Coding & Decoding 2.

13

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Coding & Decoding

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Similarly, in the word ‘WESTSIDE’, WE becomes EW, ST

CODING becomes TS, SI becomes IS and DE becomes ED.
The word ‘coding’ stands for converting a word from English So, WESTSIDE ¾¾ ® EWTSISED
language into a certain pattern or expression. Hence, correct answer is option (a).
Therefore, code is a sequence of letters/numbers, which is used in
place of the original word/series of numbers that is coded.
E xample 3 In a certain code language, the word ‘PARTNER’ is
Coding can be done for a group of letters (a word), a series of coded as ‘TRAPREN’, how will ‘FOUNDER’ be coded in the same
numbers or an alphanumeric series (i.e., a series having both language.
alphabets as well as numerals). (a) NUOFDER (b) NUOFRED
(c) FOUNRED (d) OFNUEDR
There are 4 types of coding methods : Solutions. (b) When we divide letters of the word ‘PARTNER’ in
I. Simple Arrangement. two group.
II. Direct Substitution. First group of first 4 letters and second group of last
3 letters, n› xPART and NER and then reverse the order of
III. Pattern Substitution.
the letters in these two groups.
IV. Alphanumeric coding.
I. Simple Arrangement Method : This is the most common & PART ¾¾ ® TRAP ù
ú Þ TRAPREN
the simplest kind of coding. These codes are generally NER ¾¾ ® REN úû
obtained by simply re-aligning the given alphabets in a word.
Similarly, we divide the letters of the word ‘FOUNDER’ in
E xample 1 In a code language, if TRAINS is coded as RTIASN, two group.
First group with first 4 letters (FOUN) and second group
how will FLOWER be coded in the same language ? with last 3 letters (DER) & then reverse the order of the
(a) LFOWER (b) LFWORE letters in the 2 groups.
(c) WORELF (d) ERFLOW
FOUN ¾¾ ® NUOF DER ¾¾ ® RED
Solutions. (b) TRAINS ¾¾ ® RTIASN \ the code for FOUNDER is NUOFRED
In the above code, we can clearly observe that the code is FOUN DER
obtained simply by interchanging the positions of 2
consecutive alphabets i.e., TR becomes RT, AI becomes IA
and NS becomes SN similarly, NUOF RED
Therefore, correct answer is option (b).
FLOWER will be coded as (FL becomes LF, OW becomes
WO and ER becomes RE) LFWORE. QUICK TIPS
FLOWER ¾¾ Notes for simple arrangement :
® LFWORE (i) Number of characters (letters / numbers / symbols) in the
Therefore, correct answer is option (b). code should be same as that of the original word, otherwise
coding is not possible.
E xample 2 If the word ‘MECHANIC’ is coded as ‘EMHCNACI’
(ii) Pay attention to the alignment of the word, i.e, if the letter/
in a certain code language, then how will ‘WESTSIDE’ be coded number has changed its position from first to last & vice
in the same language ? versa, a swap coding is possible.
(a) EWTSISED (b) EWTSSIED For e.g. : in e.g. 3, first group had 4 letters — ‘FOUN’ &
(c) EWTSISDE (d) WETSSIED there was a swap between letters at first & last position.
Solutions. (a) MECHANIC ¾¾ ® EMHCNACI FOUN
Similar to example 1, in the word MECHANIC also we have
Swap coding
done the same thing. ME becomes EM, CH becomes HC,
AN becomes NA & IC becomes C I. N F
2.14 Coding & Decoding

II. Direct Substitution Method : When the characters, i.e., QUICK TIPS
letters of a word or numberals of a series are substituted by Notes for direct substitution :
a coded character, i.e., an alphabet, a numeral or a symbol & (i) If there are 2 words in the question for which codes are
are placed in the coded word at similar positions as in the given and these 2 words have 1 or more same alphabets,
given / original word, it is known as direct substitution then the codes for these alphabets will be the same as well.
method.
These codes (substitutions) may either be in a direct fashion (ii) In case of confusion, note (a), i.e., same codes in both the
or in a jumbled fashion in order to make the questions tricky. words for same alphabet, will help us identify that the
question belongs to the category of direct substitution.
E xample 4 In a code language, if SUGAR is coded as ZNMDB
III. Pattern Substitution Method : This method involves the
and TEA is coded as FLD, how would you code GRATE in the same use of the alphabet series (A B C D E F ...............X Y Z).
code language. A certain word will be coded as certain other letters from the
(a) BNDFL (b) MBDFL alphabet series following a certain pattern. In substitution
(c) LDZMN (d) FLDZB coding some particular objects are assigned as code names
Solutions. (b) Original word : S UGAR TEA and then a question is asked that is to be answered in the
code language. It is further explained by examples.
E xample 6 In a certain code language, the word ‘RECTANGLE’
Coded word : ZNMDB FLD
is coded as TGEVCPING, then how is the word ‘RHOMBUS’
First we write the original words SUGAR & TEA and is
coded ?
corresponding alignment to these, we write down their codes
(a) TJOQDWV (b) UVWTJQN
respectively.
(c) TJQODWU (d) JTQOEWN
Therefore, we see that Z is coded for S, N for U, M for G, D
Solutions. (c) Each letter of the word RECTANGLE is moved two
for A and B for R, in the word SUGAR. While in the word
steps forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the
TEA, F is substituted for T, L for E & D for A.
code, i.e.,
This implies that this code is in direct fashion as in both the
words ‘D’ is coded for A. R E C T A N G L E
Therefore, code for GRATE will be MBDFL. +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
GRATE
T G E V C P I N G
Similarly, we have :
MBDFL
R H O M B U S
So, correct answer option is (b).
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
E xample 5 If in a certain code language, TWENTY is coded as
863985 and ELEVEN is coded as 323039, how will TWELVE be T J Q O D W U
coded?
So, the desired code is ‘TJQODWU’. So, option (c) is the
(a) 863903 (b) 86365
correct answer.
(c) 863203 (d) 683583
Shortcut : After we obtain the pattern of substitution, i.e.,
Solutions. (c) Original words :T W E N T Y ELEVEN
after the step.
R E C T A N G L E
Coded words : 8 6 3 9 8 5 3 2 3 0 3 9 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
Therefore, in the word TWELVE, 8 will be the code for T, 6 &
will be the code for W, 3 for E, 2 for L, and 0 for V. T G E V C P I N G
TWE LVE Since we know that the word to be coded ‘RHOMBUS’ starts
with the same alphabets as ‘RECTANGLE’, i.e., both start
So,
with R therefore the code for both will be the same i.e., T. So,
8 6 3 20 3 options (b) & (d) are ruled out.
Hence, answer option (b) is the correct answer. Since in options (a) & (c), the starting alphabet is the same
Shortcut : Code for T is 8, so the code cannot start with ‘6’. but the last alphabet is different, we directly check for the
So option (d) is ruled out, option (b) has only 5 numbers last alphabet of the word ‘RHOMBUS’, i.e., S.
while the word has 6 alphabets, therefore, option (b) is also +2
ruled out. Code for L is ‘2’, so option (c) is the correct answer. S ¾¾® U. Hence option (c) is the correct answer..

