Section 2 Structure and Written Expression.

1. The life of Benjamin Franklin, a practical man ____ many stories have been told, was
unusually productive.

(A) of

(B) about whom

(C) about

(D) of which

2. Indiana University, one of the largest in the nation, is located ____ town.

(A) a small midwestern

(B) in a small midwestern

(C) small midwestern

(D) in small midwestern

3. ____ his life, Eugene O'Neill was regarded as the foremost American dramatist.

(A) It was the time of

(B) While

(C) During

(D) By the time of

4. ____ Social Security Act of 1935 was written to insure workers against unemployment.

(A) The

(B) What the

(C) For the

(D) After the

5. Chemists are not sure ____.

(A) how precisely can cold fusion occur

(B) cold fusion can occur precisely how

(C) precisely how cold fusion can occur

 (D) can cold fusion occur precisely how

6. Just off the Massachusetts coast ____, a popular summer resort area.

(A) Martha's Vineyard is

(B) is where Martha's Vineyard

(C) Martha's Vineyard

(D) is Martha's Vineyard

7. Franchising offers many advantages to small business owners ____ problematic.

(A) however it is

(B) even though it is

(C) despite its

(D) it is

8. Although most cats hate to swim, ____ if necessary.

(A) can they do so

(B) so can they do

(C) they do so can

(D) they can do so

9. American author John Updike, ____, spent his boyhood in Shillington, Pennsylvania.

(A) was the only child of a high school mathematics teacher

(B) whom the only child of a high school mathematics teacher

(C) the only child of a high school mathematics teacher

(D) he was the only child of a high school mathematics teacher

10. In practice, setting up a chain of command in a business can be a very complicated task,
____ it involves the interaction of real human beings.

(A) because of

(B) how

(C) as
 (D) due to

11. When linguists encounter a new language, ____ work to identify all of the sounds it
contains.

(A) who

(B) they

(C) and

(D) those

12. According to recent investigations, unselfish motives, such as true empathy, ____, and
commitment to a principle, sometimes surpass self-interest in influencing human behavior.

(A) to have solidarity with others

(B) others with solidarity

(C) solidarity with others

(D) one has solidarity with others

13. ____ the lip of an open-pit copper mine, the huge tractors and cranes below look like
toys, and people look like tiny ants scurrying about.

(A) Where

(B) While

(C) That

(D) From

14. Not only ____ atoms with their microscopes, but they now can also "feel" them with the
aid of a versatile sensing device called the "magic wrist".

(A) are today's scientists able to see

(B) able to see today's scientists are

(C) today's scientists are able to see

(D) are able to see today's scientists

15. In the seventeenth century, North America was vast and unconquered, ____ only at great
cost.

(A) it promised riches but yielded its bounty

(B) promising riches but yielding its bounty

(C) by promising riches but by yielding its bounty

(D) its riches were promised but its bounty yielded

Section 2 Structure and Written Expression.

1. ____ fall naturally into two classes, which can be further subdivided into several
subclasses.

(A) There are vitamins

(B) Vitamins that

(C) Vitamins

(D) After vitamins

2. The incidence of anorexia nervosa, ____, is growing in industrially advanced societies.

(A) is an eating disorder

(B) an eating disorder which

(C) an eating disorder

(D) for which an eating disorder

3. In the 1960s, pop art ____ to discover artistic significance in the commercial artifacts of the
consumer culture.

(A) seeking

(B) to seek

(C) has sought

(D) sought

4. Air ____ the carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis enters leaves through tiny surface
openings.

(A) contains

(B) contained

(C) containing

(D) it contains

5. Overexposure to the sun can produce ____ can some toxic chemicals.
 (A) more than damage to the skin

(B) more damage than to the skin

(C) damage more than to the skin

(D) more damage to the skin than

6. The Federal Reserve System, ____ under President Wilson, plays a key role in regulating the
U.S. economy.

(A) the establishment in 1913

(B) was established in 1913

(C) established in 1913

(D) in 1913 they established it

7. In the 1960s, due in part to the invention of air conditioning, the population of the United
States ____ a dramatic geographical shift southward.

(A) experiencing

(B) was experienced

(C) to experience

(D) experienced

8. Antarctica is larger ____, but it has no native human population.

(A) than Europe or Australia does

(B) Europe or Australia

(C) of Europe or Australia

(D) than Europe or Australia

9. Whole-grain food products ____ in most large supermarkets across the United States and
Canada.

(A) now can purchase

(B) can now be purchased

(C) now to purchase

(D) the purchase of which

10. A dividend is ____ the only benefit a corporation can offer its shareholders.

(A) no

(B) nor

(C) none

(D) not

11. ____ all citrus fruit originated with the Chinese orange.

