PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology

Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

JAVASCRIPT
1. INTRODUCTION

a. Scripting language
b. Client-side language
c. Object-based language i.e., do not have polymorphism or inheritance or both
d. Interpreted language. Browser has the interpreter.
e. Light weighted and do not require server interaction. So, the response is faster.
f. No API for networking, don't have concept of file handling, multithreading, and multi-processing.
g. User inputs can be validated before sending the data to the server.

2. INCORPORATING JAVASCRIPT

i. JS Code is written with the <script> tag

<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("CSE3A")
</script>
ii. Two ways:
a. Internally: embedding js code in html. There is only one file i.e. file with .html extension
i. in body tag
ii. in head tag
b. Externally: in separate .js file. There will be two separate files. one with .js extension and
other .html

3. JAVASCRIPT COMMENTS
a. Single line comments: //
b. Multiple line comments: /* */

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

4. VARIABLE

var a = 10 or a = 1.02

4.1. CONVENTIONS

a. Names must start with a letter(a-z, A-Z), _ or $

b. 0-9
c. Case sensitive. a and A are different.

4.2. SCOPE OF A VARIABLE

a. Local Scope:
i. Function scope: Variables declared Locally (inside a function) have Function
Scope.

ii. Block scope: Variables declared with the var keyword cannot have Block Scope.
Variables declared inside a block {} can be accessed from outside the
block. Before ES2015 JavaScript did not have Block Scope.
Variables declared with the let keyword can have Block Scope.
Variables declared inside a block {} cannot be accessed from outside
the block.

b. Global Scope: Variables declared Globally (outside any function) have Global Scope.
Global variables can be accessed from anywhere in a JavaScript program.

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

5. DATA TYPES

JavaScript provides different data types to hold different types of values. There are two types of data
types in JavaScript.
1. Primitive data type
2. Non-primitive (reference) data type

JavaScript is a dynamically-typed language; means we don't need to specify type of the variable
because it is dynamically used by JavaScript engine. It can hold any type of values such as numbers,
strings etc. For example:
1. var a=5; //holding number
2. var b="CSE3A"; //holding string

5.1. PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES

There are five types of primitive data types in JavaScript. They are as follows:

Data Type Description

String represents sequence of characters e.g., "hello"

Number represents numeric values e.g. 100.

Boolean represents boolean value either false or true

Undefined represents undefined value. undefined means "does not exist

Null represents null i.e., no value at all. The property is defined, but the object
it refers to does not exist. The DOM methods getElementById(),
nextSibling(), childNodes[n], parentNode()
//and so, on return null (defined but having no value) when the call does
not return a node object.

Numbers:

A number data type can be an integer, a floating-point value, an exponential value, a ‘NaN’ or a
‘Infinity’.

var a=250; // integer value

var b=25.5; // a number containing a decimal
var c = 10e4 // an exponential value which evaluates to 10*10000;

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

There are special numeric values e.g. NaN and Infinity.

If a number is divided by 0, the resulting value is infinity.

5/0; // results in infinity

The type of infinity is a number
typeof(infinity); // returns number

A ‘NaN’ results when we try to perform an operation on a number with a non-numeric value

‘hi’ * 5; // returns NaN

typeof(NaN); // returns a number
We can also create a number literal by using the Number() function:

var c = Number(5);
console.log(c); // This will return 5

We can create a number object using the ‘new’ operator and the Number() constructor:

var num1= new Number(5);

console.log(num1); // This will return 5
typeof(num1); // This will return ‘number’

String:

The string data type in JavaScript can be any group of characters enclosed by a single or double-quotes
or by backticks.

var str1 = “This is a string1”; // This is a string primitive type or string literal
var str2= ‘This is a string2’;
var str3 = `This is a string3`;

Alternatively, we can use the String() function to create a new string.

var str4 = String(‘hi’); // This creates a string literal with value ' ‘hi’

The String() function is also used to convert a non-string value to a string.

String(4); // This statement will create a string ‘4’

Like the ‘number’ and the ‘boolean’ data types, a ‘String’ object can be created using the ‘new’
operator:

var str5= new String(“hello”); // This is a string object

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

console.log(str4); // This will return the string ‘hello’

Boolean:

The boolean data type has only two values, true and false. It is mostly used to check a logical condition.
Thus, Booleans are logical data types which can be used for comparison of two variables or to check a
condition. The true and false implies a ‘yes’ for ‘true’ and a ‘no’ for ‘false in some places when we
check a condition or the existence of a variable or a value.

When we check the data type of ‘true’ or ‘false’ using typeof operator, it returns a boolean.

typeof(true) // returns boolean

typeof(false) // returns boolean

Let’s see an example of comparison statement:

var a =5;
var b=6;
a==b // returns false

A boolean value is also used to check a condition in an expression:

if(a<b){
alert(a is a smaller number than b);
}

If the above condition ‘a < b’ is true, the alert will pop on the screen.

We can create a new Boolean variable using the Boolean() function.

var check = Boolean(expression); // If the expression evaluates to true, the value of ‘check’ will be
true or else it will be false.
var check = Boolean(a<b); // the expression evaluates to true, thus the value of check will be true.