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Coding & Decoding 2.15

E xample 7 IV. Alpha-Numeric Series Coding: Out of the entire alphabet

If wall is called window, window is called door, door
series numbered 1 to 26, i.e.,
is called floor, floor is called roof and roof is called ventilator,
what will a person stand on? A B C D E F G H I J K
(a) door (b) ventilator 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
(c) Roof (d) Floor
Sol. (c) A person stands on the floor and in the given code L M N O P Q R S T U
language, floor is called roof. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Hence, roof will be the correct answer.
V W X Y Z
E xample 8 In a certain language, the word ‘REJECT’ is written
22 23 24 25 26
as SGMIHZ’. How will the word ‘ACCEPT’ be written ?
it is difficult to remember each and every alphabets’ numeric
(a) BEFIUV (b) BEFMUZ value, therefore, we just have to remember.
(c) BEEIUZ (d) BEFIUZ E = 5, J = 10, O = 15, T = 20 and Y = 25 which are multiples of
Solutions. (d) Clearly, the pattern followed by the code is moving 5.
up in an increasing order. In alphanumeric coding, the alphabets of the word are given
and we code them in terms of their numeric value or some
R E J E C T pattern according to their numeric values.
+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 E xample 10 If in a certain code language, ‘MIRROR’ is coded as
S G M I H Z ‘139181815’, how will ‘APPLE’ be coded in the same language ?
Similarly, code for the word ‘ACCEPT’ will be (a) 11616125 (b) 3984145
(c) 1162254 (d) 11213147
A C C E P T Solutions. (a) As we can see from the alphabet series, numeric
+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 values for the alphabets M is 13, I is 9, R is 18 and O is 15.
Similarly, for the word APPLE, A = 1, P = 16, P = 16, L = 12 &
B E F I U Z E = 5. So, the code is 11616125. Therefore, option (a) is the
Shortcut : Both words ‘REJECT’ as well as ‘ACCEPT’ contain correct answer.
6 alphabets, where the position of the second E and T in E xample 11 If EAT is 26, ZEAL is 44 and AROMA is 48.
REJECT are same as the E and T in ‘ACCEPT’ i.e., positions
(4) & (6) respectively. (1) How is ‘HELMET’ written in the same language ?
(a) 23 (b) 63
So, the code should have I and Z at positions (4) & (6)
(c) 83 (d) 53
respectively. Thus options (a) and (b) are ruled out. Also,
since the code has alphabets moved up in an increasing (2) How is ‘MANAGER’ written in the same language ?
order. Therefore, option (c) is invalid. (a) 89 (b) 59
(c) 79 (d) 39
Hence option (d) is the correct answer. Solutions. As we can see from the alphabet series, the words
E xample 9 It in a certain language CHENNAI is coded as EAT ¾¾
® E = 5, A = 1, T = 20
‘DGFMOZJ’ how is MUMBAI coded in the same language? 5 + 1 + 20 = 26
(a) NTNABH (b) LVLCZJ ZEAL ¾¾
® Z = 26, E = 5, A = 1, L = 12
(c) LTLCBH (d) NVNCBJ 26 + 5 + 1 + 12 = 44
Solutions. (a) It can be clearly seen that the original word is moved AROMA ¾¾
® A = 1, R = 18, O = 15, M = 13, A = 1
1 letter forward and backward alternately, such that 1 + 18 + 15 + 13 + 1 = 48
C H E N N A I (1) (b) similarly, HELMET is written as
HELMET ® H = 8, E = 5, L = 12, M = 13, E = 5, T = 20
+1 –1 +1 –1 +1 –1 +1
8 + 5 + 12 + 13 + 5 + 20 = 63
D G F M O Z J Hence, the code for ‘HELMET’ is 63.
Similarly, in case of the word MUMBAI, the alphabets will option (c) is the correct answer.
also be moved 1 letter forward & backward alternately (2) (b) similarly the word ‘MANAGER’ can be written as
therefore, options (b) & (c) are ruled out. MANAGER ® M = 13, A = 1, N = 14, A = 1, G = 7,
M U M B A I E = 5, R = 18
+1 –1 +1 –1 +1 –1 13 + 1 + 14 + 1 + 7 + 5 + 18 = 59
so, the code for the word ‘MANAGER’ is 59.
N T N A B H option (c) is the correct answer.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

