1.

STUDY OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

Aim
To study the microcontroller 8051

Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller

Architecture of 8051 microcontroller has following features

 4 Kb of ROM is not much at all.

 128Kb of RAM (including SFRs) satisfies the user's basic needs.
 4 ports having in total of 32 input/output lines are in most cases sufficient to make all
necessary connections to peripheral environment.

The whole configuration is obviously thought of as to satisfy the needs of most

programmers working on development of automation devices. One of its advantages is that
nothing is missing and nothing is too much. In other words, it is created exactly in accordance
to the average user‘s taste and needs. Other advantages are RAM organization, the operation
of Central Processor Unit (CPU) and ports which completely use all recourses and enable
further upgrade.
Pin out Description
Pins 1-8: Port 1 each of these pins can be configured as an input or an output.

Pin 9: RS A logic one on this pin disables the microcontroller and clears the contents of most
registers. In other words, the positive voltage on this pin resets the microcontroller. By
applying logic zero to this pin, the program starts execution from the beginning.

Pins10-17: Port 3 Similar to port 1, each of these pins can serve as general input or output.
Besides, all of them have alternative functions:

Pin 10: RXD Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous

communication output.

Pin 11: TXD Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial synchronous

communication clock output.

Pin 12: INT0 Interrupt 0 inputs.

Pin 13: INT1 Interrupt 1 input.

Pin 14: T0 Counter 0 clock input.

Pin 15: T1 Counter 1 clock input.

Pin 16: WR Write to external (additional) RAM.

Pin 17: RD Read from external RAM.

Pin 18, 19: X2, X1 Internal oscillator input and output. A quartz crystal which specifies
operating frequency is usually connected to these pins. Instead of it, miniature ceramics
resonators can also be used for frequency stability. Later versions of microcontrollers operate
at a frequency of 0 Hz up to over 50 Hz.

Pin 20: GND Ground.

Pin 21-28: Port 2 If there is no intention to use external memory then these port pins are
configured as general inputs/outputs. In case external memory is used, the higher address
byte, i.e. addresses A8-A15 will appear on this port. Even though memory with capacity of
64Kb is not used, which means that not all eight port bits are used for its addressing, the rest
of them are not available as inputs/outputs.

Pin 29: PSEN If external ROM is used for storing program then a logic zero (0) appears on it
every time the microcontroller reads a byte from memory.

Pin 30: ALE Prior to reading from external memory, the microcontroller puts the lower
address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and activates the ALE output. After receiving signal from the
ALE pin, the external register (usually 74HCT373 or 74HCT375 add-on chip) memorizes the
state of P0 and uses it as a memory chip address. Immediately after that, the ALU pin is
returned its previous logic state and P0 is now used as a Data Bus. As seen, port data
multiplexing is performed by means of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit. In
other words, this port is used for both data and address transmission.

Pin 31: EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3 are used for data and address
transmission with no regard to whether there is internal memory or not. It means that even
there is a program written to the microcontroller, it will not be executed. Instead, the program
written to external ROM will be executed. By applying logic one to the EA pin, the
microcontroller will use both memories, first internal then external (if exists).

Pin 32-39: Port 0 Similar to P2, if external memory is not used, these pins can be used as
general inputs/outputs. Otherwise, P0 is configured as address output (A0-A7) when the ALE
pin is driven high (1) or as data output (Data Bus) when the ALE pin is driven low (0).

Pin 40: VCC +5V power supply.

Input/Output Ports (I/O Ports)

All 8051 microcontrollers have 4 I/O ports each comprising 8 bits which can be configured as
inputs or outputs. Accordingly, in total of 32 input/output pins enabling the microcontroller to
be connected to peripheral devices are available for use.

Pin configuration, i.e. whether it is to be configured as an input (1) or an output (0), depends
on its logic state. In order to configure a microcontroller pin as an input, it is necessary to
apply a logic zero (0) to appropriate I/O port bit. In this case, voltage level on appropriate pin
will be 0.