The Boolean() function converts a non-boolean value to a boolean value.

var mystring = ‘hi there’;

Boolean(mystring); // This will result in true because the ‘mystring’ value exists.

A Boolean object can be created using the new operator.

var booleanobj = new Boolean(true);

Here ‘boolleanobj’ is a Boolean object.

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

Though we can create an object of the primitive data types, ‘number’,’boolean’ and ‘number’ it is
advisable or good practice to use the primitive version of these types.

Undefined:

Undefined data type means a variable that is not defined. The variable is declared but doesn’t contain
any value. So, you can say that undefined means lack of value or unknown value.

var a;
console.log(a); // This will return undefined.
The variable ‘a’ has been declared but hasn’t been assigned a value yet.
We can assign a value to a:

a=5;
console.log(a); // This will return 5

Null:

The null in JavaScript is a data type that is represented by only one value, the ‘null’ itself. A null value
means no value.

You can assign null to a variable to denote that currently that variable does not have any value but it
will have later on. A null means absence of a value.

A null value evaluates to false in conditional expression. So you don't have to use comparison operators
like === or !== to check for null values.

5.2. NON-PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES

The non-primitive data types are as follows:

Data Type Description

Object represents instance through which we can access members

Array represents group of similar values

RegExp represents regular expression

Date represents properties of date

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

6. OPERATORS

JavaScript operators are symbols that are used to perform operations on operands. For example:

var sum=10+20;

Here, + is the arithmetic operator and = is the assignment operator.

There are following types of operators in JavaScript.

a) Arithmetic Operators
b) Comparison (Relational) Operators
c) Bitwise Operators
d) Logical Operators
e) Assignment Operators
f) Special Operators

6.1. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on the operands. The following operators
are known as JavaScript arithmetic operators.

Operator Description Example

+ Addition 10+20 = 30

- Subtraction 20-10 = 10

* Multiplication 10*20 = 200

/ Division 20/10 = 2

% Modulus (Remainder) 20%10 = 0

++ Increment var a=10; a++; Now a = 11

-- Decrement var a=10; a--; Now a = 9

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

6.2. COMPARISON OPERATORS

The JavaScript comparison operator compares the two operands. The comparison operators are as
follows:

Operator Description Example

== Is equal to 10==20 = false

=== Identical (equal and of same type) 10==20 = false

!= Not equal to 10!=20 = true

!== Not Identical 20!==20 = false

> Greater than 20>10 = true

>= Greater than or equal to 20>=10 = true

< Less than 20<10 = false

<= Less than or equal to 20<=10 = false

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

6.3. BITWISE OPERATORS

The bitwise operators perform bitwise operations on operands. The bitwise operators are as follows:

Operator Description Example

& Bitwise AND (10==20 & 20==33) = false

| Bitwise OR (10==20 | 20==33) = false

^ Bitwise XOR (10==20 ^ 20==33) = false

~ Bitwise NOT (~10) = -10

<< Bitwise Left Shift (10<<2) = 40

>> Bitwise Right Shift (10>>2) = 2

>>> Bitwise Right Shift with Zero (10>>>2) = 2

6.4. LOGICAL OPERATORS

The following operators are known as JavaScript logical operators.

Operator Description Example

&& Logical AND (10==20 && 20==33) = false

|| Logical OR (10==20 || 20==33) = false

! Logical Not !(10==20) = true

6.5. ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

The following operators are known as JavaScript assignment operators.

Operator Description Example

= Assign 10+10 = 20

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

+= Add and assign var a=10; a+=20; Now a = 30

-= Subtract and assign var a=20; a-=10; Now a = 10

*= Multiply and assign var a=10; a*=20; Now a = 200

/= Divide and assign var a=10; a/=2; Now a = 5

%= Modulus and assign var a=10; a%=2; Now a = 0

6.6. SPECIAL OPERATORS

The following operators are known as JavaScript special operators.

Operator Description

(?:) Conditional Operator returns value based on the condition. It is like if-else.

, Comma Operator allows multiple expressions to be evaluated as single

statement.

delete Delete Operator deletes a property from the object.

in In Operator checks if object has the given property

instanceof checks if the object is an instance of given type

new creates an instance (object)

typeof checks the type of object.

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

7. CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

7.1 IF-ELSE

The if-else statement is used to execute the code whether condition is true or false. There are three
forms of if statement in JavaScript.

1. If Statement
2. If else statement
3. if else if statement

7.1.1. IF STATEMENT

It evaluates the content only if expression is true. The signature of JavaScript if statement is given
below.

if(expression){
//content to be evaluated
}

Let’s see the simple example of if statement in JavaScript.

<script>
var a=20;
if(a>10){
document.write("value of a is greater than 10");
}
</script>
Output of the above example
value of a is greater than 10

7.1.2. IF...ELSE STATEMENT

It evaluates the content whether condition is true of false. The syntax of JavaScript if-else statement is
given below.

if(expression){
//content to be evaluated if condition is true
}
else{
//content to be evaluated if condition is false
}

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

Let’s see the example of if-else statement in JavaScript to find out the even or odd number.