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2.16 Coding & Decoding

E xample 12 If in a certain language, ‘IMAGE’ is written as E xample 2 Using the data from example 1, which word is coded
‘571319’, then ‘SMALL’ will be written as ‘ETCAREH’ ?
(a) 212113191 (b) 211211391 (a) TEACHER (b) TEACREH
(c) 191311212 (d) 39421919 (c) EACHTER (d) TECAREH
Solutions. (a) The code for ‘IMAGE’, according to the alphabet Solutins. (a) The word ‘CHAPTER’ is of 7 letters & so is the code
series is ‘913175’. When we reverse the order of this code, it is given in the question. Therefore, we have to follow the
written as ‘571319’ which is the given code. pattern of the word ‘CHAPTER’.
Similarly, for the word ‘SMALL’, the code according to the C H A P TER
alphabet series is ‘191311212’. When we reverse the order of
this code, we obtain ‘212113191’, which is the required code. H C P A RET
Thus, option (a) is the correct answer. Similarly,
T E HE R
DECODING A C

The word decoding stands for converting a certain pattern or E T C A REH

expressions, i.e., the code, to a word from English language or a Hence, option (a) is the correct answer. ‘TEACHER’ is the
certain series of numbers. word for which the code is given.
In other words, decoding refers to the process of converting the
code back to the original word.
E xample 3 In a certain language, if ‘CARROM’ is written as
‘MORRAC’, then what is the word coded as ‘TIBBAR’.
Similar to coding, there are 4 types of Decoding Methods :
(a) RIBBAT (b) RABBIT
I. Simple Arrangement (c) BARTIB (d) BITRAB
II. Direct Substitution Solutins. (b) The code for the word ‘CARROM’, is obtained by
III. Pattern Substitution reversing the order of the alphabets of the word i.e.,
IV. Alphanumeric Decoding CAR R OM
We would first like you to go back and revise the four types of
reverse the order
CODING methods before we move on.
I. Simple Arrangement Method : Under this, the code will be M O R RAC
obtained simply by re-arrangement of the alphabets of the Similarly, the word for code ‘TIBBAR’ will be an outcome of
word. the same pattern as followed for the word ‘CARROM’, i.e.,
The questions will test you on decoding these codes. the code TIBBAR will also be written in reverse order.
E xample 1 In a certain language, ‘SIMPLE’ is written as TI B BAR
‘ISPMEL’ and ‘CHAPTER’ is written as ‘HCPARET’. Then reverse the order
‘LFWORE’ stands for which word ?
(a) LOWFER (b) FLOREW RABB IT
(c) FLOWER (d) WORFEL Hence, ‘RABBIT’ is the word, making option (b) the correct
Solutions. (c) SIMPLE ¾¾ ® ISPMEL answer.
The word ‘SIMPLE’ is of 6 letters and so is the code given in Note for Decoding : Solve by options, i.e., by taking one
the question. Therefore, we have to follow the pattern of the option at a time into consideration.
word ‘SIMPLE’. E xample 4 Using the data of eg. 3, which word would be coded
In the above code, we can clearly observe that the code is
as ELYTSEFIL ?
obtained simply by inter changing the positions of
(a) LIFESTYLE (b) LIFEELYTS
consecutive alphabets, i.e., (c) LIFESTYEL (d) EFILSTYLE
S I M P L E Solutins. (a) Since, the code for ‘CARROM’ was obtained by
writing the letters in the reverse order,
I S P M E L CAR R OM
Similarly,
reverse the order
F L O W E R
M O R RAC
L F W O R E Similarly, the code when written in the reverse order will give
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. ‘FLOWER’ is the us the original word, i.e.,
word for which the code is given.

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Coding & Decoding 2.17

ELYTSEF IL E xample 7 Which word is coded as ‘znhhjp’?

reverse the order (a) SUMMER (b) WINTER
(c) WHITER (d) POORER
LI F E S TYL E Solutins. (a) Since, all the words in the options start with
different letters, therefore, their codes also start with different
Hence, the word for which the code is given is LIFESTYLE. letters.
Thus option (a) is the correct answer. Thus we can see that the first letter of the code ‘z’ is the
II. Direct Substitution Method : In these kind of questions, code for letter ‘S’. Therefore, the given code stands for the
there will be one or more words given in the question for word ‘SUMMER’.
which codes will be given either in direct fashion or in jumbled Hence, option (a) is the answer.
up fashion. We’ll discuss both. E xample 8 Which word is coded as ‘pjexlom’ ?
We will be asked to find out the original word (s) for the
(a) PEERING (b) REEPING
given code(s).
(c) PEARING (d) REAPING
Command data for Example 5 to Example 8 : Solutions. (d) Similar to example 7’s solution, we check for the first
In a certain code language, if P O U R I N G is written as x f n letter, where the code ‘p’ stands for the alphabet ‘R’.
p l o m, S A M P L E is written as z e h x c j and W H I T E N Therefore, options (a) & (c) are ruled out and the answer has
E R is written as a t l k j o j p. to be either option (b) or option (d). Since, the code has no
repetition of alphabets, so option (b) is also invalid.
E xample 5 Then which word is written as ‘hjecz’ ? Thus the correct answer is option (d) REAPING.
(a) LEAMS (b) SMEAL
(c) MEALS (d) MALES Common Data for Example (9 to 12) : In a certain code,
Solutins. (c) The codes for the three words are direct substitution “WOMAN” is coded as “DPCZR”, “MASTER” is coded as
of the small alphabets for the capital ones, because ‘N’ & ‘I’ “PCMEGX”, “FLOWER” is coded as “BIGXDZ” and “FLOAT”
are codes as ‘o’ & ‘l’ respectively in both POURING as well is coded as “DCIEB”, then in that language find the word for
as WHITENER, while ‘E’ is written as ‘j’ both the times in the the following codes :
word WHITENER and also in the word SAMPLE.
E xample 9 IBDZ :
Words P O U R I N G S A M P L E W H I T E N E R (a) FLOW (b) BLOW
Codes x f n p l o m z e h x c j a t l k j o j p (c) WARE (d) WORE
Solutins. (a) Since, the letter ‘O’ seems to have different codes at
Letter P O U R I N G S A M L E W H T its positions in the three words WOMAN, FLOWER and
Codes : x f n p l o m z e h c j a t k FLOAT, therefore, is not a case of direct substitution but of
Therefore, the code ‘h j e c z’ stands for MEALS. jumbled substitution (the question becomes tricky).

