

if (str.charAt(i) == ch) {

count++;

}
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}

System.out.println("Occurrences of '" + ch + "': " + count);

Remove Duplicate Characters from String

import java.util.LinkedHashSet;

import java.util.Set;

public class RemoveDuplicates {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String str = "programming";

String result = removeDuplicates(str);

System.out.println("After removing duplicates: " + result);

public static String removeDuplicates(String str) {

Set<Character> set = new LinkedHashSet<>();

for (char c : str.toCharArray()) {

set.add(c);

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

for (char c : set) {

sb.append(c);

return sb.toString();

}
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Check if Two Strings Are Anagrams

import java.util.Arrays;

public class AnagramCheck {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String s1 = "listen";

String s2 = "silent";

if (areAnagrams(s1, s2)) {

System.out.println(s1 + " and " + s2 + " are anagrams");

} else {

System.out.println(s1 + " and " + s2 + " are not anagrams");

public static boolean areAnagrams(String s1, String s2) {

if (s1.length() != s2.length()) return false;

char[] arr1 = s1.toCharArray();

char[] arr2 = s2.toCharArray();

Arrays.sort(arr1);

Arrays.sort(arr2);

return Arrays.equals(arr1, arr2);

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