<script>
var a=20;
if(a%2==0){
document.write("a is even number");
}
else{
document.write("a is odd number");
}
</script>
Output of the above example
a is even number

7.1.3. IF...ELSE IF STATEMENT

It evaluates the content only if expression is true from several expressions. The signature of JavaScript
if else if statement is given below.

if(expression1){
//content to be evaluated if expression1 is true
} else if(expression2){
//content to be evaluated if expression2 is true
} else if(expression3){
//content to be evaluated if expression3 is true
} else{
//content to be evaluated if no expression is true
}

Let’s see the simple example of if else if statement in javascript.

var a=20;
if(a==10){
document.write("a is equal to 10");
} else if(a==15){
document.write("a is equal to 15");
}else if(a==20){
document.write("a is equal to 20");
} else{
document.write("a is not equal to 10, 15 or 20");
}

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

Output of the above example

a is equal to 20

7.1.4. SWITCH

The JavaScript switch statement is used to execute one code from multiple expressions. It is just like
else if statement that we have learned in previous page. But it is convenient than if..else..if because it
can be used with numbers, characters etc.

The signature of JavaScript switch statement is given below.

switch(expression){
case value1:
code to be executed;
break;
case value2:
code to be executed;
break;
......
default:
code to be executed if above values are not matched;
}

Let’s see the simple example of switch statement in javascript.

<script>
var grade='B';
var result;
switch(grade){
case 'A':
result="A Grade";
break;
case 'B':
result="B Grade";
break;
case 'C':
result="C Grade";
break;
default:
result="No Grade";
}
document.write(result);
</script>

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

Output of the above example

B Grade
The switch statement is fall-through i.e. all the cases will be evaluated if you don't use break
statement.

Let’s understand the behaviour of switch statement in JavaScript.

<script>
var grade='B';
var result;
switch(grade){
case 'A':
result+=" A Grade";
case 'B':
result+=" B Grade";
case 'C':
result+=" C Grade";
default:
result+=" No Grade";
}
document.write(result);
</script>

Output of the above example

undefined B Grade C Grade No Grade

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

8. LOOPS

The loops are used to iterate the piece of code using for, while, do while or for-in loops. It makes
the code compact. It is mostly used in array.

There are four types of loops in JavaScript.

1. for loop
2. while loop
3. do-while loop
4. for-in loop

8.1. FOR LOOP

for (initialization; condition; increment)

{
code to be executed
}

Let’s see the simple example of for loop in javascript.

<script>
for (i=1; i<=5; i++)
{
document.write(i + "<br/>")
}
</script>

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

8.2. WHILE LOOP

while (condition)
{
code to be executed
}
Let’s see the simple example of while loop in javascript.
<script>
var i=11;
while (i<=15)
{
document.write(i + "<br/>");
i++;
}
</script>

Output:

11
12
13
14
15

8.3. DO WHILE LOOP

do{
code to be executed
}while (condition);

Let’s see the simple example of do while loop in javascript.

<script>
var i=21;
do{
document.write(i + "<br/>");
i++;
}while (i<=25);
</script>

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

Output:

21
22
23
24
25

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

10. FUNCTIONS

Functions are used to perform operations. Declared functions are not executed immediately. They
are "saved for later use", and will be executed later, when they are invoked (called upon). We can
call JavaScript function many times to reuse the code.

Advantage of JavaScript function

There are mainly two advantages of JavaScript functions.

1. Code reusability: We can call a function several times so it saves coding.

2. Less coding: It makes our program compact. We don’t need to write many lines of code
each time to perform a common task.

10.1. FUNCTION SYNTAX

The syntax of declaring function is given below.

function functionName([arg1, arg2, ...argN]){

//code to be executed
}

Functions can have 0 or more arguments.

Let’s see the simple example of function in JavaScript that does not has arguments.

<script>
function msg(){
alert("hello! this is message");
}
</script>
<input type="button" onclick="msg()" value="call function"/>

10.2. FUNCTION ARGUMENTS

We can call function by passing arguments. Let’s see the example of function that has one argument.

<script>
function getcube(number){

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alert(number*number*number);
}
</script>
<form>
<input type="button" value="click" onclick="getcube(4)"/>
</form>

10.3. FUNCTION EXPRESSIONS

A JavaScript function can also be defined using an expression. A function expression can be stored
in a variable. After a function expression has been stored in a variable, the variable can be used as a
function.

<script>
var x = function (a, b) {return a * b};
document.write(x(4, 3));
</script>

The function above is actually an anonymous function (a function without a name). Functions
stored in variables do not need function names. They are always invoked (called) using the variable
name.

10.4. THE Function() CONSTRUCTOR

As you have seen in the previous examples, JavaScript functions are defined with
the function keyword.

Functions can also be defined with a built-in JavaScript function constructor called Function().

<script>
var myFunction = new Function("a", "b", "return a * b");
var x = myFunction(4, 3);
document.write(x)
</script>
Above code is same as:
<script>
var myFunction = function (a, b) {return a * b};
var x = myFunction(4, 3);
document.write(x)
</script>

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

10.5. FUNCTION HOISTING

Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variables and function declarations are moved to the top
of their scope before code execution. Inevitably, this means that no matter where functions and
variables are declared, they are moved to the top of their scope regardless of whether their scope is
global or local.