(A) That the belief

(B) The belief that

(C) To believe that

(D) It is believed that

12. The year 1732 saw the first appearance of Poor Richard's Almanac, ____ Benjamin
Franklin created the character of Poor Richard.

(A) there

(B) in which

(C) in it

(D) which in

13. ____ more susceptible to bacterial contamination than other types of meat because it has
more surface area exposed to bacteria laden air.

(A) Ground meat

(B) Ground meat is

(C) Ground meat that is

(D) Ground meat being

14. Over the past several decades, radio telescopes ____ of the universe from the one
disclosed by ordinary telescopes.

(A) have given scientists quite a different view

(B) have quite a different view given scientists

(C) quite a different view have given scientists

(D) have they given scientists quite a different view

15. Nestled along the shoreline of Hudson Bay ____.

(A) are several recently settled Inuit communities

(B) several recently settled Inuit communities are there

(C) near several recently settled Inuit communities

(D) is where several recently settled Inuit communities

 Written Expresion.

16. The field cricket is quite (A) injury (B) to crops and vegetation (C) and does most
of its harmful (D) work at night.

17. Perhaps the most (A) unique thing about (B) carbon atoms are (C) their ability to
combine (D) with themselves.

18. Works wrote (A) by Vladimir Nabokov often (B) contain heroes and heroines who
(C) have lived (D) in many places.

19. Organisms and their cells live by maintaining (A) a constant (B) exchange of
elemental (C), ions, minerals, and gases (D).

20. For the past few years (A), researchers have perfecting (B) their (C) control over
the movements of cells and microbes by using (D) low-power laser beams.

21. The mountain sheep is known for (A) its incredible (B) agility, timid (C), and ability
to withstand (D) severe cold.

22. The chimpanzee possesses hand tool (A), the sticky termite stick, with which (B) it
(C) digs termites out of (D) logs and stumps.

23. The different layers of the Grand Canyon contain (A) a variety of fossils, including
(B) algae and seaweed from (C) early historically (D) periods.

24. The United States government use (A) price supports and cost (B) subsidies (C) to
raise (D) farm prices and profits.

25. The basic factors that (A) enhance health and longevity (B) include vigorous
exercise, hereditary (C), and diet (D).

26. Fission tracking is (A) a new artifact dating (B) method who (C) promises to have
(D) important archeological applications in the future.

27. Biologically (A) produced ceramics, alike (B) those made by mollusks such as (C)
the sea urchin, remain superior to those (D) produced synthetically.

28. Contemporary (A) poet James Merrill writes (B) autobiographical verse that
building on (C) remembrances of his (D) childhood.

29. Many New England farmers supplement (A) their incomes with the sold (B) of
maple syrup tapped (C) from sugar maples (D) growing on their farmland.

30. When attempt (A) to explain (B) children's (C) food preferences, researchers are
faced with (D) contradictions.

31. Glaciologists now suspect (A) that the Antarctic ice sheet unstable is (B), but they
are not yet (C) certain to what extent this instability might cause (D) problems.

32. Human infants are not (A) usually able to (B) walk by selves (C) until they reach
eleven or twelve months (D) of age.

33. Scholars of historical change feels (A) that (B) the velocity of history has been (C)
greatly accelerated by the onward rush of science and technology during (D) the
twentieth century.

34. Psychologists and psychiatrists are trained (A) to encourage their (B) patients to
talk for (C) the things that are causing them difficulty (D).
35. Food contamination is monitored (A) by the Food and Drug Administration, which
(B) periodically conducts (C) controlled strictly (D) inspections of foodstuffs.

36. From the time (A) he was a child, author Herman Melville had (B) a interest (C) in
the sea (D).

37. Booker T. Washington, head of the first industrial school for African Americans,
was (A) as popular with (B) Southerners than (C) he (D) was with Northerners.

38. Peacocks are among (A) the most exotic (B) birds in nature; its (C) long tail
feathers fan out (D) to reveal a profusion of vivid colors.

39. In the latter half (A) of the nineteenth century, physical techniques making it (B)
possible to determine (C) the chemical constitution of stars (D).