MEALS WORD CODE

W O M AN DPCZR
MAST E R PCMEGX
j e c z
F LOWE R BIGXDZ
deriving the word from the code (see arrows)
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. F LOAT DCIEB
E xample 6 Which word is coded as ‘ajlmtk’ ? There are 3 words – WOMAN, FLOWER & FLOAT that
have 1 same letter, i.e., ‘O’ for which they have one common
(a) WAISTE (b) WEIGHT
code letter, i.e., ‘D’. Similarly the words - WOMAN & LOWER
(c) WASTES (d) HEIGHT have 1 more common ‘W’, for which they have one more
Solutins. (b) Following the same concept as in example 5, the common code letter ‘Z’.
code ‘ajlmtk’ represents Similarly, the words – WOMAN, MASTER & FLOAT have
W E I G HT a letter ‘A’ common in all these words for which the common
code is ‘C’.
Following the same trend
a j l m t k Letter W O M A N S T E R F L
Code Z D P C R M E G/X X/G I B
deriving the word from the code.
Hence, option (b) ‘WEIGHT’ is the correct answer. In the above table, the codes for the letters ‘E’ & ‘R’ cannot
be found distinctly.

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2.18 Coding & Decoding

From the table, the code IBDZ stands for the word FLOW.
E xample 13 If, in a certain language, POWERFUL is coded as
I BDZ
QQZIWLBT, then which word is coded as ECQGJXZ ?
(a) DANCERS (b) HARMLESS
(c) PRACTISE (d) DANGERS
F LO W Solutions. (a) The pattern followed by the code is moving up in
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer. an increasing order.

QUICK TIPS P O W E R F U L

(i) Spot out the common letters in the words and try to find the +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8
code for the common letters first.
(ii) As soon as you find the codes for some letters, tick those Q Q Z I W L B T
letters as well as codes so you don’t keep checking them First method : similarly, the code given will also follow the
again & again. This will save your time & save you from same pattern. Therefore, we subtract or move the alphabets
any kind of confusion while solving the questions. of the code backwards to form the word.
E xample 10 ZGCX : D A N C E R S
(a) WORE (b) WEAR
(c) MERE (d) WERE –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7
Solutions. (b) For the code letters Z, G, C, X the alphabets are
E C Q G J X Z
Z G C X
Second method : We can also go by the options, i.e., check
each option one by one and see if it forms the code given in
W E/R A E/R the questions using the same pattern as coded in the word
Therefore, the word from the given options is ‘WEAR’. ‘POWERFUL’.
Correct option is (b).
IV. Alpha-Numeric Decoding
E xample 11 PCEEGX : This is similar to alpha-numeric coding, with the only
difference that we have to derive the code from a given word
(a) FARMER (b) WELLER in case of alpha- numeric coding. While in decoding, we
(c) FAMMER (d) MATTER have to derive the word from the code following the alphabet
Solutions. (d) For the code letters PCEEG,X, there has to be one series (ABCDEFG. ....... PQRSTUVWXYZ).
alphabet in the word that is repeatedly used, thus option (a)
is ruled out. E xample 14 If the code in a certain language, for PAPER = 56
Now, the letters of the code stand for : and SHEET = 57, then for which of the following words is the code
P C E E G X 88 ?
(a) IRON (b) PUPPET
(c) HELMETS (d) PARROT
M A T T E/R E/R
Solutions. (d) As we know the values of each alphabet in the
Hence, the word is ‘MATTER’, option (d). alphabet series, so we can unlock the codes.
E xample 12 PCRX :
PAPER ¾¾
® P = 16, A = 1, P = 16, E = 5, R = 18
(a) MANE (b) MEAN 16 + 1 + 16 + 5 + 18 = 56
(c) MARN (d) Cannot be determined.
Solutions. (d) For the code alphabets, the representation is SHEET ¾¾
® S = 19, H = 8, E = 5, E = 5, T = 20
P C R X 19 + 8 + 5 + 5 + 20 = 57
Now, to find the word for the code 88, we have to check all
M A N E/R the options.
Since, it is not clear whether ‘X’ stands for ‘E’ or ‘R’, we Option (a)
cannot say clearly which word is correct. Hence, answer is
option (d). IRON ¾¾
® I = 9, R = 18, O = 15, N = 14
III. Pattern Substitution Method 9 + 18 + 15 + 14 = 56
Under this method, a code will be given to you, you will Option (b)
have to recognize the pattern the code is following.
The pattern may be moving a few alphabets forward, a few PUPPET ® P = 16, U = 21, P = 16, P = 16, E = 5, T = 20,
alphabets backward or alternate forward & backward. 16 + 21 + 16 + 16 + 5 + 20 = 94