<script>
myFunction(5);

function myFunction(y) {
return y * y;
}
</script>

10.6. SELF-INVOKING FUNCTIONS

Function expressions can be made "self-invoking". A self-invoking expression is invoked (started)

automatically, without being called. Function expressions will execute automatically if the
expression is followed by (). You cannot self-invoke a function declaration. You have to add
parentheses around the function to indicate that it is a function expression:

<script>
(function () {
var x = "Hello!!";
document.write(x + "I will invoke myself")
}) ();
</script>

The function above is actually an anonymous self-invoking function (function without name).

10.7. FUNCTION INVOCATION

The code inside the function will execute when "something" invokes (calls) the function:

• When an event occurs (when a user clicks a button)

• When it is invoked (called) from JavaScript code
• Automatically (self-invoked)

10.8. FUNCTION WITH RETURN VALUE

We can call function that returns a value and use it in our program. Let’s see the example of function
that returns value.

<script>
function getInfo(){
return "hello ! How r u?";

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

}
</script>
<script>
document.write(getInfo());
</script>
Output of the above example
hello! How r u?

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

11. DISPLAY POPUP MESSAGE BOX

JavaScript provides different built-in functions to display popup messages for different purposes
e.g. to display a simple message or display a message and take user's confirmation on it or display a
popup to take a user's input value.

11.1. ALERT BOX

Use alert() function to display a popup message to the user. This popup will have OK button to close
the popup.

alert("This is alert box!"); // display string message

alert(100); // display number

alert(true); // display boolean

The alert function can display message of any data type e.g. string, number, boolean etc. There is no
need to convert a message to string type.

11.2. CONFIRM BOX

Sometimes you need to take the user's confirmation to proceed. For example, you want to take user's
confirmation before saving updated data or deleting existing data. In this scenario, use JavaScript
built-in function confirm(). The confirm() function displays a popup message to the user with two
buttons, OK and Cancel. You can check which button the user has clicked and proceed accordingly.

if (confirm("Do you want to save changes?") == true) {

document.write("Data saved successfully!")
} else {
document.write("Save Cancelled!")
}

11.3. PROMPT BOX

Sometimes you may need to take the user's input to do further actions in a web page. For example,
you want to calculate EMI based on users' preferred tenure of loan. For this kind of scenario, use
JavaScript built-in function prompt().

Prompt function takes two string parameters. First parameter is the message to be displayed and
second parameter is the default value which will be in input text when the message is displayed.

Syntax:

prompt([string message], [string defaultValue]);

Example:

var tenure = prompt("Please enter preferred tenure in years", "15");

if (tenure != null) {

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alert("You have entered " + tenure + " years" );

}

As you can see in the above example, we have specified a message as first parameter and default
value "15" as second parameter. The prompt function returns a user entered value. If user has not
entered anything then it returns null. So, it is recommended to check null before proceeding.

Note:
The alert, confirm and prompt functions are global functions. So it can be called using window object
like window.alert(), window.confirm() and window.prompt().

Points to Remember:

1. Popup message can be shown using global functions - alert(), confirm() and prompt().
2. alert() function displays popup message with 'Ok' button.
3. confirm() function display popup message with 'Ok' and 'Cancel' buttons. Use confirm()
function to take user's confirmation to proceed.
4. prompt() function enables you to take user's input with 'Ok' and 'Cancel' buttons. prompt()
function returns value entered by the user. It returns null if the user does not provide any input
value.

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

12. JAVASCRIPT USER-DEFINED OBJECTS

A JavaScript object is an entity having state and behavior (properties and method). For example: car,
pen, bike, chair, glass, keyboard, monitor etc.

JavaScript is an object-based language. Everything is an object in JavaScript.

12.1. CREATING OBJECTS

There are 3 ways to create objects.

i. By object literal
ii. By creating instance of Object directly (using new keyword)
iii. By using an object constructor (using new keyword)

i. BY OBJECT LITERAL

The syntax of creating object using object literal is given below:

object={property1:value1,property2:value2.....propertyN:valueN}

property and value pair are separated by: (colon).

Let’s see the simple example of creating object in JavaScript.

<script>
emp={id:102,name:"Shyam Kumar",salary:40000}
document.write(emp.id+" "+emp.name+" "+emp.salary);
</script>

Output of the above example

102 Shyam Kumar 40000

ii. BY CREATING INSTANCE OF OBJECT

The syntax of creating object directly is given below:

var objectname=new Object();

Here, new keyword is used to create object.

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

Let’s see the example of creating object directly.

<script>
var emp=new Object();
emp.id=101;
emp.name="Ravi Malik";
emp.salary=50000;
document.write(emp.id+" "+emp.name+" "+emp.salary);
</script>

Output of the above example

101 Ravi 50000

iii. BY USING AN OBJECT CONSTRUCTOR

Here, you need to create function with arguments. Each argument value can be assigned in the current
object by using this keyword.

The this keyword refers to the current object.

The example of creating object by object constructor is given below.

