COURSE: UCI 101 - FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING
WEEK 3 NOTES
Course Facilitator: Dr. Salmon Owidi
Overview: Understanding Computer Software
Computer software refers to a comprehensive set of digital instructions, programs, and data that
enable a computer system to perform tasks and solve problems. It is what transforms a computer
from a lifeless machine into a dynamic and intelligent tool capable of executing everything from
basic operations to complex computations.
Unlike hardware, which includes the tangible components like the CPU, keyboard, and hard drive,
software is intangible and exists in digital form. It cannot be touched, but it controls and
coordinates the hardware to carry out user commands.
Key Topics Covered This Week:
1. Types of Software
• Learn about the two major categories of software:
o System Software: Includes operating systems and utilities that manage hardware.
o Application Software: Programs designed to perform specific user-oriented tasks
like word processing, web browsing, and gaming.
• Understand how these types interact and depend on each other to deliver full
functionality.
2. Software Licensing
• Explore the legal agreements that govern how software can be used, distributed, or
modified.
• Topics include:
o Proprietary Software vs. Open Source Software
o Single-user licenses, multi-user licenses, and site licenses
o Terms of use, end-user license agreements (EULAs)
3. Software Piracy
• Introduction to the ethical and legal concerns surrounding unauthorized use and
distribution of software.
• Examine:
o Forms of piracy (e.g., illegal downloads, keygens, software cracks)
o Consequences for individuals and businesses
o Anti-piracy measures and industry responses
4. Introduction to Windows 10
• Get acquainted with Microsoft Windows 10, one of the most widely used desktop
operating systems globally.
• Highlights include:
o Core features and user interface
o Navigation and system tools
o Personalization and security features
o Updates and compatibility with applications and hardware
Learning Goals:
By the end of this week, you should be able to:
• Differentiate between types of software and their purposes.
• Explain various forms of software licensing and their implications.
• Understand the impact and risks of software piracy.
• Navigate and utilize the basic features of Windows 10 for everyday computing tasks.
System Software
System software is a category of computer programs designed to operate, control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself. It serves as a bridge between the hardware and the
application software, ensuring smooth functionality and communication.
Purpose and Role
• Manages and controls hardware resources
• Provides a platform for running application software
• Enables communication between user, hardware, and applications
• Runs in the background and starts when the computer is powered on
Types of System Software
1. Operating Systems (OS)
• Definition: Core software that manages hardware and software resources.
• Key Functions:
o Memory management
o File system management
o Process and task scheduling
o Input/output (I/O) handling
o User interface (CLI or GUI)
• Examples:
o Windows 10, Windows 11
o Linux distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora)
o macOS (Apple systems)
o Android (mobile OS)
2. Utility Programs
• Definition: Tools that perform maintenance and optimization tasks.
• Key Functions:
o Virus scanning and protection
o Disk defragmentation
o File backup and recovery
o File compression and decompression
o System cleanup and performance tuning
• Examples:
o Avast Antivirus
o WinRAR (compression tool)
o CCleaner (system cleanup)
o Backup utilities
3. Device Drivers
• Definition: Specialized programs that allow the operating system to communicate with
hardware devices.
• Key Functions:
o Translate OS commands into hardware-specific instructions
o Ensure compatibility between the OS and hardware components
o Enable plug-and-play functionality
• Examples:
o Printer drivers
o Graphics card (GPU) drivers like NVIDIA or AMD
o Keyboard and mouse drivers
4. Firmware
• Definition: Low-level software embedded in hardware components.
• Key Functions:
o Controls device-specific functions
o Remains permanently stored in ROM or Flash memory
o Initiates hardware during startup
• Examples:
o BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
o UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)
o Router firmware
o Embedded firmware in appliances or medical devices
Real-World Examples
Type Software Name Purpose
Operating System Windows 10 General-purpose OS for PCs
Utility Program Avast Antivirus Malware protection
Device Driver HP Printer Driver Enables printing capability
Firmware BIOS Hardware initialization at startup
Summary
• System software is essential for computer operation and application software execution.
• Without it, hardware would be inaccessible and non-functional.
• It ensures efficiency, compatibility, and hardware utilization.
Application Software
• Application software refers to computer programs that are specifically designed to help
users carry out distinct tasks or activities. Unlike system software, which manages
hardware and provides the platform for other software to run, application software is
centered around the user. It enables people to accomplish activities such as writing
documents, editing images, browsing the internet, or communicating with others. This
type of software is essential in both personal and professional environments.
• Application software comes in several forms, each serving a particular purpose. One
major category is productivity software, which includes tools like Microsoft Word,
Excel, and Google Docs. These programs assist users in creating documents, managing
data, and collaborating on projects—tasks commonly performed in academic, business,
and administrative settings.
• Another important category is media software, which allows users to interact with
various types of multimedia content. Programs like VLC Media Player are used for
watching videos or listening to music, while Adobe Photoshop provides advanced tools
for editing and creating images. This software is widely used by designers, video editors,
and everyday users who consume digital media.
• Communication software has become increasingly vital in a connected world.
Applications such as Zoom, WhatsApp, and Microsoft Outlook facilitate instant
messaging, voice and video calling, email exchange, and virtual meetings. Whether it’s
for social interaction or business communication, these tools make it possible to stay
connected across distances.
• Also integral to daily computing are web browsers, which serve as gateways to the
internet. Software like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari enables users to
explore websites, access online tools, and interact with cloud-based platforms. Browsers
are indispensable for tasks ranging from research to entertainment and cloud computing.