40. In seeking out its (A) representative writers, twentieth-century America seems to
be (B) searching for someone who chronicle (C) the chaos and lack of direction
reflected (D) in some contemporary values.
16. B A noun form is used where an adjective form is needed. Correction: injurious
17. C The verb are doesn't agree in number with the singular subject thing. Correction: is
18. A The past participle of write is incorrectly formed. It is needed to begin an -ed modifying phrase. Correction:
written
19. C An adjective form is used where a noun form parallel to ions, minerals, and gases is needed. Correction: of
elements
20. В Have is not followed by a past participle. This results in an incorrectly formed present perfect continuous verb.
Correction: have been perfecting
21. С An adjective is used where a noun parallel to agility and ability is needed. Correction: timidity
22. A The indefinite article is needed in front of this singular count noun. Correction: a hand tool
23. D An adverb form is used where an adjective form is needed. Correction: historical
24. A The singular subject government doesn't agree in number with the verb. Correction: uses
25. С An adjective is used where a noun parallel to exercise and diet is needed. Correction: heredity
26. С An incorrect relative pronoun is used to refer to method. Who is used to refer to people. Correction: that/which
27. В The adjective alike is used where a similar-sounding preposition is needed. Correction: like
28. С A nonfinite verb form is used where a finite verb is needed. Correction: builds on
29. В A verb form is used where a noun form is needed. Correction: sale
30. A A noun form is used where a nonfinite verb form is needed. Correction: attempting
31. В Incorrect verb-complement word order is used. Correction: is unstable
32. С A reflexive pronoun is incorrectly formed. Correction: themselves
33. A The plural subject scholars doesn't agree in number with the verb. Correction: feel
34. С An incorrect preposition is used. Correction: to talk about
35. D Incorrect word order has been used. The adverb should come before the adjective. Correction: strictly
controlled
36. С The indefinite article is spelled incorrectly before a word beginning with a vowel sound. Correction: an
interest
37. D The equative degree of popular is incorrectly
formed. Correction: as he
38. С The pronoun its doesn't agree in number with the noun it refers to (birds). Correction: their
39. В A nonfinite verb form is used where a finite form is needed. Correction: made it
40. С The verb chronicle does not agree in number with its subject (who), which refers to a pronoun (someone) that
takes a singular verb. Correction: chronicles
itp-practice-test-level-1-volume-3-ebook_2.pdf
Practice Test A
1. _____ of classical ballet in the United States began around 1830.

(A) To teach

(B) Is teaching

(C) It was taught

(A) The teaching

2. Mason bees are solitary bees, which means _____ in colonies like honeybees or bumblebees.

(A) do not live

(B) when they do not live

(C) that they do not live

(D) that do not live

3. Long before the advent of written literature, _____ their myths and stories in oral poems told by
successive generations.

(A) people recorded

(B) recording people

(C) people’s recordings

(D) people who recorded

4. Comparative anatomy is _____ classification of both plants and animals.

(A) the basis for

(B) for basics

(C) the basis that

(D) the basically

5. Although legend has it that the Pilgrims first set foot in America on Plymouth Rock in 1620, _____
documentary evidence confirming this.

(A) no

(B) still is no

(C) there is no

(D) but no

6. Despite its fishlike form, the whale is _____ and will drown if submerged too long.

(A) an animal breathes air that

(B) an animal that breathes air

(C) an animal breathes air

(D) that an animal breathes air

7. Clouds _____ in warm air rises, cools, and condenses.

(A) when form water vapor

(B) form when water vapor

(C) form vapor water when

(D) vapor form when water

8. Portland, _____ , is located primarily on two hilly peninsulas overlooking Casco Bay and its many
islands.

(A) which Maine’s largest city

(B) Maine’s largest city where

(C) is Maine’s largest city

(D) Maine’s largest city

9. Mars, the so-called red planet, is actually colored red by iron oxide and other impurities _____ the
whole surface.

(A) that cover

(B) in which are covered

(C) that they cover

(D) and covered

10. The 1903 film The Great Train Robbery was the first significant film in which the classic western
story’s formula of crime and retribution _____ .

(A) was used

(B) to be used

(C) used

(D) had used

11. When played in certain ways, the bassoon can produce comical sounds, _____ it is sometimes
referred to as the clown of the orchestra.

(A) or

(B) that

(C) so

(D) whether
12. In modern societies, _____ authorized body such as a legislature or a court makes the law.

(A) some

(B) some of

(C) some the

(D) for some

13. The sense of smell functions chemically, _____ the sense of taste, but it is 10,000 times more
sensitive.

(A) as does

(B) so have

(C) which as

(D) by which

14. _____ primarily from plant oils, perfumes were used in ancient times as incense in religious rites,
in medicines, and later for adornment.

(A) Made them

(B) They made

(C) Made

(D) By making

15. Boise became _____ of the state of Idaho in 1864.

(A) as the capital

(B) the capital

(C) to be the capital

(D) the capital was

Key answer:

1. The answer is D, A noun phrase is needed to complete the sentence. (A), (B), and (C) are verb
forms or clauses that do not fit grammatically.

2. The answer is C, A relative clause is needed to correctly describe "Mason bees." (A) lacks a relative
pronoun, (B) creates a dependent clause, and (D) lacks the necessary conjunction.

3. The answer is A, A main clause is needed. (B) and (C) contain noun forms, and (D) contains an
unnecessary relative clause marker.

