15-09-2024

Module 1.
OE0802 Principles of
Renewable Energy

Dr. Ravi Kumar

Assistant Professor
MED, NIT Patna
1

CONTENTS
1. Introduction of Energy Sources
2. Classification
3. Renewable and Non-renewable
Energy
4. Scenario of International and
national renewable energy
5. Fundamentals and Scientific
principles of renewable energy
6. Role of Energy and sustainable
development
7. Technical implications
8. Social implications

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INTRODUCTION

Energy is one of the Energy can be

Any physical The word ‘energy’
major inputs for the classified into
activity in this itself is derived from
economic several types based
world, whether the Greek word
development of any on the following
carried out by ‘energeia’, which
country. criteria:
human beings or means ‘in-work’ or 1. Primary and
by nature, is cause ‘work content’. The Secondary energy
due to flow of work output
2. Commercial and
energy in one depends on the
Non commercial
form or the other. energy input. energy
3. Renewable and
Non-Renewable
energy
4. Conventional and
Non-conventional
energy

Introduction to Energy Sources

Definition
Energy sources are the natural resources
that are harnessed to produce energy, the
fundamental force that fuels our modern
world. These resources can be categorized
as either renewable, which replenish
naturally, or non-renewable, which are finite
and deplete over time.

Importance
Energy sources are indispensable to our
daily lives and industrial processes. They
power our homes, vehicles, factories, and
countless other aspects of modern society.
From the electricity that lights our homes to
the fuels that propel our vehicles, energy
sources are the backbone of our energy
infrastructure.

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Classification of
Energy Sources

1. Based on Usability
2. Based on Traditional
3. Based on Long Term Availability
4. Based on Commercial Application
5. Based on Origin

1. BASED ON USABILITY

These sources are Example: fossil fuels, solar

A) PRIMARY
SOURCES
obtained from energy, hydro energy and
environment. tidal energy.

B) SECONDARY These resources do not occur in nature but

SOURCES are derived from primary energy resources.

C) SUPPLEMENTARY It is defined as those whose net energy yield is

SOURCES zero and those requiring highest investment in
terms of energy insulation (thermal) is an
example of this source.

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2. BASED ON
TRADITIONAL

A) CONVECTIONAL
• The sources of energy which have
been in use for a long time and were
in common use around the oil crisis of
1973 are called conventional energy
resources, e.g., coal, petroleum,
natural gas and waterpower.
B) NON CONVECTIONAL
• The resources which are yet in the
process of development over the past
few years after the oil crises of 1973,
are called non conventional energy
resources It includes solar, wind,
tidal, biogas, and biomass,
geothermal.

3. BASED ON LONG
TERM AVAILABILITY

A) RENEWABLE
• These sources are being continuously
produced in nature and are inexhaustible.
• Wind energy, biomass, biogas, solar ,
geothermal hydro energy etc.

B) NON-RENEWABLE
• These are finite and exhaustible and do not
replenish after their consumption.
• Coal, petroleum, oil, uranium etc.

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4. BASED ON COMMERCIAL
APPLICATION

A) COMMERCIAL
The commercial energy has great economic value. This
energy pollutes the environment badly. These types of
energy are limited in nature. High capital investment is
required in the purification. It is used in urban as well as
rural areas. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy.
B) NON-COMMERCIAL
The non-commercial energy is cheaper. This is pure and
keeps the environment clean. Abundant in nature. It can be
used in raw form. It is dominantly used in rural areas. Cow
dung, charcoal, firewood and agricultural waste.