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Coding & Decoding 2.19

Option (c)
E xample 3 Which set of numbers will represent the word
HELMETS ® H = 8, E = 5, L = 12, M =13, E = 5, T = 20, S =19
“GROW” ?
8 + 5 + 12 + 13 + 5 + 20 + 19 = 82
Option (d) (a) 65, 22, 04, 57 (b) 77, 22, 42, 97
PARROT ® P = 16, A = 1, R = 18, R = 18, O = 15, T = 20 (c) 58, 10, 11, 88 (d) 96, 34, 23, 68
16 + 1 + 18 + 18 + 15 + 20 = 88 E xample 4 Which set of numbers will represent the word
The required word.
“GRID” ?
Therefore, option (d) PARROT is the answer.
(a) 65, 41, 85, 96 (b) 58, 41, 97, 88
MISCELLANEOUS CODING-DECODING (d) 65, 41, 95, 85 (d) 77, 22, 23, 85
Solutions : From (Qs. 1 to 4)
As Matrix I has letters S, P, K, R & O and Matrix II has letters H, W,
Directions (Qs. 1 to 4) : Given below are two matrices D, G & I, and as given in the example representation (coding) of
containing two classes of letters. The rows and columns of Matrix each letter can be done in 5 ways, i.e.,
I are numbered from 0 to 4 and that of Matrix II from 5 to 9. A
letter from these matrices can be represented first by its row
number and next by its column number. eg: ‘S’ can be represented S ¾¾
® 00, 12, 24, 31, 43,
by 24, 31, etc. P ¾¾
® 01, 13, 20, 32, 44,
K ¾¾
® 02, 14, 21, 33, 44,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Matrix I
O S P K R O 5 H W D G I R ¾¾
® 03, 10, 22, 34, 41
1 R O S P K 6 G I H W D O ¾¾
® 04, 11, 23, 30, 42
2 P K R O S 7 W D G I H
3 O S P K R 8 I H W D G
4 K R O S P 9 D G I H W Matrix II H ¾¾
® 55, 67, 79, 86, 98,
Matix I Matrix II W ¾¾
® 56, 68, 75, 87, 99,
E xample 1 Which sets of numbers will represent the word D ¾¾
® 57, 69, 76, 88, 95,
“SHOW” ? G ¾¾
® 58, 65, 77, 89, 96
(a) 12, 67, 42, 56 (b) 24, 55, 30, 55
I ¾¾
® 59, 66, 78, 85, 97
(c) 31, 79, 22, 75 (d) 43, 56, 11, 99
E xample 2 Which set of numbers will represent the word 1. (a) 12, 67, 42, 56
“SHIP” ? 2. (c) 31, 86, 66, 44
(a) 00, 56, 66, 04 (b) 24, 86, 59, 43 3. (d) 96, 34, 23, 68
(c) 31, 86, 66, 44 (d) 12, 98, 59, 67 4. (b) 58, 41, 97, 88

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2.20 Coding & Decoding

Exercise
1. In a certain code, ELEPHANT is written as TNPEAHLE, the 12. If in a certain code, ‘COVET is written as ‘FRYHW’, which
CROCODILE will be written as ? word should be written as ‘SHDUO’ ?
(a) RCCOOIDEL (b) ELCOOIDRC (a) QUAKE (b) REPAY
(c) ELCIOODRC (d) ELCOIODRC (c) VKGXR (d) PEARL
13. If the for TOWN is ‘UQZR’, then what will be the code for
2. If HELMET is written as IFMNFU. Then how will
‘WKOPFML’ ?
CHOCOLATE be written as ?
(a) OWKPFML (b) VILLAGE
(a) DIDPMPBUF (b) EIDPMPBUF
(c) FASTEST (d) DEVELOP
(c) DIPDPMBFU (d) DIPDPMBUF 14. If in a code, ALTERED is written as ZOGVIVW, then in the
3. If FAIR is written as IENX. Then TAPE will be written same code, how is IVOZGVW written as ?
as ? (a) FEATHER (b) DEARST
(a) WEVL (b) WEUK (c) RELATED (d) BELATED
(c) WFUK (d) XEUK 15. If in a certain language, POPULAR is coded as QPQVMBS,
which word would be coded as GBNPVT ?
4. In a certain code if FRIEND is written as DNEIRF. Then,
what will be the code for DESERT ? (a) FARMER (b) FAMOUS
(c) FRAMES (d) FAMOTH
(a) TRESED (b) DSERET
16. If in a certain language, GRASP is coded as BMVNK, which
(c) TRSEED (d) TESERD
word would be coded as CRANE ?
5. In a certain code, if AFFAIR is FAAFRI, then FERRARIS is (a) EUDQH (b) HWFSJ
coded as ? (c) GVERI (d) XMVIZ
(a) EFRRARIS (b) EFRRRASI 17. If SIMPLE is coded as TJNQMF, then SJQQMF stands for ?
(c) EFRRRAIS (d) EFRRARSI (a) PIPPLE (b) RIPPLE
6. In a certain code, APPLE is XNNZM and BAT is HXC, then (c) DIMPLE (d) PIMPLE
BATTLE will be coded as ? 18. In a certain code, RABBIT is RBDEMY, then HBRSISY is the
(a) XHCCZH (b) HXCCZM code for :
(c) HXCCMZ (d) HXMCCZ (a) HAPPENS (b) HATTERS
(c) HAPPINESS (d) HAMBUGS
7. In a certain code, RADIO is XZOPL and SHEET is NBGGI,
then HEATER is coded as ? 19. If in a certain code, HAT is 782, RABBIT is 681192. Then
how will HABIT be coded as ?
(a) BNGZIX (b) BGZGIX
(a) 78139 (b) 78192
(c) BGZIGX (d) GZBIXZ
(c) 68192 (d) 78129
8. In a certain code, if BLACK is KCALB then THEFT is ? 20. If DELHI is coded as 73541 and CALCUTTA coded as
(a) TFEHT (b) FHETT 82589662, how can CALICUT be written ?
(c) TEHFT (d) TFHET (a) 5279431 (b) 5978213
9. In a certain code BOOK is TLLC and TRICK is NAGDC, (c) 5473628 (d) 8251896
then BRICK is coded as - 21. If VISHAL is coded as 22102111517, then what will be the
(a) NAGDC (b) TAGLC code for SACHIN ?
(c) TALCD (d) TAGDC (a) 1925311191 (b) 1295111319
(c) 1925111319 (d) 1952111319
10. If COME is code as BNLD then DANGER will be coded as
22. In a certain code, 3456 is coded as ROPE, 15526 is coded as
(a) EBOHIS (b) CZMGER APPLE. Then how is 54613 coded as ?
(c) CZMFDQ (d) DANFDQ (a) POEAR (b) PROEA
11. If in a certain language, SHIFT is coded as RFFBO, which (c) PEORA (d) RPOEA
word would be coded as LKUMB ? 23. If CAT is 48, Z is 52. Then what is TEA equal to ?
(a) MMXQG (b) MLVNC (a) 48 (b) 52
(c) KJVLS (d) MJVLC (c) 60 (d) 50