4. The answer is A, A noun phrase that serves as the object of the preposition "for" is needed. (B)
and (D) contain incorrect forms, and (C) is a relative clause that does not fit grammatically.

5. The answer is C, The correct word order for a negative statement with a subject and verb is
needed. (A), (B), and (D) contain incomplete or incorrect forms.

6. The answer is B, A noun phrase with a relative clause is needed to describe "whale." (A), (C), and
(D) contain incorrect forms that do not fit grammatically.

7. The answer is B, Correct word order for a conditional clause is needed. (A) and (C) contain
incorrect word orders, and (D) is a nonsensical phrase.

8. The answer is D, A noun phrase is needed to identify Portland. (A), (B), and (C) contain incorrect
forms that do not fit grammatically.

9. The answer is A, A relative clause is needed to describe "impurities." (B) contains unnecessary
words, (C) is redundant, and (D) contains an incorrect form.

10. The answer is A, The past passive form is needed to describe the formula. (B) is an infinitive form,
(C) is a base verb form, and (D) is an incorrect past perfect form.

11. The answer is C, A conjunction is needed to link the clauses. (A), (B), and (D) contain incorrect
forms.

12. The answer is A, A noun phrase is needed to complete the sentence. (B), (C), and (D) contain
incorrect forms or word orders.

13. The answer is A, A comparative clause is needed to describe how the sense of smell functions. (B)
and (C) contain incorrect forms, and (D) does not fit grammatically.

14. The answer is C, A past participle is needed to describe the origin of perfumes. (A), (B), and (D)
contain incorrect forms.

15. The answer is B, A noun phrase is needed to complete the sentence. (A) contains an unnecessary
preposition, (C) is an infinitive form, and (D) is an incorrect past tense form.
16. Practice Test A:
Soybeans contain a rich (A) concentrations (B) of phytoestrogens,
estrogenlike molecules derived (C) from plants (D).
17. The original Welland Canal, opened which (A) in 1829, was
neither (B) deep enough nor wide (C) enough for modern (D) ships.
18. A lubricant minimizes the introduction (A) of dirt, moisture, or
other foreign (B) materials between (C) sliding surfaces, eliminates
wear by keeping the surfaces apart, and prevention (D) corrosion.
19. There are thousands kinds (A) of inks used both (B) in the
printing (C) industry and in the manufacture of ballpoint and
fountain pens for writing (D).
20. A gene is a biological (A) unit of information who (B) directs
the activity of a cell (C) or organism during its (D) lifetime.
21.

Like landscapes (A) in miniature, gardens are places to grow plants

for (B) pleasure and to provide (C) beauty and relaxed (D).

22.

Hurricanes consist at (A) high-velocity winds (B) blowing (C)

circularly around a low-pressure center known (D) as the eye of the
storm.

23.

One of the most significance (A) political movements since (B) the
Second World War ended has been the breaking up (C) of former
colonial empires into independent nations (D).

24.

Radar can determine (A) the direction, distance, height (B), and
speed of objects that are too much (C) far away (D) for the human
eye to see.

25.

Establishing (A) outside Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1976, the

Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge contains (B) more than (C)
9,000 acres of forests, prairies, marshes, and lakes (D).

26.

Most (A) animals have (B) salivary glands what (C) resemble those
(D) in humans.
27.

Used for making (A) pottery, clay has two characteristics distinctive
(B): it can be molded and it can be baked to form (C) a brittle but
otherwise (D) durable material.

28.

The novels of Amy Tan depict of (A) tension between mothers and
daughters as well as (B) conflicts experienced by (C) many Chinese
immigrants to (D) the United States.

29.

The symptoms of (A) pneumonia, a (B) lung infection, include (C)

high fever, chest pain, breathing difficult (D), and coughing.

30.

A basic premise of humanism is that (A) people are rational beings

who possess (B) the capacity for (C) truth and goodness (D).

31.

The long (A) of time (B) a battery maintains its useful life while idle
(C) depends on (D) many factors: quality of construction, cell size,
cell type, and storage temperature.

32.

Leather is dried (A) under natural (B) or controlled humidity

conditions, prepared (C) it for subsequent (D) softening and finishing
operations.

33.

Of (A) all the organized, independent city (B) in Texas, Laredo,

founded (C) in 1755, is the oldest (D).

34.

There (A) was in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903,
that the first controlled flight (B) of a powered (C) heavier-than-air
craft took (D) place.

35.
 The favored habitat (A) of the junco, a small sparrow, is a mixed (B)
or coniferous forest, despite (C) it is often noted (D) in fields,
thickets, and city parks.

36. By (A) studying modern coral reefs, geologists and biologists

hope (B) to understand mechanism (C) of formation (D), migration,
and entrapment of petroleum in ancient reefs.
37.