Similarly, in order to configure a microcontroller pin as an input, it is necessary to apply a

logic one (1) to appropriate port. In this case, voltage level on appropriate pin will be 5V (as
is the case with any TTL input). This may seem confusing but don't loose your patience. It all
becomes clear after studying simple electronic circuits connected to an I/O pin.

Memory Organization

The 8051 has two types of memory and these are Program Memory and Data Memory.
Program Memory (ROM) is used to permanently save the program being executed, while
Data Memory (RAM) is used for temporarily storing data and intermediate results created
and used during the operation of the microcontroller. Depending on the model in use (we are
still talking about the 8051 microcontroller family in general) at most a few Kb of ROM and
128 or 256 bytes of RAM is used. However…

All 8051 microcontrollers have a 16-bit addressing bus and are capable of addressing 64 kb
memory. It is neither a mistake nor a big ambition of engineers who were working on basic
core development. It is a matter of smart memory organization which makes these
microcontrollers a real “programmers’ goody“.

Special Function Registers (SFRs)

Special Function Registers (SFRs) are a sort of control table used for running and monitoring
the operation of the microcontroller. Each of these registers as well as each bit they include,
has its name, address in the scope of RAM and precisely defined purpose such as timer
control, interrupt control, serial communication control etc. Even though there are 128
memory locations intended to be occupied by them, the basic core, shared by all types of
8051 microcontrollers, has only 21 such registers. Rest of locations is intentionally left
unoccupied in order to enable the manufacturers to further develop microcontrollers keeping
them compatible with the previous versions. It also enables programs written a long time ago
for microcontrollers which are out of production now to be used today.

Program Status Word (PSW) Register

PSW register is one of the most important SFRs. It contains several status bits that reflect the
current state of the CPU. Besides, this register contains Carry bit, Auxiliary Carry, two
register bank select bits, Overflow flag, parity bit and user-definable status flag.

P - Parity bit. If a number stored in the accumulator is even then this bit will be
automatically set (1), otherwise it will be cleared (0). It is mainly used during data transmit
and receive via serial communication.

- Bit 1. This bit is intended to be used in the future versions of microcontrollers.

OV Overflow occurs when the result of an arithmetical operation is larger than 255 and
cannot be stored in one register. Overflow condition causes the OV bit to be set (1).
Otherwise, it will be cleared (0).

RS0, RS1 - Register bank select bits. These two bits are used to select one of four register
banks of RAM. By setting and clearing these bits, registers R0-R7 are stored in one of four
banks of RAM.
 RS1 RS2 Space in RAM

0 0 Bank0 00h-
07h

0 1 Bank1 08h-
0Fh

1 0 Bank2 10h-
17h

1 1 Bank3 18h-
1Fh

F0 - Flag 0. This is a general-purpose bit available for use.

AC - Auxiliary Carry Flag is used for BCD operations only.

CY - Carry Flag is the (ninth) auxiliary bit used for all arithmetical operations and shift
instructions.

Data Pointer Register (DPTR)

DPTR register is not a true one because it doesn't physically exist. It consists of two separate
registers: DPH (Data Pointer High) and (Data Pointer Low). For this reason it may be treated
as a 16-bit register or as two independent 8-bit registers. Their 16 bits are primarly used for
external memory addressing. Besides, the DPTR Register is usually used for storing data and
intermediate results.
Stack Pointer (SP) Register

A value stored in the Stack Pointer points to the first free stack address and permits stack
availability. Stack pushes increment the value in the Stack Pointer by 1. Likewise, stack pops
decrement its value by 1. Upon any reset and power-on, the value 7 is stored in the Stack
Pointer, which means that the space of RAM reserved for the stack starts at this location. If
another value is written to this register, the entire Stack is moved to the new memory
location.