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34. FLAIR
Common Data for (Qs. 24 to 26) : DELHI is coded as WVOSR,
choose the right code for the following : (a) YMOTW (b) YMUTW
(c) YMIOW (d) YMOIW
24. ORNRG
35. BUILT
(a) LIMIT (b) PEARL
(c) BEARS (d) LAPEL (a) ZABMT (b) ZATMB
25. NZCRNFN (c) ZATBM (d) ZTABM
(a) NININUM (b) MAXIMUM 36. If ‘green’ is called `white’, `white’ is called `yellow , ‘yellow’
(c) MINIMAL (d) MINUTES is called `red’, `red’ is called `orange’, then which of the
26. NRMRNFN following represents the colour of sunflower?
(a) MINIMUM (b) MAXIMUM (a) red (b) yellow
(c) MINIMAL (d) MINUTES (c) brown (d) indigo
27. In a certain language ‘+ ¸ ?’ means ‘where are you’, ‘@ – ¸’ 37. If ‘yellow’ means ‘green’, ‘green’ means ‘white’, white means
means ‘we are here’, and ‘+ @ ×’ means ‘you come here’. ‘red’, ‘red’ means ‘black’, ‘black’ means ‘blue’ and ‘blue’
What is the code for ‘where’ ? means ‘violet’, which of the following represents the colour
(a) + (b) ¸ of human blood?
(c) ? (d) @ (a) black (b) violet
(c) red (d) blue
Common Data for (Qs. 28 - 29) : In a certain code language, 38. If ‘white’ is called ‘rain’, ‘rain’ is called ‘green’, ‘green’ is
‘782’ means ‘Flowers are beautiful’, ‘692’ means ‘Roses are called blue’, ‘blue’, is called ‘cloud’, ‘cloud’ is called ‘red’,
red’, ‘628’ means ‘Roses are beautiful’. ‘red’ is called ‘sky’, ‘sky’ is called ‘yellow’ and ‘yellow’ is
called’ ‘black’, what is the colour of ‘blood’?
28. Which number denotes ‘Flowers’ ?
(a) Red (b) Blue
(a) 8 (b) 7
(c) 2 (d) 6 (c) Cloud (d) Sky
29. What does number ‘9’ denote ? 39. If water is called air, air is called green, green is called brown,
(a) Roses (b) Flowers brown is called steel, steel is called red, red is called rain, rain
is called tree and tree is called road, what is the colour of
(c) Red (d) are
human blood?
Common Data for (Qs. 30–32) : In a certain code, ‘il be pee’ (a) Red (b) Water
means ‘roses are blue’, ‘silk hee’ means ‘red flowers’ and ‘pee (c) Road (d) Rain
mit hee’ means ‘flowers are vegetables. 40 If Water is called food, food is called tree, tree is called sky,
30. How is ‘red written in that code ? sky is called wall, on which of the following grows a fruit?
(a) hee (b) silk (a) Water (b) Food
(c) be (d) cannot be determined (c) Sky (d) Rain
31. How is ‘roses’ written in that code ? 41. If water is called blue, blue is called red, red is called white,
(a) il (b) pee white is called sky, sky is called rain, rain is called green
(c) be (d) cannot be determined and green is called air, which of the following is the colour
of milk?
32. How is ‘vegetables are red flowers’ written in this
code ? (a) Air (b) Green
(a) pee silk mit hee (b) silk peehee be (c) White (d) Sky
(c) il silk mit hee (d) none 42. If ‘light’ is called ‘morning’, ‘morning’ is called ‘dark’, ‘dark’
is called ‘night’, ‘night’ is called ‘sunshine’ and ‘sunshine’
Directions for (Qs. 33 to 35) :
is called ‘dusk’, when do we sleep ?
Code : Z A X B Y O T W C M I (a) Dusk (b) Dark
Original (c) Night (d) Sunshine
B U E T F A I R V L D 43. If table is called chair, chair is called cot, cot is called pot and
alphabet
pot is called filter, where does a person sit?
33. BEAUTIFUL. (a) pot (b) cot
(a) ZXOABTYAM (b) ZXOBATYAM (c) chair (d) filter
(c) ZXOBYAMAT (d) ZXOBYATAM