Searching for alternate (A) forms of energy does not necessary (B)
mean the abandonment (C) of fossil fuels as an energy source (D).

38.

United States civil rights activist (A) Medgar Evers was a leader in
the (B) struggle to gain equal rights to (C) African Americans in his
home state (D), Mississippi.

39.

The element (A) potassium makes up (B) less (C) than one-half
percentage (D) of the human body.

40.

The canoe designed (A) by North American Indians was very

suitable for use on inland waters, for (B) it was easily portable and
had amply (C) space (D).

The answer is B, A plural noun form is used where a singular noun form is
needed. Correction: concentration.
The answer is A, Incorrect word order in the relative clause. Correction:
which opened.
The answer is D, A noun form is used where a verb form is needed.
Correction: prevents.
The answer is A, Incorrect plural form is used without a determiner.
Correction: thousands of kinds.
The answer is B, An incorrect relative pronoun is used. Who is used to
refer to people. Correction: which/that.
The answer is D, An adjective is used where a noun is needed. Correction:
relaxation.
The answer is A, An incorrect preposition is used. Correction: of.
The answer is A, A noun form is used where an adjective form is needed.
Correction: significant.
The answer is C, An incorrect adverbial form is used. Correction: too far.
The answer is A, A past participle is used where a past tense verb is
needed. Correction: Established.
The answer is C, An incorrect relative pronoun is used. What is used to
refer to things. Correction: that.
The answer is B, Incorrect word order of adjectives. Correction: distinctive
characteristics.
The answer is A, An incorrect prepositional phrase is used. Correction:
depict.
The answer is D, An adjective is used where a noun is needed. Correction:
difficulty.
The answer is B, A singular form of the verb is used where a plural form is
needed. Correction: possess.
The answer is A, An incorrect noun form is used. Correction: longevity.
The answer is C, An incorrect verb form is used. Correction: preparing.
The answer is B, A plural noun form is used where a singular noun form is
needed. Correction: city.
The answer is A, An incorrect introductory phrase is used. Correction: It
was.
The answer is C, An incorrect conjunction is used. Correction: though.
The answer is C, An incorrect singular noun form is used. Correction:
mechanisms.
The answer is B, An incorrect adverb form is used. Correction: necessarily.
The answer is C, An incorrect preposition is used. Correction: for.
The answer is D, An incorrect noun form is used. Correction: percent.
The answer is C, An incorrect adverb form is used. Correction: ample.
1. Rhymes result from sound rather than spelling, and words
neither have to be spelled the same way____ look alike in
order to rhyme.
(A) not
(B) and
(C) nor
(D) either
2. The gardenia, about 200 species _____ to tropical and subtropical
countries, was named in honor of eighteenth-century naturalist Alexander
Garden.
(A) native of which are
(B) are native of which
(C) which are native of
(D) of which are native
3. Bioethics is _____ the moral and social implications of techniques
resulting from advances in the biological sciences.
(A) study
(B) studied
(C) the study of
(D) the study that
4. When _____ from REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, a state in which
brain activity resembles the waking state, they usually report that they
have been dreaming.
(A) awakened people
(B) people awakening
(C) are people awakening
(D) people are awakened
5. In their designs the Shakers always sought ______ to a problem, whether
it was a rocking chair or a steam engine.
(A) the simplest solution
(B) the solution of simplest
(C) the solution that simplification
(D) which solution simplest
6. Carbohydrates, ______ of the three principal constituents of food, form
the bulk of the average human diet.
(A) are one
(B) one that
(C) one
(D) which one
7. Eva Gatling directed _____ in Huntington, New York, from 1962 until
1978.
(A) the Heckscher Museum
(B) the Heckscher Museum was
(C) how the Heckscher Museum
(D) and the Heckscher Museum
8. Geometrically, the hyperbolic functions are related to the hyperbola,
______ the trigonometric functions are related to the circle.
(A) just as
(B) same
(C) similar to
(D) and similar
9. United States aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart set _____ long distance
flight records.
(A) of several
(B) several the
(C) several
(D) several of
10. The brilliance of the Sun’s disk makes observations of the corona and
nearby stars _____ with ordinary telescopes, except during an eclipse.
(A) impossibility
(B) impossible
(C) they are impossible
(D) are impossible
11. Distantly related to pigs, ______ the great Indian rhinoceros as the
second largest living land animal.
(A) rivaling the hippopotamus
(B) the rival of the hippopotamus
(C) which the hippopotamus rivals
(D) the hippopotamus rivals
12. Psychologists who study information processing have found _____ to
identify and describe several memory structures and control processes.
(A) is instructive
(B) instructive
(C) it instructive
(D) as instructive
13. Not until the 1820s _____ part of the curriculum of Harvard and Yale
universities.
(A) physical education became
(B) physical education had become
(C) did physical education become
(D) when physical education became
14. Perhaps even more important than the accuracy and reliability of a
meteorological instrument ______.
(A) that positioning it is correct
(B) is positioned correctly
(C) that its correct position
(D) is that it be positioned correctly
15. Ellis Island in Upper New York Bay was the principal reception center
_____ the United States from 1892 to 1943.
(A) immigrants entered
(B) which immigrants entered
(C) through which immigrants entered
(D) which immigrants who entere
1. The answer is C. A conjunction “nor” is needed to complete the
correlative conjunction “neither...nor.” (A), (B), and (D) are incorrect
because they do not complete the structure correctly.