P0, P1, P2, P3 - Input/Output Registers

If neither external memory nor serial communication system are used then 4 ports with in
total of 32 input/output pins are available for connection to peripheral environment. Each bit
within these ports affects the state and performance of appropriate pin of the microcontroller.
Thus, bit logic state is reflected on appropriate pin as a voltage (0 or 5 V) and vice versa,
voltage on a pin reflects the state of appropriate port bit.

As mentioned, port bit state affects performance of port pins, i.e. whether they will be
configured as inputs or outputs. If a bit is cleared (0), the appropriate pin will be configured
as an output, while if it is set (1), the appropriate pin will be configured as an input. Upon
reset and power-on, all port bits are set (1), which means that all appropriate pins will be
configured as inputs.

Counters and Timers

As you already know, the microcontroller oscillator uses quartz crystal for its operation. As
the frequency of this oscillator is precisely defined and very stable, pulses it generates are
always of the same width, which makes them ideal for time measurement. Such crystals are
also used in quartz watches. In order to measure time between two events it is sufficient to
count up pulses coming from this oscillator. That is exactly what the timer does. If the timer
is properly programmed, the value stored in its register will be incremented (or decremented)
with each coming pulse, i.e. once per each machine cycle. A single machine-cycle instruction
lasts for 12 quartz oscillator periods, which means that by embedding quartz with oscillator
frequency of 12MHz, a number stored in the timer register will be changed million times per
second, i.e. each microsecond.

The 8051 microcontroller has 2 timers/counters called T0 and T1. As their names suggest,
their main purpose is to measure time and count external events. Besides, they can be used
for generating clock pulses to be used in serial communication, so called Baud Rate.
Timer T0

As seen in figure below, the timer T0 consists of two registers – TH0 and TL0 representing a
low and a high byte of one 16-digit binary number.

Accordingly, if the content of the timer T0 is equal to 0 (T0=0) then both registers it consists
of will contain 0. If the timer contains for example number 1000 (decimal), then the TH0
register (high byte) will contain the number 3, while the TL0 register (low byte) will contain
decimal number 232.

Formula used to calculate values in these two registers is very simple:

TH0 × 256 + TL0 = T
Matching the previous example it would be as follows:
3 × 256 + 232 = 1000

Since the timer T0 is virtually 16-bit register, the largest value it can store is 65 535. In case
of exceeding this value, the timer will be automatically cleared and counting starts from 0.
This condition is called an overflow. Two registers TMOD and TCON are closely connected
to this timer and control its oper tion.
TMOD Register (Timer Mode)

The TMOD register selects the operational mode of the timers T0 and T1. As seen in figure
below, the low 4 bits (bit0 - bit3) refer to the timer 0, while the high 4 bits (bit4 - bit7) refer
to the timer 1. There are 4 operational modes and each of them is described herein.

Bits of this register have the following function:

 GATE1 enables and disables Timer 1 by means of a signal brought to the INT1 pin
(P3.3):
o 1 - Timer 1 operates only if the INT1 bit is set.
o 0 - Timer 1 operates regardless of the logic state of the INT1 bit.
 C/T1 selects pulses to be counted up by the timer/counter 1:
o 1 - Timer counts pulses brought to the T1 pin (P3.5).
o 0 - Timer counts pulses from internal oscillator.
 T1M1,T1M0 These two bits select the operational mode of the Timer 1.

T1M1 T1M0 Mode Description

0 0 0 13-bit timer
0 1 1 16-bit timer
8-bit auto-
1 0 2
reload
1 1 3 Split mode

 GATE0 enables and disables Timer 1 using a signal brought to the INT0 pin (P3.2):
o 1 - Timer 0 operates only if the INT0 bit is set.
o 0 - Timer 0 operates regardless of the logic state of the INT0 bit.
 C/T0 selects pulses to be counted up by the timer/counter 0:
o 1 - Timer counts pulses brought to the T0 pin (P3.4).
o 0 - Timer counts pulses from internal oscillator.
 T0M1,T0M0 These two bits select the oprtaional mode of the Timer 0.