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44. If blue means pink, pink means green, green means yellow, Conditions :
yellow means red and red means white then what is the colour (i) If the first letter is a consonant and the last a vowel, both are
of turmeric? to be coded as the code of the vowel.
(a) green (b) yellow (ii) If the first letter is vowel and the last a consonant, the codes
(c) red (d) pink for the first and the last are to be interchanged.
45. If 'road' is called `car', `car' is called `train' , `train' is called (iii) If no vowel is present in the group of letters, the second and
`school', `school' is called `house' and `house' is called 'office' the fifth letters are to be coded as ©.
then where do children go for study? 47. BARNIS
(a) Car (b) School (a) 9 2 * % # 4 (b) 9 2 4 # * %
(c) Train (d) House (c) 9 2 * # % 9 (d) 4 2 * # % 4
46. If 'spoon' is called 'plate 'plate' is called 'knife', 'knife' is called (e) None of these
'jug', 'jug' is called 'glass', 'glass' is called 'saucer' and 'saucer' 48. DMBNIA
is called 'spoon', by what do we cut fruit? (a) 6 @ 9 % # 2 (b) 2 @ 9 % # 2
(a) spoon (b) jug (c) 2 @ 9 % # 6 (d) 2 © 9 % # 2
(c) glass (d) saucer (e) None of these
49. IJBRLG
Directions (47-51) : In each question a group of letters is (a) # 8 9 * £ $ (b) # 8 9 * £ #
given followed by four combinations of number/symbol (c) $ 8 9 * £ # (d) $ 8 9 * £ $
numbered (a), (b), (c) and (d). Letters are to be coded as per (e) None of these
the scheme and conditions given below. You have to find out 50. BKGQJN
the serial number of the combination, which represents the (a) 9 © $ 7© % (b) © 9 $ 7 % ©
letter group. Serial number of that combination is your answer. (c) 9 1 $ 7 8 % (d) % 1 $ 7 8 9
If none of the combinations is correct, your answer is (e) i.e. (e) None of these
None of these. 51. EGAKRL
Letters Q M S I N G D K A L P R B J E (a) # £ $ 2 1 * (b) £ $ 2 1 * 3
Number/ 7 @ 4 # % $ 6 1 2 £ 5 * 9 8 3 (c) £ $ 2 1 * # (d) # £ $ 2 1 #
Symbol (e) None of these

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Solutions
ANSWER KEY
1 (b) 8 (a) 15 (b) 22 (a) 29 (c) 36 (a) 43 (b) 50 (a)
2 (d) 9 (d) 16 (b) 23 (b) 30 (b) 37 (a) 44 (c) 51 (b)
3 (b) 10 (c) 17 (b) 24 (a) 31 (d) 38 (d) 45 (d)
4 (a) 11 (a) 18 (a) 25 (b) 32 (a) 39 (d) 46 (b)
5 (b) 12 (d) 19 (b) 26 (a) 33 (a) 40 (c) 47 (a)
6 (b) 13 (b) 20 (d) 27 (c) 34 (a) 41 (d) 48 (b)
7 (c) 14 (c) 21 (c) 28 (b) 35 (b) 42 (d) 49 (c)

DETAILED EXPLANATIONS

1. (b) Type – Simple Arrangement (Swap Coding) Word F A I R T A P E

Positions of T and E and L and N are swapped. +3 +4 +5 +6 +3 +4 +5 +6
Also, positions of second E and P and H and A are
Code I E N X W E U K
swapped.
4. (a) Type – Simple arrangement (SWAP CODING)
Therefore, for CROCODILE the code after swapping in
the same pattern is ELOCIDRC. Interchange F and D, R and N and I and E.
Similarly, DESERT is coded as TRESED.
Solutions of Q. 3 and Q. 4 :
5. (b) Type – Simple Arrangement (Swap coding).
Direct substitution in jumbled – fashion.
In the word AFFAIR, the positions of first A & first F
S. No. Code SENTENCE are interchanged second A & second F ar e
1 782 — Flowers are beautiful. interchanged and I and R are interchanged.
2 692 — Roses are red. Similarly, RERRARIS is coded as EFRRRASI.
3 628 — Roses are beautiful. 6. (b) Direct Substitution.
The digit ‘2’ in the code is common in all three codes, 7. (c) Direct Substitution.
similarly on the sentence side, ‘are’ is the word common 8. (a) Simple arrangement (Swap Coding)
in all the three sentences. Therefore, the digit ‘2’ is the 9. (d) Direct Substitution.
representation for ‘are’. 10. (c) Pattern Substitution (–1).
Similarly, on the code side ‘8’ is the digit common in 1st Word C O M E D A N G E R
& 3rd codes, therefore, ‘8’ stands for ‘beautiful’. –1 –1 –1 –1
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1
Thus ‘7’ is the representation for ‘flowers’. Code B N L D C Z M F D Q
Also, the digit ‘6’ is common in 2nd & 3rd codes and so
Thus required code is ‘CZMFDQ’.
is the word ‘roses’. Therefore, ‘6’ stands for ‘roses’.
Thus ‘9’ stands for ‘red’. 11. (a) The first, second, third, fourth & fifth letters in the
word are respectively one, two, three, four and five
2. (d) Type – Pattern substitution (+1)
steps ahead of the corresponding letter of the code.
Word H E L M E T Hence, answer is MMXQG.
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 12. (d) In the first code, ‘C’ has been coded as + 2 alphabets,
‘O’ has been coded as +2 so on & so forth. Similarly
Code I F M N F U
PEARL can be coded as SHDUO.
C H O C O L A T E 13. (b) Each letter of the word ‘TOWN’ is moved 1, 2, 3, & 4
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 steps forward, i.e., ‘T’ is moved 1 step, ‘O’ 2 steps, W 3
\ steps & N 4 steps, to obtain the code. So in “village”, V
D I P D P M B U F is coded as W, I as K, L as O, again L as P, A as F, G as
3. (b) Type – Pattern substitution (moving forward in M and E as L. Thus the code for VILLAGE becomes
ascending order). WKOPFML.