5. BASED ON ORIGIN
Fossil fuels
energy
Ocean Wave Nuclear
energy energy

Ocean
Hydro
Thermal
energy
energy

Tidal energy Solar energy

Geothermal
Wind energy
energy
Biomass
energy

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Renewable and Non-renewable Energy

1. Non-Renewable Energy
Fossil Fuels Nuclear Energy
Fossil fuels, formed over millions of Nuclear energy harnesses the energy
years from the remains of ancient released during nuclear fission, the
organisms, are a significant source of splitting of atoms. This process generates
energy worldwide. These fuels, immense amounts of heat, which is used
including coal, oil, and natural gas, to produce steam and drive turbines,
contain stored chemical energy that is producing electricity. Nuclear energy
released through combustion, offers a high energy density, reducing the
generating heat and electricity. need for vast amounts of fuel. However,
However, their extraction and use concerns remain regarding radioactive
contribute to greenhouse gas emissions waste disposal and potential safety risks.
and environmental degradation.
1. Coal
2. Oil
3. Natural Gas
4. Wood

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DEFINITION

NON-
 These resources can’t be replaced by natural
means at a pace that meets its consumption.

RENEWA  Nonrenewable resources are resources that

have a limited supply.

BLE  The supply of nonrenewable resources comes

from the Earth itself.
ENERGY  However, since it typically takes millions of
years for these to develop, the resources are
RESOUR finite.
 The non-renewable energy is energy from fossil
CES fuels such as coal, crude oil, natural gas and
uranium.
 It is believed that fossil fuels were formed over
300 million years ago when the earth was
different in its landscape.

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FOSSIL FUELS

 The most well-known nonrenewable

resource is fossil fuels.
 These are derived from organic
matter trapped between layers of
sediments within the Earth for
millions of years.
 Organic matter, typically plants, has
decomposed and compressed over
time, leaving what is known as fossil
fuel deposits.
 These deposits and the materials
produced from them tend to be
highly combustible, making them
potent energy sources.

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TYPES OF NON-
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RESOURCES

The resources for non-renewable energy are

mainly fuels from fossil deposits.
The most common non-renewable
resources are:-
1. Coal
2. Petroleum products
3. Natural gas
4. Nuclear Fuels like Uranium.

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Renewable Energy

1. Solar Energy
2. Wind Energy
3. Hydropower
4. Geothermal Energy
5. Biomass Energy
6. Ocean Energy
7. Hydrogen Energy

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Solar Energy
Renewable Energy
Solar energy, the radiant energy emitted by the sun, offers a clean and
sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight
directly into electricity, while solar thermal systems use sunlight to heat
water or air. Solar energy offers a decentralized and environmentally
friendly approach to energy generation.

Wind Energy Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air to generate
electricity. Wind turbines, strategically placed in areas with consistent
wind speeds, convert the wind's force into rotational energy, driving
generators to produce electricity. Wind energy offers a clean and
renewable source of power, contributing to a more sustainable energy
mix.
Hydropower
Hydropower, often referred to as hydroelectric power, utilizes the
potential energy of water stored at a higher elevation. Dams and
reservoirs capture the force of flowing water, converting it into
mechanical energy that drives turbines and generators, producing
electricity. Hydropower offers a reliable and clean source of energy,
particularly in regions with abundant water resources.

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Renewable Energy
Biomass
Biomass energy utilizes organic materials derived from plants and
animals to produce energy. Biomass sources, such as wood,
agricultural residues, and waste, are burned or converted into biofuels
like ethanol and biodiesel, offering a renewable and carbon-neutral
alternative to fossil fuels.

Ocean Tidal/Wave Energy

Tidal power uses the natural rise and fall of tides to drive turbines that
generate electricity. It relies on the gravitational pull of the moon and
sun on the Earth's oceans.
Geothermal Energy
Hot water or steam is extracted from underground reservoirs using
wells. The heat contained in the water or steam can be used directly for
heating or electricity generation.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a clean and efficient energy carrier. Can be produced from
renewable sources and used in fuel cells.
• Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by Electrolysis.
• Electrochemical device that generates electricity from hydrogen by Fuel Cell.