T0M1 T0M0 Mode Description

0 0 0 13-bit timer
0 1 1 16-bit timer
1 0 2 8-bit auto-reload
1 1 3 Split mode

Timer Control (TCON) Register

TCON register is also one of the registers whose bits are directly in control of timer
operation.
Only 4 bits of this register are used for this purpose, while rest of them is used for interrupt
control to be discussed later.

 TF1 bit is automatically set on the Timer 1 overflow.

 TR1 bit enables the Timer 1.
o 1 - Timer 1 is enabled.
o 0 - Timer 1 is disabled.
 TF0 bit is automatically set on the Timer 0 overflow.
 TR0 bit enables the timer 0.
o 1 - Timer 0 is enabled.
o 0 - Timer 0 is disabled.

Timer 1

Timer 1 is identical to timer 0, except for mode 3 which is a hold-count mode. It means that
they have the same function, their operation is controlled by the same registers TMOD and
TCON and both of them can operate in one out of 4 different modes.

Result:

Thus the 8051 Architecture has been studied.

1. Write 8051 Assembly Language experiments using simulator.

ARTHMETIC OPERATIONS USING 8051

Aim:
To do the arithmetic operations using 8051 microprocessor

Apparatus required:
8085 microprocessor kit
DAC interface kit
Keyboard

Algorithm:

Addition / Subtraction
Step 1 : Move 1H data to memory
Step 2 : Add or subtract 1H data with 2nd
data Step 3 : Initialize data pointer.
Step 4 : Move result to memory pointed by DPTR.

START

Out 1H data in memory

Add or subtract 1H and 1st data

Initialize DPTR

Move result to memory preset by DPTR

Stop

Multiplication / Division
Step 1 : Get 1H data and 2nd data to memory
Step 2 : Multiply or divide 1H data with 2nd
data Step 3 : Initialize data pointer.
Step 4 : Move result to memory pointed by DPTR (first port)
Step 5 : Increment DPTR
Step 6 : Move 2nd part of result to register A
Step 7 : Move result to 2nd memory location pointer by DPTR
 START

Get data into the register

Complement the data

Move the data to pointer by DPTR

Increment data

Increment DPTR

Move data into paste location

Short jump to preset location

Stop

Program: 8-bit Addition:

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments

Location
4100 74 01 MOV A, #01 Moves data 1 to
register A
4102 24 02 ADD A, #02 Add content of A and
data 2 and store in A
4104 90 45 00 MOV DPTR,#4500 Moves data 4500 to
DPTR
4107 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Moves control of A to
location pointed DTPR
4108 80 FE SJMP 4108 Short jump to 4108

Execution:
Addition: ML
ML Input Output
4101 4500
4103
Program: 8-bit Subtraction:

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments

Location
4100 74 05 MOV A,#05 Moves data 1 to
register A
4102 94 02 SUBB A,#02 Subtract data 2 from
content of A and store
result in A
4104 90 45 00 MOV DPTR,#4500 Moves 4500 to DPTR
4107 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Moves result by
location by DTPR
4108 80 FE SJMP 4109 Short jump to 4109

Execution:
Subtraction: ML
ML Input Output
4101 4500
4103

Program: 8-bit Multiplication:

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 Start 74 03 MOV A,#03 Move immediate data
to accumulator
4101 75 F0 02 MOV B,#02 Move 2nd data to B
register
4105 A4 MUL AB Get the product in A &
B
4106 90 45 00 MOV DPTR, # 4500 Load data in 4500
location
4109 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Move A t ext RAM

410A A3 INC DPTR

410B E5 F0 MOV A,B Move 2nd data in A
410D F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Same the ext RAM
410E 80 FE SJMP 410E Remain idle in infinite
loop