<script>
function emp(id,name,salary){
this.id=id;
this.name=name;
this.salary=salary;
}
e=new emp(103,"Rakesh",30000);
document.write(e.id+" "+e.name+" "+e.salary);
</script>

Output of the above example

103 Rakesh 30000

12.3. DEFINING METHOD IN JAVASCRIPT OBJECT

We can define method in JavaScript object. But before defining method, we need to add property in
the function with same name as method.

The example of defining method in object is given below.

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 PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur-209305 (U.P.), India

<script>
function emp(id,name,salary){
this.id=id;
this.name=name;
this.salary=salary;

this.changeSalary=changeSalary;
function changeSalary(otherSalary){ // can be defined outside/inside the constructor
this.salary=otherSalary;
}
}
e=new emp(103,"ABC",30000);
document.write(e.id+" "+e.name+" "+e.salary);
e.changeSalary(45000);
document.write("<br>"+e.id+" "+e.name+" "+e.salary);
</script>
Output of the above example
103 ABC 30000
103 ABC 45000

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13. JS BUILT-IN OBJECTS: ARRAY

JavaScript array is an object that represents a collection of elements.

There are 2 ways to construct array in JavaScript

1. Using array literal
2. Using new keyword

1) BY ARRAY LITERAL

The syntax of creating array using array literal is given below:

var arrayname = [value1, value2, .....,valueN];

for eg.
var elements = [1,2,3, ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’];

values are contained inside [ ] and separated by , (comma).

Let's see the simple example of creating and using array in JavaScript.

<script>
var ele=["A","B","C"];
for (i=0;i<ele.length;i++){
document.write(ele[i] + "<br/>");
}
</script>

The length property returns the length of an array.

Output of the above example

A
B
C

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2) Using new keyword

The syntax of creating array directly is given below:

var arrayname = new Array();

Here, new keyword is used to create instance of array.

Let's see the example of creating array directly.

<script>
var i;
var ele = new Array();
ele[0] = "Arun";
ele[1] = "Varun";
ele[2] = "John";
for (i=0;i<emp.length;i++){
document.write(emp[i] + "<br>");
}
</script>

Output of the above example

Arun
Varun
John

Here, you need to create instance of array by passing arguments in constructor so that we don't have to
provide value explicitly.

The example of creating object by array constructor is given below.

<script>
var emp=new Array("Jai", "Vijay", "Smith");
for (i=0;i<emp.length;i++){
document.write(emp[i] + "<br>");
}
</script>

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Output of the above example

Jai
Vijay
Smith

13.2. ARRAY METHODS

a. concat() Method

The JavaScript array concat() method combines two or more arrays and returns a new string. This
method doesn't make any change in the original array. Also, it doesn’t remove the duplicate elements

The concat() method is represented by the following syntax:

array.concat(arr1,arr2,....,arrn)
<script>
var arr1=["C","C++","Python"];
var arr2=["Java","JavaScript","Android"];
var result=arr1.concat(arr2);
document.writeln(result);
</script>

Output:

C,C++,Python,Java,JavaScript,Android

b. pop() method

The JavaScript array pop() method removes the last element from the given array and return that
element. This method changes the length of the original array.

Syntax

The pop() method is represented by the following syntax:

1. array.pop()

Return

The last element of given array.

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Example 1

Here, we will pop an element from the given array.

<script>
var arr=["AngularJS","Node.js","JQuery"];
document.writeln("Orginal array: "+arr+"<br>");
document.writeln("Extracted element: "+arr.pop()+"<br>");
document.writeln("Remaining elements: "+ arr);
</script>

Output:

Orginal array: AngularJS,Node.js,JQuery

Extracted element: JQuery
Remaining elements: AngulaJS,Node.js
Example 2

In this example, we will pop all the elements from the given array.

<script>
var arr=["AngulaJS","Node.js","JQuery"];
var len=arr.length;
for(var x=1;x<=len;x++)
{
document.writeln("Extracted element: "+arr.pop()+"<br>");
}
</script>

Output:

Extracted element: JQuery

Extracted element: Node.js
Extracted element: AngulaJS

c. push() method

The JavaScript array push() method adds one or more elements to the end of the given array. This
method changes the length of the original array.

Syntax

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The push() method is represented by the following syntax:

array.push(element1,element2....elementn)

Parameter

element1, element2....elementn - The elements to be added.

Return

The original array with added elements.

Let's see some examples of push() method

Example 1

Here, we will add an element in the given array.

<script>
var arr=["AngularJS","Node.js"];
arr.push("JQuery");
document.writeln(arr);
</script>

Output:

AngularJS,Node.js,JQuery

Example 2

Let's see an example to add more than one element in the given array.

<script>
var arr=["AngularJS","Node.js"];
document.writeln("Length before invoking push(): "+arr.length+"<br>");
arr.push("JQuery","Bootstrap");
document.writeln("Length after invoking push(): "+arr.length+"<br>");
document.writeln("Update array: "+arr);
</script>

Output:

Length before invoking push(): 2

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Length after invoking push(): 4

Update array: AngularJS,Node.js,JQuery,Bootstrap

d. Array reverse() method

The JavaScript array reverse() method changes the sequence of elements of the given array and returns
the reverse sequence. In other words, the arrays last element becomes first and the first element becomes
the last. This method also made the changes in the original array.