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Comparative Analysis

Feature Renewable Non-Renewable

Sustainability Sustainable Finite,

replenisha depletable
ble
Environmental Generally High
Impact low emissions
emissions (CO2,
pollutants)

Economic Often cost- Historically

Factors competitive, cheaper,
subsidies price
fluctuations

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STATUS OF
ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY GLOBAL OVERVIEW

• The latest IRENA data indicates that

2023 set a new benchmark in
renewable power deployment, adding
473 GW to the global energy mix, with
solar energy accounting for 73% of
this growth.
• Conducive policies, together with
geopolitical developments and falling
costs, have catalysed rapid renewable
energy growth in the world's fastest-
expanding markets.

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Tracking COP28 outcomes: Tripling renewable

power capacity by 2030
Tracking COP28 outcomes

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Tracking
COP28
outcomes

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Renewable Energy and Jobs

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Evolution of
global
renewable
energy
employment
by
technology,
2012-2021

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Global renewable energy employment, by technology,

2021

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Renewable
energy
employment
in selected
countries

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Estimated number of
direct and indirect
jobs in renewable
energy worldwide,
by industry, 2020–
2021 (thousand jobs)

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Renewable Energy
Targets in Military
Operations in
Selected
Countries, as of
End-2021

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INDIA AT N IGHT FROM SPACE

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H OW M U C H R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y E A C H
C O U N T RY W I L L C O N S U M E IN 2030

Source: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).

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Region Ownership/ Mode wise breakup Grand

Sector Total
ALL INDIA INSTALLED Thermal Nuclear Renewable

CAPACITY (IN MW) OF Coal Lignite Gas Diesel Total Hydro

RES*(MNRE
Total
)
POWER STATIONS ALL State 69977.50 1150.00 7012.06 280.31 78419.87 0.00 27254.45 2568.62 29823.07 108242.94
LOCATED IN THE INDIA
Private 72972.00 1830.00 10568.24 308.89 85679.14 0.00 3931.00 146075.44 150006.44 235685.58
REGIONS OF MAIN Central 68020.00 3640.00 7237.91 0.00 78897.91 8180.00 15742.72 1632.30 17375.02 104452.93

LAND AND ISLANDS Total 210969.50 6620.00 24818.21 589.20 242996.91 8180.00 46928.17 150276.36 197204.53 448381.44

(As on 31.07.2024) Renewable

RES*(MNRE)
34%
Thermal Coal
47%

Renewable
Hydro
Nuclear
10% Thermal Lignite
2%
Thermal Diesel 1%
0% Thermal Gas
6%

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Break up of RES all India as on 31.07.2024

*Break up of RES all India as on 31.07.2024 is given below (in MW) :
Bio-Power
Small Total
Wind Power Solar Power
Hydro Power BM Power/Cogen. Waste to Energy Capacity

5036.75 47075.43 10355.35 600.86 87207.97 150276.36

Small
3% Hydro Power
Wind Power
0%
Bio-Power
31%

58%

7%
1% Solar Power

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Do You know
when
electricity
was first
introduced
in India?

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33

SOLAR
POWER

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How Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Works/

Fundamentals and Scientific principles

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MAJOR USES OF S OLAR E NERGY

 •Heating
Major uses ofWater
Solar Energy

•Space Heating
•Generating Electrical Energy

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SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES

•Day lighting
•Passive Solar Heating
•Concentrating Solar Thermal
•Photovoltaics' (PV)

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Passive Solar

These homes in Montana and California with a passive

solar design heats the home in the winter
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Passive
Solar

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A D VA N TA G E S OF SOLAR ENERGY

 Majoruses of Solar
Energy

duration)
Clean Sustainable (can be Provide Electricity to
used for longer Remote Places
• Free of cost

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฀Major uses of
Solar E n e r g y

• D I S A D V A N TA G E S
OF
S OLAR
E NERGY

• Inefficient (Maximum
efficiency 30%)
• Costly equipment
• Part time

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SOLAR
R ESOURCE
MAP
OF
INDIA

Source: [Link]

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Do you know where

is the world’s
biggest solar power
plant?

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The state-owned Power Construction

Corp of China announced the
commencement of operations on 3
June 2024.

world’s biggest solar farm, with a

capacity of 5GW, has been connected to
the grid in Xinjiang Province in
China, Reuters has reported.