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14. (c) A L T E R E D similarly, for the word S A C H I N

19 1 3 8 9 14
+1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Z O G V I V W
Final code 19 2 5 11 13 19
R E L A T E D
Thus code is 1925111319, option (c).
22. (a) Type – Direct coding (Direct fashion)
I V O Z G V W 5 ® P, 4 ® O, 6 ® E, 1 ® A, 3 ® R.
Thus, RELATED is the answer. Therefore, 54613 is coded as POEAR.
15. (b) P O P U L A R 23. (b) Alphanumeric coding type.
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 Word Code value Final code
(alphabet series)
Q P Q V M B S CAT C = 3, A = 1, T = 20 24 ´ 2 = 48
3 + 1 + 20 = 24
F A M O U S
Z 26 26 ´ 2 = 52
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 TEA T = 20, E = 5, A = 1 26 ´ 2 = 52
G B N P 20 + 5 + 1 = 26
V T
Thus, FAMOUS is the answer. Solutions for (Qs. 24 to 26) :
The code is that A is substituted by Z, B is substituted by Y, C is
16. (b) G R A S P H W F S J substituted by X and so on. (This is also known as mirror coding.)
–5 –5 –5 –5 –5
+5 +5 +5 +5 +5 A B C D E F -------- U V W X Y Z.
B M V N K Z Y X W V U -------- F E D C B A.
C R A N E
24. (a) LIMIT.
Thus, HWFSJ is the answer. 25. (b) MAXIMUM.
17. (b) PATTERN SUBSTITUTION (+ 1)
26. (a) MINIMUM.
Word R A B B I T H A P P E N S 27. (c) Type – Direct substitution (Jumbled fashion).
+0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +0 –1 – 2 – 3 – 4 –5 – 6
[Link]. Code Sentence
Code R B D E M Y H B R S I S Y 1. + ¸? Where are you
18. (a) Pattern Substitution (Moving forward in ascending 2. @-¸ We are here
order). 3. + @ ´ You come here
19. (b) Type – Direct substitution (Direct fashion)
As we can see, that ‘where’ is only in sentence 1.
Word H A T R A B B I T [‘Where’ is the word for which we have to find the
code.] Therefore, we need to gather the codes for ‘are’
& ‘you’ to find out the code for ‘where’.
Code 7 8 2 6 8 1 1 9 2
Sentence 1 & 2 have the word ‘are’ in common and the
Thus the code for the given word symbol ‘¸’ in common. Therefore, ‘¸’ is the symbol for
H A B I T ‘are’.
Sentence 1 & 3 have the word ‘you’ in common and the
symbol ‘+’ in common. Therefore ‘+’ stands for ‘you’.
7 8 1 9 2
Thus ‘?’ represents ‘where’.
Thus option (b) is the correct answer. 28. (b)
20. (d) Type – Direct substitution (direct fashion) 29. (c) Red.
So, code for CALICUT – 8251896. Solutions 20 to 22 :
21. (c) Type – Alphanumeric coding. Type Direct coding (Jumbled fashion)
S. No. Code Sentence
Word ¾¾
® V I S H A L
1. il be pee roses are blue
Value in ¾¾ ® 22 9 19 8 1 12 2. silk hee red flowers
alphabet series 3. pee mit hee flowers are vegetables.
+1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Code 22 10 21 11 5 17 Common word in sentences 1 & 3 ® ‘are’ and code ®
‘pee’
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Common word in sentences 2 & 3 ® ‘flowers’ and code 38. (d) We know colour of blood is red. Here, red is called sky.
® ‘hee’. Therefore, our correct answer is ‘sky’.
39. (d) The colour of human blood is red. But here red is called
Therefore, Codes Words rain.
pee are 40. (c) The fruits grow on a ‘tree’ and ‘tree’ is called ‘sky’. So,
hee flowers the fruit grows on the ‘sky’.
silk red 41. (d) The colour of milk is ‘white’ and as given ‘white’ is
mit vegetables called ‘sky’. So, the colour of milk is ‘sky’.
il roses / blue 42. (d) In the code, night is called sunshine. As we sleep in
be blue / rose night, the correct answer is sunshine.
43. (b) A person sits on a chair. Since ‘chair’ is called ‘cot’, our
30. (b) silk. answer is ‘cot’.
31. (d) il or be, cannot be determined. 44. (c) Turmeric is yellow in colour and yellow means red.
32. (a) Mit pee silk hee. 45. (d) Children go to school for study. Here code of school is
33. (a) B E A UT I F U L house.
Z X OA B TY A M 46. (b) We cut fruit with knife and knife is called jug, hence
correct answer is jug.
34. (a) F LAI R 47. (a) B ® 9; A ® 2; R ® *; N ® %; I ® #; S ® 4
Y MOT W 48. (b) D ® 2; M ® @; B ® 9; N ® %; I ® #; A ® 2
35. (b) BU I L T Condition (i) is applied.
ZATMB 49. (c) I ® $; J ® 8; B ® 9; R ® *; L ® £; G ® #
36. (a) The colour of sunflower is yellow and yellow is called Condition (ii) is applied.
‘red’. Hence sunflower is red. 50. (a) B ® 9; K ® ©; G ® $; Q ® 7; J ® ©; N ® %
37. (a) The colour of human blood is red. Here red means black. Condition (iii) is applied.
Therefore black is our answer.
51. (b) E ® £; G ® $; A ® 2; K ® 1; R ® *; L ® 3
Do not opt for black because red means black implies
that black is called red. Condition (ii) is applied.

K a l a m I A S A c a d e m y
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