Execution:
Multiplication: Output
ML Input Address Value
4101 4500
4103
Program: 8-bit Division:
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 Start 74 04 MOV A,#04 Move immediate data
to accumulator
4102 75 F0 02 MOV B,#02 Move immediate to B
reg.
4105 84 DIV AB Divide content of A &
B
4106 90 45 00 MOV DPTR, # 4500 Load data pointer with
4500 location
4109 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Move A to ext RAM
410A A3 INC DPTR Increment data pointer
410B E5 F0 MOV A,B Move remainder to A
410D F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Move A to ext RAM
410E 80 FE SJMP 410E Remain idle in infinite
loop

Execution:
Division: Output
ML Input Address Value
4101 4500
4103

Result:
Thus 8-bit addition, subtraction, multiplication and division is performed using 8051.
 3.FINDING MAXIMUM VALUE IN AN ARRAY

Aim:
Write an assembly language program to find the biggest number in an array of 8-bit
unsigned numbers of predetermined length.

Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:
1. Initialize pointer and counter.
2. Load internal memory location 40H as zero.
3. Move the first element of an array to r5 register.
4. Compare the data stored in memory location 40H is equal to or less than the
value of first element of an array.
5. If it is lesser, then move the data of first element to 40H memory location
ELSE increment pointer and decrement counter.
nd
6. Check the counter. If counter is not equal to zero, repeat from the 2
step else Move the R5 register to 40H memory location.
7. Stop the program.

Program:
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 90 42 00 MOV DPTR,#4200H

MOV 40H,#00H
4103
75 40 00
Give the number of inputs for
4106
7D 0A MOV R5,#05H finding the largest number.
Moves into accumulator a byte
4108
LOOP2: E0 MOVX A,@DPTR from external memory
Compare and jump not equal to
4109
B5 40 08 CJNE A,40H,LOOP1 ‘A’
410C
LOOP 3 A3 INC DPTR
Decrement and Jump not equal to
410D
DD F9 DJNZ R5,LOOP2 Zero
410F
E5 40 MOV A,40H
4111
F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
4112 HLT 80 FE SJMP HLT

4114 LOOP1 40 F6 JC LOOP3

4116 F5 40 MOV 40H,A

4118 80 F2 SJMP LOOP3

SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:

INPUT:

Memory address Data

4200

OUTPUT:

Memory address Data

RESULT:
Thus the assembly language program was written to find the largest element in an
array and executed using 8051 microcontroller.
 5. HEX TO ASCII CONVERSION
Aim:
Write an assembly language program to convert a HEX to its equivalent ASCII code
and display the result in the address field.

Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:

1. Get the ASCII characters in the range 0 to 9or A to F as input

2. Compare whether it falls in the range 0 to 9 or A to F
3. If it falls in the range 0 to 9 add 30H or add 37H
4. Display the result in the address field.
Program:
Hint: 0 to 9 in ASCII equivalent Hex value is 30H to 39H and for A to F in ASCII is 41H
to 46H
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 90 42 00 MOV DPTR,#4200H Input a HEX Value

4103 E0 MOVX A, @DPTR

4104 F8 MOV R0,A

4105 94 0A SUBB A, #0AH Compare Value 0-9

4107 50 05 JNC LOOP1 Values A-F go to Loop 1

4109 E8 MOV A,R0

410A 24 30 ADD A,#30H 0-9 Add 30H

410C 80 03 SJMP LOOP

410E LOOP 1 E8 MOV A, R0

410F 24 37 ADD A, #37H A-F Add 37H

4111 LOOP 90 45 00 MOV DPTR, #4500H

Output Hex Value Equivalent to
4114 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
ASCII Character
4115 80 FE SJMP 4115
SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:

INPUT:

Memory address Data

4200 Hex=

OUTPUT:

Memory address Data

ASCII equivalent Hex
4500 Value =

Result:

Thus the assembly language program was written to convert HEX to ASCII and executed
using 8051 microcontroller.
 1. Transfer data serially between two kits

Aim:
To write an assembly language program Transmitting and Receiving the data between two
kits.
Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery
Algorithm:
1. Initialize TMOD with 20H
2. Set the values for TCON and SCON
3. Set the input address to DPTR
4. Based on the bit value on SCON store the data in SBUF
5. Increment DPTR and check for the loop end value

PROGRAM FOR RECEIVER.