The solar farm in a desert region near

Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang,
spread across 200,000 acres of land.

The facility will produce 6.09 billion

kilowatt hours of electricity annually, The solar farm is situated in a desert region near Urumqi,
sufficient to meet the energy needs of the capital of Xinjiang. Credit: wadstock/Shutterstock.
Papua New Guinea or Luxembourg for
one year.

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• The 3.5-gigawatt (GW), 32,947-acre solar farm, in a desert area of the

capital Urumqi, came online on Monday, a notice on the state asset
Reuters , June 7 regulator's website said, citing the Power Construction Corp of China.

UPDATED • The facility will generate about 6.09 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) of
electricity each year. That would be enough to power the country of
Papua New Guinea for a year.

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Biggest Solar Power Plant in World

 Capacity of 2,245

 Majoruses of Solar MW
 Estimated
Energy investment of over
1.3 billion dollars.
 Area of 14000 acres
 Commissioned in
2017

Bhadla Solar Park, Jo d h p ur (Rajasthan, India)

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Wind Energy

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Introduction
• Winds are caused by the uneven heating of
the atmosphere by the s un, the irregularities
of the earth's surface, and rotation of the
earth.
• The terms "wind energy" or "wind power"
describe the process by which the wind is used
to generate mechanical power or electricity.
• About 2% of the total solar flux that reaches the
earth's surface is transformed into wind energy.
• This unequal heating causes temperature, density,
and pressure differences on the earth's surface that
are responsible for local wind formation.
• During day time, the air over the land mass heats
up faster than the air over the oceans. Hot air
expands and rises while cool air from ocean rushes
to fill the space, creating local winds.

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• At night the process is reversed

as the air cool more rapidly over
land than water over off-shore
land, causing breeze.
• On a global scale, the primary
force for global winds is
developed due to differential
heating of the earth at
equatorial and Polar Regions

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Sites

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Wind Power Plant Works

Fundamentals and Scientific principles

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Common Wind Turbine Construction

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S I Z E S A N D A P P L I C AT I O N S
Small (<10 Medium (10-250 kW)
kW) • Village Power
• Homes • Hybrid
• Farms Systems
• Remote • Distributed
Application Power

Large (660 kW - 2+ MW)

Central Station
Wind Farms Distributed
Power Community Wind

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Global
capacity

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TOP 10 COUNTRIES
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Do you know how

much big is the
biggest wind
turbine.

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V236-15.0 MW is the biggest

wind turbine in world(Now 2nd)

• The V236-15.0 MW was introduced

to market in February 2021.
• It has a rotor diameter of 774 feet
(236 meters) and a wind-swept
area of 470,845 square feet (43,743
square meters) – the wind
industry's largest.
• At 919 feet (280 meters), it's also
the world's tallest wind turbine.

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The world’s biggest wind turbine has broken

the record for single-day power generation.
• The world’s largest wind turbine has smashed the
record for the most power produced by a single turbine
in a day.
• Offshore from Fujian Province, China, the giant
Goldwind GWH252-16MW towers above the sea.
• On 1 September 2023, the mammoth turbine - which
has a 252-metre diameter - produced 384.1 megawatt
hours (MWh) in 24 hours, as a typhoon hammered
southeast China.
• This is enough to power roughly 170,000 homes, or 38
million LEDs, or 2.2 million kilometres driven in
an electric car.

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A D VA N TA G E S O F
WIND P O WE R

1. No by-product is produced
2. Although wind turbines can be
very tall each takes up only a
small plot of land.
3. Remote areas that are not
connected to the electricity power
grid can use wind turbines to
produce their own supply.
4. Wind turbines are available in a
range of sizes which means a vast
range of people and businesses
can use them.

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D I SA DVAN TA G ES O F WIND P OWER

Wind turbines
Not uniform are noisy. (About
70 mph).

Less efficiency Capacity of wind

(About 30%) turbines is less.