2. The answer D ("of which are native") is correct because it uses the
appropriate prepositional phrase to introduce the relative clause,
maintaining proper grammatical structure and clarity. (A), (B), and (D)
contain incorrect or awkward structures.

3. The answer is C. A noun phrase that serves as the subject is needed.

(A) and (B) are verb forms, and (D) is an unnecessary clause marker.

4. The answer is D. A correct passive form with the subject “they” is

needed. (A), (B), and (C) are active forms or have incorrect word order.

5. The answer is A. A noun phrase with an adjective is needed. (B), (C),

and (D) contain incorrect forms or word orders.

6. The answer is C. A noun phrase without a verb is needed to complete

the sentence. (A), (B), and (D) contain unnecessary or incorrect words.

7. The answer is A. A noun phrase is needed to identify the place. (B), (C),
and (D) contain unnecessary or incorrect words.

8. The answer is A. A conjunction “just as” is needed to show the analogy.

(B), (C), and (D) are incorrect forms.

9. The answer is C. A simple noun phrase is needed to complete the

sentence. (A), (B), and (D) contain unnecessary words or incorrect
structures.

10. The answer is B. An adjective is needed to describe the difficulty of

observations. (A), (C), and (D) contain incorrect forms.
11. The answer is D. A present participle phrase is needed to describe the
subject. The subject of the sentence is "the hippopotamus," and the verb
is "rivals." This structure makes it clear that the hippopotamus is being
compared to the great Indian rhinoceros in terms of size. Therefore, the
answer is D because it correctly completes the sentence by providing a
grammatically correct and logically clear. (B), (C), and (D) contain
unnecessary or incorrect words.

12. The answer is C. An expletive “it” is needed to complete the sentence

correctly. (A), (B), and (D) contain incorrect or incomplete structures.

13. The answer is C. Inverted subject-verb word order is needed after "Not
until the 1820s." (A), (B), and (D) contain incorrect word order.

14. The answer is D. A noun clause with correct subjunctive form is

needed. (A), (B), and (C) contain incorrect structures.

15. The answer is C. A prepositional phrase "through which" is needed to

describe the entry process. (A), (B), and (D) contain incorrect forms.
16. The earliest known (A) inhabitants of North America were a people of
whose (B) culture was highly oriented (C) toward music and dance (D).
17. Write (A) poetry is a craft in which (B) the poet works (C) with words as a
carpenter works with wood (D).
18. If (A) the circumference of any (B) circle is divided by the circle’s diameter,
the result of the (C) calculation will always the (D) same.
19.
The mountains, especially the Rocky Mountains, formerly constituted a seriously
barrier to east-west trade in British Columbia.
20.
Earth’s atmosphere is in (A) perpetual motion because differences (B) in solar (C)
heating that occur between the equator and (D) the poles.
21.
Research (A) on artificial intelligence began after soon (B) the development (C)
of the modern digital computer in the (D) 1940s.
22.
Among (A) 1963 and 1965 United States manufacturers of detergents voluntarily
(B) changed their (C) processes to produce only (D) biodegradable, or soft,
detergents.
23.
In terms (A) of its size, influence, and visible (B), the corporation has become the
dominant business (C) form in industrial countries (D).
24.
The painting style of the photorealists, which they (A) arose in the late (B) 1960s,
favored such subjects as (C) neon signs, cafeterias, and common (D) urban and
suburban scenes.
25.
The Music Division of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., was
established (A) in 1897 and has (B) more than (C) six million items in itself (D)
collections.
26.
Scientists cannot agree on a single definition formal (A) of life, although most (B)
people think that they can recognize a living (C) thing when they (D) see it.
27.
Success in (A) acting is achieved only by the relatively few (B) persons who
combine (C) natural talent with well-developed techniques, dedicate (D), and
self-discipline.
28.
Traditionally (A), a trial jury in the United States consists (B) of twelve people,
often (C) with one or two additional jurors, nor (D) alternates.
29.
Like wood (A), paper is a hygroscopic material; that (B) is, it absorbs water from
(C), and also (D) release water into, the air.
30.
Several factors responsible for (A) the Oklahoma Dust Bowl of the 1930s were (B)
the character of the soil, the climatic (C) and the types of agriculture practiced
(D).
31.
Dehydrated food is prepared by removing (A) water from fresh food to yield (B) a
relatively dry, stable product in (C) which the growth of microorganisms are (D)
inhibited.
32.
Fireworks, combustible or explosive (A) preparations using (B) for entertainment,
were probably first devised (C) in ancient (D) China.
33.
As (A) a dogfish swims, an S-shaped wave passes (B) down its body (C) toward
its tail to provide many (D) of its forward propulsion.