Syntax

The reverse() method is represented by the following syntax:

array.reverse()

Return

The original array elements in reverse order.

Example
<script>
var arr=["AngulaJS","Node.js","JQuery"];
var rev=arr.reverse();
document.writeln(rev);
</script>

Output:

JQuery,Node.js,AngulaJS

e. shift() method

The JavaScript array shift() method removes the first element of the given array and returns that
element. This method changes the length of the original array.

Syntax

The shift() method is represented by the following syntax:

array. shift()

Return

The first element of an array.

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Example
<script>
var arr=["AngularJS","Node.js","JQuery"];
var result=arr.shift();
document.writeln(result);
</script>

Output:

AngularJS

f. Array slice() method

The JavaScript array slice() method extracts the part of the given array and returns it. This method
doesn't change the original array. The slice() method creates a new array. It does not remove any
elements from the source array. Similar to slicing in Python

Syntax

The slice() method is represented by the following syntax:

array.slice(start,end)

Parameter

start - It is optional. It represents the index from where the method starts to extract the elements.

end - It is optional. It represents the index at where the method stops extracting elements.

Return

A new array contains the extracted elements.

Example 1

Let's see a simple example to extract an element from the given array.

<script>
var arr=["AngularJS","Node.js","JQuery","Bootstrap"]
var result=arr.slice(1,2);
document.writeln(result);
</script>

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Output:

Node.js

Example 2

Let's see one more example to extract various element from the given array.

<script>
var arr=["AngularJS","Node.js","JQuery","Bootstrap"]
var result=arr.slice(0,3);
document.writeln(result);
</script>

Output:

AngularJS,Node.js,JQuery

Example 3

In this example, we will provide the negative values as index to extract elements.

<script>
var arr=["AngularJS","Node.js","JQuery","Bootstrap"]
var result=arr.slice(-4,-1);
document.writeln(result);
</script>

Output:

AngularJS,Node.js,JQuery

g. sort() method

The JavaScript array sort() method is used to arrange the array elements in some order. By default,
sort() method follows the ascending order.

Syntax

The sort() method is represented by the following syntax:

array.sort(compareFunction)

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Parameter

compareFunction - It is optional. It represents a function that provides an alternative sort order.

Return

An array of sorted elements

Example 1

Let's see a simple example to sort the array of string elements.

<script>
var arr=["AngularJS","Node.js","JQuery","Bootstrap"]
var result=arr.sort();
document.writeln(result);
</script>

Output:

AngularJS,Bootstrap,JQuery,Node.js
Example 2
<script>
var arr=[2,4,1,8,5];
var result=arr.sort();
document.writeln(result);
</script>

Output:

1,2,4,5,8

Any compareFunction has the following syntax:

function (a, b){

// sorting logic
// return a Number
}

The sort() method compares all values of the array by passing two values at a time to

the compareFunction. The two parameters a and b represent these two values respectively.

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The compareFunction should return a Number. This returned value is used to sort the elements in the

following way:
• If returned value < 0, a is sorted before b (a comes before b).

• If returned value > 0, b is sorted before a (b comes before a).

• If returned value == 0, a and b remain unchanged relative to each other.

Example 3. Sort the array using length:

// custom sorting an array of strings

var names = ["Adam", "Jeffrey", "Fabiano", "Danil", "Ben"];

function len_compare(a, b){

return a.length - b.length;
}

// sort according to string length

names.sort(len_compare);

console.log(names);

function len_compare(a, b){

return a.length - b.length;
}

Here:

• If a.length - b.length < 0, a comes before b. For example, "Adam" comes

before "Jeffrey" as 4 - 7 < 0.

• If a.length - b.length > 0, b comes before a. For example, "Danil" comes after "Ben" as 5 - 3

> 0.

• If a.length - b.length == 0, their position is unchanged. For example, the relative position
of "Jeffrey" and "Fabiano" is unchanged because 7 - 7 == 0.

We can see that this results in the sorting of strings according to their length in ascending order.

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Example 4

Let's see an example to extract minimum value from an array.

<script>
var arr=[2,4,1,8,5]
var result=arr.sort(); //1,2,4,5,8
document.writeln(arr[0]);
</script>

Output:

1
Example 5

Let's see an example to extract maximum value from an array.

<script>
var arr=[2,4,1,8,5]
var result=arr.sort().reverse(); // 8,5,4,2,1
document.writeln(arr[0]);
</script>

Output:

8
h. toString() Method

The toString() method is used for converting and representing an array into string form. It returns the
string containing the specified array elements. Commas separate these elements, and the string does not
affect the original array.

Syntax

The following syntax represents the toString() method:

array.toString()

Parameters

It does not have any parameters.

Return

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It returns a string that contains all the elements of the specified array.