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Biggest Wind
farm in World

 The la rgest wind farm in

the world, G a n s u Wind
F a r m in C h i n a has target
capacity of over 20,000 M W
as of 2020.

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BIGGEST
WIND POWER It has the total Muppandal
PLANT IN capacity of 1500 Windfarm,
INDIA ? MW. Tamilnadu

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Location Of hydro power plants

1. Generally located near rivers

2. Dams
3. Streams
4. High pressure water
sources

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Hydropower
Plant Works

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Hydro Power
Fundamentals and
Scientific principles
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Advantages of Hydropower
Hydropower is a fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel source.

Hydropower doesn't pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as
coal or natural gas.

Hydropower relies on the water cycle,

which is driven by the sun, thus it's a renewable power source.

Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity.

Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational

opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and boating.

Most hydropower installations are required to provide some public

access to the reservoir to allow the public to take advantage of these opportunities.

Other benefits may include water supply and flood control.

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Disadvantages

It has an environmental impact.

Perhaps the largest
disadvantage of hydroelectric It's Expensive.
energy is the impact it can have
on the environment.

Large areas of human

There are Limited Reservoirs. habitation and agricultural
fields are submerged.

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HYDROPOWER G L O BA L CAPACITY, S H A RE S OF
T O P 10 C O U N T R I E S A N D R E S T O F W O R L D

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S H A R E S O F TO P 10 C O U N T R I E S A N D R E S T O F WORLD

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The Three Gorges Dam China is the world's largest

Biggest Hydro
Power Plant in capacity hydroelectric power station with 34 generators:
World 32 main generators, each with a capacity of 700 MW,
and two plant power generators, each with capacity of
50 MW, making a total capacity of 22,500 MW.

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The Koyna Hydroelectric Project is

the second largest completed hydroelectric
power plant in India.

It has total installed capacity of

1960 MW

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1. The Tehri D a m
is highest dam
in I n d ia with
260.5 m height

2. The Tehri Dam

has installed
capacity of 1000
M W and planned
capacity of 2400
MW

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BBI IOOMMA SASS SE NEENREGRY G Y

75

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BIOMASS
E NERGY

 Biomass is fuel that is developed

from organic materials, a renewable
and sustainable source of energy
used to create electricity or other
forms of power.
 Biomass is a renewable source of
fuel to produce energy because:
 waste residues will always exist – in
terms of scrap wood, mill residuals
and forest resources.

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BIOMASS E NERGY

• Properly managed forests will always

have more trees, and we will always
have crops and the residual
biological matter from those crops.
• With a constant supply of waste –
from construction and demolition
activities, to wood not used in
papermaking, to municipal solid
waste – green energy production can
continue indefinitely.

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Biomass
Plant
Works

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SHARES OF
BIOMASS IN
FINAL ENERGY
CONSUMPTION

Source: Global Status Report - Ren22

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BIOENERGY P O W ER G E N E R AT I O N IN TH E
S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T S C E N A R I O , 2000-2030
TWh

Source: International Energy Agency

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ABOVE G RO UND FOREST AREA

Source: U N Food and Agriculture Organization

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B I O M A S S E N E R G Y IN I N D I A

 Biomass in Indian energy matrix is very

important for remote villages and urban
clusters with decentralized settlements.
 Biomass related projects receive an investment
of about $ 9251 million every year, leading to
electricity generation of 5000 million units.
 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
has set the national target to achieve 10 G W of
installed biomass power by 2022.
 India has a potential of about 18 G W of energy
from Biomass. Currently, about 32% of total
primary energy used in India is derived from
Biomass.
 More than 70% of the country’s population
depends upon biomass for its energy needs .

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B I O M A S S E N E R G Y IN I N D I A

 India has ~5+ G W capacity biomass

powered plants: 83% are grid connected
while the remaining 17% are off-grid
plants.
 The off-grid plants are divided between
cogeneration plants that do not utilize
bagasse, biomass gasifiers for rural
applications and biomass gasifiers for
thermal applications in industry.
 Around 70 Cogeneration projects are
under implementation with surplus capacity
aggregating to 800 MW.