34.
Marshes, wetland areas characterized (A) by plant grassy (B) growth, are
distinguished from (C) swamps, wetlands where trees (D) grow.
35.
A documentary film (A) shapes factual material (B) and interprets (C) it for
purposes of education or the entertainment (D).
36.
Native (A) to South America and cultivated (B) there for thousands of years, the
peanut is said (C) to have introduced (D) to North America by early explorers.
37.
The igloo, a temporarily (A) winter home built by (B) the Inuits of Canada and
Greenland, is generally (C) dome shaped and is usually made from (D) blocks of
snow.
38.
Boston began a series of urban renewal project (A) during the 1960s,
emphasizing (B) renovation and modern (C) architectural styles harmonious (D)
with the traditional buildings
39.
Copper, a soft (A) yellowish-red metal whose use dates back (B) to prehistoric
times has been (C) mined for over 6,000 years ago (D).
40.
In 1999 astronomers found evidence (A) of six new planets orbiting distant stars,
bringing to (B) 28 the number of planets then known (C) to exist out (D) the solar
system.
16. The answer is B, A noun form is used where a possessive pronoun is needed. Correction: whose

17. The answer is A, The verb "write" should be in the gerund form. Correction: Writing

18. The answer is D, The word order is incorrect; "always" should come before "the same".
Correction: always be the

19. The answer is B, An adverb is used where an adjective is needed. Correction: serious

20. The answer is B, A plural noun should be in singular form to agree with "difference". Correction:
difference

21. The answer is B, Incorrect phrase "after soon" should be "soon after". Correction: soon after

22. The answer is A, "Among" should be "between" because it refers to the period between two
specific years. Correction: Between

23. The answer is B, An adjective is used where an adjective in parallel structure is needed.
Correction: visibility

24. The answer is A, "Which they arose" should be "which arose". Correction: which arose

25. The answer is D, Reflexive pronoun is used where a possessive pronoun is needed. Correction: its

26. The answer is A, Incorrect word order; "formal definition" should be used. Correction: formal
definition

27. The answer is D, A verb is used where a noun is needed. Correction: dedication

28. The answer is D, "Nor" should be "not" for the correct conjunction. Correction: not

29. The answer is D, A verb should be in plural form to agree with "they". Correction: release
30. The answer is C, "Climatic" should be "climate" to agree with parallel structure. Correction:
climate

31. The answer is D, "Are" should be "is" to agree with the singular subject "growth". Correction: is

32. The answer is B, Incorrect verb form "using" should be "used". Correction: used

33. The answer is D, "Many" should be "much" to agree with uncountable noun "propulsion".
Correction: much

34. The answer is B, Incorrect word order; "grassy plant" should be used. Correction: plant grassy

35. The answer is D, "The entertainment" should be "entertainment". Correction: entertainment

36. The answer is D, "Have introduced" should be "have been introduced". Correction: have been
introduced

37. The answer is A, "Temporarily" should be "temporary". Correction: temporary

38. The answer is A, "Project" should be "projects". Correction: projects

39. The answer is D, "Years ago" should be "years". Correction: years

40. The answer is D, "Out" should be "outside". Correction: outside

Test 4. Section 2 Structure and Written Expression.

1. Copper tubing is the preferred choice of plumbers ____ noncorrosive.

(A) since it is

(B) because of

(C) it is

(D) insofar as

2. ____ "cultural diffusion" refers to the spread of customs or practices from one culture to
another.

(A) To phrase

(B) Phrased

(C) To the phrase

(D) The phrase

3. ____ born, a baby kangaroo measures less than three inches in length.

(A) One is

(B) When is one

(C) Is one

(D) When it is

4. ____ daily promotes physical as well as emotional well-being in people of all ages.