Example1: Converting a given array into string form seperated by commas.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head> <h3>Array Methods</h3> </br>
</head>
<body>
<script>
var arr=['a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j']; //array elements
var str=arr.toString(); //toString() method implementation
document.write("After converting into string: "+str);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Example2: Converting an array 'season' into string form.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head> <h3>Array Methods</h3> </br>
</head>
<body>
<script>
var season=["Spring","Autumn","Summer","Winter"];
var str=season.toString(); //toString() method implementation
document.write("After converting into string: "+str);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Example3: Converting an array containing numeric values into string.

<html>
<head> <h5> Array Methods </h5> </br>
</head>

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<body>
<script>
var arr=["1","2","3","4"];
document.write(arr.toString()); //After converting into string.
</script>
</br></br>
</body>
</html>

i. unshift() method
The JavaScript Array unshift() method adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array and
returns the new length of the array.
The syntax of the unshift() method is:

arr.unshift(element1, element2, ..., elementN)

Here, arr is an array.

unshift() Parameters

The unshift() method takes in an arbitrary number of elements to add to the array.

Return value from unshift()

• Returns the new (after adding arguments to the beginning of array) length of the array upon

which the method was called.

Notes:

• This method changes the original array and its length.

Example: Using unshift() method

var languages = ["JavaScript", "Python", "Java", "Lua"];

var count = languages.unshift("C++");

console.log(languages); // [ 'C++', 'JavaScript', 'Python', 'Java', 'Lua' ]
console.log(count); // 5

var priceList = [12, 21, 35];

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var count1 = priceList.unshift(44, 10, 1.6);

console.log(priceList); // [ 44, 10, 1.6, 12, 21, 35 ]
console.log(count1); // 6

Output

[ 'C++', 'JavaScript', 'Python', 'Java', 'Lua' ]

5
[ 44, 10, 1.6, 12, 21, 35 ]
6

j. splice() method

The JavaScript Array splice() method returns an array by changing (adding/removing) its elements in

place.

The syntax of the splice() method is:

arr.splice(start, deleteCount, item1, ..., itemN)

Here, arr is an array.

splice() Parameters

The splice() method takes in:

• start - The index from where the array is changed.

• deleteCount (optional) - The number of items to remove from start.

• item1, ..., itemN (optional) - The elements to add to the start index. If not

specified, splice() will only remove elements from the array.

Return value from splice()

• Returns an array containing the deleted elements.

Note: The splice() method changes the original array.

Example 1: Using splice() method

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let languages = ["JavaScript", "Python", "Java", "Lua"];

// replacing "Java" & "Lua" with "C" & "C++"

let removed = languages.splice(2, 2, "C", "C++");
console.log(removed); // [ 'Java', 'Lua' ]
console.log(languages); // [ 'JavaScript', 'Python', 'C', 'C++' ]

// adding elements without deleting existing elements

let removed1 = languages.splice(1, 0, "Java", "Lua");
console.log(removed1); // []
console.log(languages); // [ 'JavaScript', 'Java', 'Lua', 'Python', 'C', 'C++' ]

// removing 3 elements
let removed2 = languages.splice(2, 3);
console.log(removed2); // [ 'Lua', 'Python', 'C' ]
console.log(languages); // [ 'JavaScript', 'Java', 'C++' ]

Output

[ 'Java', 'Lua' ]
[ 'JavaScript', 'Python', 'C', 'C++' ]
[]
[ 'JavaScript', 'Java', 'Lua', 'Python', 'C', 'C++' ]
[ 'Lua', 'Python', 'C' ]
[ 'JavaScript', 'Java', 'C++' ]

Example 2: Using splice() for different deleteCount values

• If start > array.length, splice() does not delete anything and starts appending arguments to

the end of the array.

• If start < 0, the index is counted from backward (array.length + start). For example, -1 is

the last element.

• If array.length + start < 0, it will begin from index 0.

let languages = ["JavaScript", "Python", "Java", "Lua"];

// does not removes, only appends to the end

let removed = languages.splice(5, 2, "C++");
console.log(removed); // []
console.log(languages); // ["JavaScript", "Python", "Java", "Lua", "C++"]

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// remove last element and add 3 more elements

let removed1 = languages.splice(-1, 1, "Swift", "Scala", "Go");
console.log(removed1); // [ "C++" ]
console.log(languages); // ["JavaScript", "Python", "Java", "Lua", "Swift", "Scala", "Go"]

Output

[]
["JavaScript", "Python", "Java", "Lua", "C++"]
[ 'C++' ]
["JavaScript", "Python", "Java", "Lua", "Swift", "Scala", "Go"]

Example 3: Using splice() for different start values

• If deleteCount is omitted or is greater than the number of elements left in the array, it deletes

all elements from start to end of the array.

• If deleteCount is 0 or negative, no elements are removed. But, at least one new element

should be specified.

let languages = ["JavaScript", "Python", "Java", "Lua"];

// removes everything from start

let removed = languages.splice(1);
console.log(removed); // [ "Python", "Java", "Lua" ]
console.log(languages); // [ "JavaScript" ]

// remove none & add 3 more element

let removed1 = languages.splice(1, -2, "Swift", "Scala", "Go");
console.log(removed1); // [ ]
console.log(languages); // [ "JavaScript", "Swift", "Scala", "Go" ]

Output

[ "Python", "Java", "Lua" ]

[ "JavaScript" ]
[]
["JavaScript", "Swift", "Scala", "Go"]

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14. JS BUILT-IN OBJECTS: STRING

The String is an object that represents a sequence of characters.