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Biomass
potential in
India
(state wise)

Source: [Link]

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F O C U S S TATE

The leading states for biomass

power projects are Maharashtra,
Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka
each one having more than 1 GW of
Grid interacted biomass power.

Other states with favorable policy

and opportunities in Biomass
are Punjab and Bihar.

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T H E WORLD'S B I G G E S T
B I O MAS S P OWER P L ANT.

WITH 740 MW C A PACIT Y,

T H E I R ON BR ID GE P OWER
P L ANT L O CAT E D I N T H E
SEVERN GORGE, U K .

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10 MW Grid C o n n e c t e d Biomass Power Plant In

Timmarpur Village, District Haveri, Karnataka

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Bio Gas or Bio Energy

• It is the energy produced from

organic substances. The key to
the power of biomass lies in the
energy of the sun.
• All plants undergo a process
called photosynthesis, whereby
the plants use chlorophyll to
convert the energy in the sun's
rays into stored energy in the
plants.

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Biofuels
Plant
Works

91

Bioenergy Conversion Process

Bioenergy
Conversion
Processes

Thermo -Chemical Bio - Chemical

Biomass Transesteri
Anaerobic Ethanolic
Combustion Pyrolysis fication
Gasification Digestion Fermentation
(Biodiesel)

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Biogas
Production
&
Utilization

93

Floating Drum Type Biogas Plant

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Biogas to
Power

1m³ of biogas can be converted to around 1.7 kWhel

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS

ADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS
• Biogas is Eco-Friendly
• Biogas Generation Reduces Soil and Water Pollution
• Biogas Generation Produces Organic Fertilizer
• It’s A Simple and Low-Cost Technology That Encourages A
Circular Economy
• Healthy Cooking Alternative For Developing Areas

DISADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS
• Few Technological Advancements
• Contains Impurities
• Effect of Temperature on Biogas Production
• Less Suitable For Dense Metropolitan Areas

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Some Biogas
based Power
Projects in
India

Sant Shree Asa Ram Ji

Gaushala Trust, Village
– Khanpur, Jassar Road,
Tehsil & District –
Ludhiana, Punjab, 300
Cum per day, 50
KVA/40kW

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8.25 Mw Biogas Based Power Project In A Distillery at

Banur, Dist. Patiala, Punjab

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Utilization
of
Upgraded Upgraded and bottled biogas for use Cascades of Upgraded biogas being Biogas Motorcycle in Thailand
Biogas as a cooking fuel transported

Biogas car in Sweden Biogas Train in Sweden Biogas Car in India

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The Tidal Power

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The Tides
High Tide

Low Tide

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels due to combined effect
of the Moon , the Sun and rotation of the Earth.
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The Tides

 Millions of gallons of water

flow onto shore during tidal
flows and away from shore
during ebb (move away from
the land) tide periods.
 The larger the tidal influence,
the greater the displacement
of water and therefore the
more potential energy that
can be harvested during power
generation.

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Tidal Works and Classification of

Technology

105

Tidal
Stream
Generator

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There is currently no Tidal Power Plant in India

• According to the estimates of the Indian government, the
country has a potential of 8,000 MW of tidal energy. This
includes about 7,000 MW in the Gulf of Cambay in Gujarat,
1,200 MW in the Gulf of Kutch.
• and 100 MW in the Gangetic delta in the Sunderbans
region of West Bengal.
• The Gujarat government is all set to develop India’s first
tidal energy plant. The state government has approved Rs
25 crore for setting up the 50 MW plant at the Gulf of
Kutch.

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S I H WA L A K E T I DA L P O W ER S TAT I O N (S O U T H
KOREA) IS THE WO R LD 'SL A RG E S T TIDA L
P O W E R IN S TA L L AT I O N , WITH A TOTA L PO W E R O U T P U T
C A PAC I T Y O F 254 MW.