(A) Having exercised

(B) Those who exercise

(C) Exercising

(D) For exercising

5. The financial manager's job ____ among the many sources of finance for the best interest
rates available.

(A) to shop around is

(B) to shop around it is

 (C) is it to shop around

(D) is to shop around

6. Spectrographs ____ possible for phoneticians to analyze the human voice and its speech
qualities.

(A) make

(B) make it

(C) makes it

(D) are made

7. Trace minerals are ____ are elements needed in greater quantities.

(A) as important to healthy human tissue as

(B) most important to healthy human tissue

(C) to healthy human tissue as important

(D) important to healthy human tissue

8. Balinese cats, which are a cross between Siamese and long-haired cats, ____ medium
length silky coats of fur.

(A) they have

(B) have

(C) which have

(D) having

9. ____ when a person doesn't eat enough fruit and vegetables.

(A) Depleting gradually, potassium can occur

(B) Gradual potassium depletion can occur

(C) Since potassium can gradually be depleted

(D) Since gradually depleting potassium can occur

10. Anthropologist Guy Swenson ____ that witchcraft beliefs are prevalent in societies in
which social groups interact without formal mechanisms for social control.

(A) he found
 (B) found

(C) finding

(D) was found

11. Declared an endangered species in the United States, ____. people have gathered the
ginseng root almost to the point of extinction

(B) the ginseng root has been gathered almost to the point of extinction

(C) the near extinction of the ginseng root is due to excessive gathering

(D) gathering the ginseng root almost to the point of extinction

12. The sudden expansion of heated air associated with lightning produces ____ often heard
during a storm.

(A) thunder is the rumbling sound

(B) the rumbling sound, thunder is

(C) the rumbling sound, thunder, that

(D) thunder, the rumbling sound

13. Henry Ford revolutionized production management by ____ into small steps on a moving
line.

(A) breaking down auto assembly

(B) broken down auto assembly

(C) he broke down auto assembly

(D) auto assembly breaking down

14. In carpentry, ____ "ceiling joists" refers to boards hung down from unfinished ceilings as
the backbone from which finishing materials can be hung.

(A) to the term

(B) is termed

(C) the term

(D) to term

15. ____ the 35 years between the end of the Civil War and the turn of the century, the
population of the United States doubled, and manufacturing production increased sevenfold.
(A) Into

(B) In

(C) At

(D) To
Test 5. Section 2 Structure and Written Expression.

1. ____ growing awareness of social ills, Edna Saint Vincent Millay wrote increasingly more
somber poetry during her later years.

(A) A

(B) Because her

(C) When a

(D) Due to her

2. ____ categorized as lipids.

(A) Fats and also oils

(B) While fats and oils

(C) Fats and oils are

(D) Fats and oils

3. The role of the mass media in influencing public policy decisions, maintaining or changing
the status quo of our society, and ____ outlets for all types of views is enormous.

(A) as it provides

(B) to provide

(C) provide

(D) providing

4. ____ earth might be experiencing a global warming trend which could have devastating
climatic effects.

(A) In the

(B) The

(C) Where the

(D) Whole

5. Depressant drugs ____ historically have been known to be addictive are called narcotics.

(A) and

(B) which
 (C) they

(D) about which

6. ____ young, Eugene O'Neill traveled with his father's theatrical company, and the stage
was an important part of his life.

(A) When was he

(B) He was

(C) Was he

(D) When he was

7. Vitamins are organic compounds ____ and must be ingested to maintain proper bodily
functions.

(A) that they can't be produced by the body

(B) the body can't produce them

(C) that can't be produced by the body

(D) not produced them by the body

8. ____ business managers plan the tasks that their employees are to carry out.

(A) It is the organizing process

(B) They process the organizing

(C) While the organizing process

(D) Through the organizing process

9. Copper is the favored metal for electricians' wire because of ____.

(A) it is an excellent conductor

(B) its excellent conductivity

(C) excellent conductivity of it

(D) so conductive is it

10. Chemicals in paint that pose a fire hazard ____ as combustible, flammable, or extremely
flammable.

(A) are listed

 (B) listed

(C) being listed

(D) they are listed

11. Scientists believe that the beaver's instinct to build dams is more complex than ____
other animal instinct.

(A) most

(B) all

(C) any

(D) these

12. Considered unique and exotic, ____.

(A) over 4,000 American households keep the llama as a pet

(B) there are over 4,000 American households that keep the llama as a pet

(C) the llama is kept as a pet in over 4,000 American households

(D) the llama kept as a pet in over 4,000 American households

13. Anxiety about uncontrollable situations is thought to cause ____.

(A) to fitfully sleep

(B) fitful sleep

(C) fitful in sleep

(D) sleep fitfully

14. One of the most influential Virginians of colonial times, ____ in England.

(A) the education received by William Bird

(B) was the education that William Bird received

(C) William Bird was educated

(D) the education that William Bird received

15. By careful seeding, weathermakers can encourage two small clouds to merge into one big
cloud ____ produce a powerful thunderstorm.

(A) so
(B) these

(C) which

(D) and