There are 2 ways to create string in JavaScript

i. By string literal
ii. By string object (using new keyword)

i) BY STRING LITERAL

The string literal is created using double quotes. The syntax of creating string using string literal is
given below:

var stringname="string value";

Let's see the simple example of creating string literal.

<script>
var str="This is string literal";
document.write(str);
</script>

Output:

This is string literal

ii) By string object (using new keyword)

The syntax of creating string object using new keyword is given below:

var stringname=new String("string literal");

Here, new keyword is used to create instance of string.

Let's see the example of creating string in JavaScript by new keyword.

<script>
var stringname=new String("hello javascript string");
document.write(stringname);
</script>

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Output:

hello javascript string

14.2. STRING METHODS

Let's see the list of JavaScript string methods with examples.

a) charAt(index) Method

The JavaScript String charAt() method returns the character at the given index.

<script>
var str="javascript";
document.write(str.charAt(2));
</script>

Output:

b) concat(str) Method

The JavaScript String concat(str) method concatenates or joins two strings.

<script>
var s1="javascript ";
var s2="concat example";
var s3=s1.concat(s2);
document.write(s3);
</script>

Output:

javascript concat example

c) indexOf(str) Method

The JavaScript String indexOf(str) method returns the index position of the given string.

<script>
var s1="javascript from indexof";
var n=s1.indexOf("from");

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document.write(n);
</script>

Output:

11

d) lastIndexOf(str) Method

The JavaScript String lastIndexOf(str) method returns the last index position of the given string.

<script>
var s1="javascript from indexof";
var n=s1.lastIndexOf("java");
document.write(n);
</script>

Output:

16

e) toLowerCase() Method

The JavaScript String toLowerCase() method returns the given string in lowercase letters.

<script>
var s1="JavaScript toLowerCase Example";
var s2=s1.toLowerCase();
document.write(s2);
</script>

Output:

javascript tolowercase example

f) toUpperCase() Method

The JavaScript String toUpperCase() method returns the given string in uppercase letters.

<script>
var s1="JavaScript toUpperCase Example";
var s2=s1.toUpperCase();

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document.write(s2);
</script>

Output:

JAVASCRIPT TOUPPERCASE EXAMPLE

g) slice(beginIndex, endIndex) Method

The JavaScript String slice(beginIndex, endIndex) method returns the parts of string from given
beginIndex to endIndex. In slice() method, beginIndex is inclusive and endIndex is exclusive.

<script>
var s1="abcdefgh";
var s2=s1.slice(2,5);
document.write(s2);
</script>

Output:

cde

h) trim() Method

The JavaScript String trim() method removes leading and trailing whitespaces from the string.

<script>
var s1=" javascript trim ";
var s2=s1.trim();
document.write(s2);
</script>

Output:

javascript trim

i) split() Method
<script>
var str="This is javascript";
document.write(str.split(" ")); //splits the given string.
</script>

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15. EVENT HANDLING

15.1. INTRODUCTION TO EVENT HANDLING

• Event Handling is a software routine that processes actions, such as keystrokes and mouse
movements.

• It is the receipt of an event at some event handler from an event producer and subsequent
processes.

15.2. FUNCTIONS OF EVENT HANDLING

• Event Handling identifies where an event should be forwarded.

• It makes the forward event.

• It receives the forwarded event.

• It takes some kind of appropriate action in response, such as writing to a log, sending an error
or recovery routine or sending a message.

• The event handler may ultimately forward the event to an event consumer.

15.3. EVENT HANDLERS

Event Description
Handler
onAbort It executes when the user aborts loading an image.
onBlur It executes when the input focus leaves the field of a text, textarea or a select option.
onChange It executes when the input focus exits the field after the user modifies its text.
onClick In this, a function is called when an object in a button is clicked, a link is pushed, a
checkbox is checked or an image map is selected. It can return false to cancel the
action.
onError It executes when an error occurs while loading a document or an image.
onFocus It executes when input focus enters the field by tabbing in or by clicking but not
selecting input from the field.
onLoad It executes when a window or image finishes loading.
onMouseOver The JavaScript code is called when the mouse is placed over a specific link or an
object.
onMouseOut The JavaScript code is called when the mouse leaves a specific link or an object.
onReset It executes when the user resets a form by clicking on the reset button.
onSelect It executes when the user selects some of the text within a text or textarea field.
onSubmit It calls when the form is submitted.

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onUnload It calls when a document is exited.

15.4. EXAMPLES
15.4.1. MOUSE EVENTS

15.4.2. CLICK EVENT

Submit

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Button

15.4.3. ONLOAD EVENT

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15.4.4. KEY EVENTS

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16. FORM VALIDATION

16.1. NAME AND PASSWORD VALIDATION

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15.2. VALIDATING DROPDOWN

15.3. VALIDATING EMAIL ADDRESS

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15.4. CONFIRM PASSWORD VALIDATION

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