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T H E 240MW L A R A N C E T I DAL PO WER P L A N T O N TH E

E S T UA RY O F T H E R A N C E R I V E R I N B RITTA NY , F R A N C E

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We all know that Renewable Energy

Sources are unpredictable.

Do you know which is the most

predictable Renewable Energy Source?

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EARTH STRUCTURE

At the center is a core of molten iron

Around that is an outer core of iron and
rock so hot that rock is in molted state.
The liquid rock is called magma.
The next layer is a mixture of rock and
magma called the mantle.

The shell of the earth – with the oceans

and mountains is called the crust.

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Heat inside the Earth

•The inside of the
earth is very hot.
Thus, geothermal
energy means heat
inside the earth.
•We can use this heat to
warm our houses and
produce electricity .

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Geothermal power plants works

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Geothermal
energy
• Geothermal energy itself on
earth’s surface in the form of
geyser, hot spring.
• By drilling hole 3 km deep in
the field the steam and water
comes out from surface at
temperature Up to 500°C.
• It can be used for power
generating

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How Do We Use Geothermal Energy?

Today, power plants use steam from geothermal wells to

make electricity.

The steam is used to spin turbines.

The turbines spin magnets in coils of copper wire to

make electricity.

Technologies in use include dry steam power plants, flash

steam power plants and binary cycle power plants.

Geothermal electricity generation is currently used in 24

countries while geothermal heating is in use in 70 countries.

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Merits Demerits
This energy source is more The largest single
environmentally friendly disadvantage of geothermal
Merits and than conventional fuel energy is that it is location
Demerits of sources. specific.
Geothermal
Energy

A source of renewable Gases are released into the

energy. atmosphere during digging.

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• Source:
[Link]
[Link]/

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The 120 M W power

station in
southwest Iceland

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Larderello Geothermal Station, in Italy

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Ocean thermal
energy conversion
(OTEC)

• Ocean serves a big store

house of solar energy.
• At water surface 23°C-
source ,while temperature
at depth of 100 m is 5°C-
sink.
• Temperature differential can
be used to run heat engine
& power can be produce
using working fluids NH3, R-
12, propane gas .

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• Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the

difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or
Ocean surface oceanwaters to run heat engine and produce
useful work, usually in the form of electricity.
thermal • A heat engine gives greater efficiency and power when
energy run with a large temperature difference.
• In the oceans the temperature difference between
conversion surface and deep water is greatest in the tropics,
(OTEC) although still a modest 20oC to 25oC. It is therefore in
the tropics that OTEC offers the greatest possibilities.
• OTEC has the potential to offer global amounts of
energy that are 10 to 100 times greater than other
ocean energy options such as wave power.

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Hydrogen Energy

Hydrogen energy is considered a promising alternative to fossil

fuels because it has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, especially when produced using renewable energy.

However, there are challenges to overcome, such as the cost of

production, storage, and distribution infrastructure.

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Hydrogen production and uses

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Hydrogen production
Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, can be used in several ways to produce
energy:
1. Hydrogen Fuel Cells: These convert hydrogen gas into electricity through a chemical
reaction with oxygen. The only byproducts are water and heat, making this technology
very clean. Fuel cells are used in various applications, from powering vehicles like
hydrogen fuel cell cars to providing electricity for stationary power plants.
2. Combustion: Hydrogen can be burned directly in internal combustion engines or in
industrial processes. When burned, hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water,
releasing energy in the process. This method is less commonly used than fuel cells due
to efficiency and infrastructure challenges.
3. Hydrogen Production: To use hydrogen as a fuel, it first needs to be produced. Common
methods include:
i. Electrolysis: Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. If the electricity comes from renewable sources, this
method is very clean.
ii. Steam Reforming: Extracting hydrogen from natural gas. This method is more common but produces carbon dioxide as a
byproduct.
iii. Gasification: Converting coal or biomass into hydrogen and other byproducts. This is another method, but it can be less
environmentally friendly.

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Thank you
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