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 75 89 20 MOV TMOD, #20H
4103 75 8D A0 MOV TH1, #0A0H
4106 75 8B 00 MOV TL1, #00H
4109 75 88 40 MOV TCON, #40H
410C 75 98 58 MOV SCON, #58H
410F 90 45 00 MOV DPTR, #4500H Output
4112 RELOAD 7D 05 MOV R5, #05H
4114 CHECK 30 98 FD JNB SCON.0, CHECK
4117 C2 98 CLR SCON.0 MOV SCON,#50
4119 E5 99 MOV A, SBUF
411B F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
411C A3 INC DPTR
411D B4 3F F2 CJNE A, #3FH,
RELOAD
4120 DD F2 DJNZ R5, CHECK
4122 E4 CLR A
4123 12 00 20 LCALL 0020H
Algorithm for Transmitter:
1. Initialize TMOD with 20H
2. Set the values for TCON and SCON
3. Set the input address to DPTR
4. Based on the bit value on SCON store the data in SBUF and move the data
to register ‘A’.
5. Increment DPTR and check for the loop end value
PROGRAM FOR TRANSMITTER.
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 75 89 20 MOV TMOD, #20H
4103 75 8D A0 MOV TH1, #0A0H
4106 75 8B 00 MOV TL1, #00H
4109 75 88 40 MOV TCON, #40H
410C 75 98 58 MOV SCON, #58H
410F 90 45 00 MOV DPTR, #4500H Input
4112 RELOAD 7D 05 MOV R5, #05H
4114 REPEAT E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4115 F5 99 MOV SBUF, A
4117 CHECK 30 99 FD JNB SCON.1, CHECK
411A C2 99 CLR SCON.1
411C A3 INC DPTR
411D B4 3F F2 CJNE A, #3FH,
RELOAD
4120 DD F2 DJNZ R5, REPEAT
4122 E4 CLR A
4123 12 00 20 LCALL 0020H

SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:

Sl.No Transmitter Input (Hex Receiver Output (Hex Values)

Values) Input Address
4500
1 00 00

2 11 11

3 22 22

4 33 33
 Result:
Thus an assembly language program displaying characters on seven segment display has been
executed.
 2. Seven segment display
Aim:
To write an assembly language program to display characters on a seven display interface.
Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery
Algorithm:
1. Enter a program.
2. Initialize number of digits to Scan
3. Select the digit position through the port address C0
4. Display the characters through the output at address C8.
5. Check whether all the digits are display.
6. Repeat the Process.
PROGRAM:
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 START 90 45 00 MOV DPTR, #address Data to be displayed
4103 AA 82 MOV R2, DPL
4105 AB 83 MOV R3, DPH
4107 78 07 MOV R0, #07H total digit positions in
seven display
4109 7F 08 MOV R7, #08H Initialize no.of digits to
scan
410B L1 E8 MOV A, R0 Select digit position
410C 90 FF C0 MOV DPTR, #FFC0H
410F F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4110 8A 82 MOV DPL, R2
4112 8B 83 MOV DPH, R3
4114 E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4115 90 FF C8 MOV DPTR, #FFC8H
4118 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4119 12 41 22 LCALL DELAY
411C 0A INC R2
411D 18 DEC R0 Check if 8 digits are
displayed
411E DF EB DJNZ R7, L1 If not repeat
4120 21 00 AJMP START Repeat from the 1st digit
4122 DELAY 7C 02 MOV R4, #02H
4124 L3 7D FF MOV R5, #FFH
4126 L2 DD FE DJNZ R5, L2
4128 DC FA DJNZ R4, L3
412A 22 RET
SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:

Sl.No Input (hex Values) Output (Characters)

Result:
Thus an assembly language program displaying characters on seven segment display has been
executed.