• Another growing area is educational software, which supports teaching and learning
processes. Tools such as Moodle provide digital classrooms and assignment management
for schools and universities, while applications like Duolingo use gamification to help
users learn new languages in an engaging way. These programs play a significant role in
both traditional and digital education.
• A few defining features of application software include its user-centric nature, reliance on
system software to function, and the ability to be customized to suit individual
preferences. Most applications offer settings and options that users can personalize, such
as toolbars, display themes, or plug-ins. Additionally, these applications must operate
within an environment managed by an operating system, which allocates the necessary
resources like memory and input/output processing.
• In summary, application software is what transforms a computer into a useful tool for
humans. It is the software we interact with most often, whether we are writing a report,
streaming a video, attending a virtual meeting, or learning a new skill. Without
application software, computing would be purely mechanical and limited to basic system
functions.
Programming Software
• Programming software refers to a specialized category of software that provides the tools
needed to create, test, and refine other software applications. It serves as the foundation
for software development by enabling programmers to write code in a structured and
efficient manner. These tools assist in transforming human-readable code into machine-
executable programs, as well as identifying and correcting errors during the development
process.
• At the core of programming software are text editors, which provide a simple interface
for writing and organizing code. Tools like Notepad++ and Visual Studio Code are
widely used due to their support for multiple programming languages, syntax
highlighting, and customizable features.
• In addition to writing code, developers must convert it into a form that a computer can
understand. This is where compilers come in. A compiler translates high-level source
code—written in languages such as C++ or Java—into machine language that the
computer’s processor can execute. For example, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is
commonly used for compiling C and C++ programs.
• Interpreters, on the other hand, execute code line by line instead of compiling it all at
once. This allows developers to run and test their programs quickly, which is especially
useful during the development of scripts or prototypes. The Python interpreter is a well-
known example, used to execute Python code interactively.
• Another essential tool is the debugger, which helps programmers detect and resolve
errors or bugs in their code. Debuggers allow developers to pause the execution of a
program, examine variables and memory, and step through code to pinpoint where things
go wrong.
• For greater efficiency, many programmers use Integrated Development Environments
(IDEs). An IDE is a comprehensive platform that brings together a text editor, compiler
or interpreter, debugger, and other tools within a single interface. This integration
streamlines the coding process, making it easier to write, test, and manage code. Popular
IDEs include Eclipse for Java, Visual Studio for various Microsoft-supported languages,
and PyCharm for Python development.
• Programming software is essential for tasks such as developing desktop or mobile
applications, writing automation scripts, creating websites, and building complex
enterprise systems. Whether it's a small script to automate a task or a full-fledged
application for mass deployment, programming tools form the backbone of the software
development lifecycle.
• In conclusion, programming software equips developers with everything they need to
bring digital ideas to life. It facilitates not only the construction of software but also its
accuracy, efficiency, and long-term maintenance.
SOFTWARE PIRACY
Software piracy refers to the unauthorized copying, distribution, installation, or use of software
in a manner that violates the license agreement set by the copyright holder. It involves obtaining or
using software without paying for it or without proper legal permission. This act infringes on the
intellectual property rights of the developers or publishers who created the software.
Piracy remains a major issue in the software industry, especially with the ease of file sharing and
access to cracked programs on the internet. While some individuals may see piracy as harmless or
cost-saving, it has serious legal, financial, and security implications for both users and developers.
Common Forms of Software Piracy
There are several different forms of software piracy, each involving different methods of violating
software licenses:
• Counterfeiting is one of the most blatant forms. It involves creating fake physical or digital
copies of original software and selling them to unsuspecting users. These counterfeit
versions often mimic official packaging and branding but contain unauthorized or altered
code.
• Softlifting occurs when a person legally purchases a single-user license for software but
installs it on multiple computers, often in violation of the license agreement. This is
common in office settings or among friends and family and is typically done with good
intentions, but it is still illegal.
• Internet piracy refers to downloading cracked or pirated versions of software from
unauthorized websites, torrents, or file-sharing platforms. These versions are usually
altered to bypass security and licensing restrictions and are often spread across the
internet with little control or accountability.
• Client-server overuse happens in organizations where a software license permits a certain
number of users or connections, but the actual number of users exceeds that limit. For
example, running 20 users on a server license meant for 10 is a violation of the software
agreement.
Consequences of Software Piracy
Engaging in software piracy can lead to serious consequences for individuals, companies, and the
software industry as a whole:
• Legal consequences are among the most direct. Users or organizations caught pirating
software can face fines, lawsuits, and even criminal charges, depending on the jurisdiction
and severity of the offense.
• Security risks are also common. Pirated software often comes bundled with malware,
spyware, or ransomware, putting users’ personal data and systems at risk. Because these
copies are not official, they bypass usual security checks and updates, making them
vulnerable.
• Loss of support and updates is another consequence. Unlicensed software typically
cannot be updated through official channels, meaning users miss out on security patches,
new features, and technical support from the developer.
• Financial harm to developers and businesses is significant. Piracy results in lost revenue,
discourages innovation, and can affect jobs and resources in the software industry. Smaller
developers especially struggle to recover from the financial impact of widespread piracy.
Prevention Strategies
To combat piracy and promote ethical software usage, several measures can be taken:
• The most effective method is to use only legally licensed software. Purchasing or
subscribing to software through authorized vendors ensures compliance and access to
updates and support.
• Education and awareness are also vital. Users should be informed about the legal risks,
ethical concerns, and security threats posed by pirated software.
• Enabling automatic updates helps keep software secure and reduces the temptation to
use unofficial patched versions.
• Developers and companies can implement anti-piracy tools, such as license management
software, serial key verification systems, and cloud-based user authentication, to monitor
and prevent unauthorized use.
Windows 10 is a powerful and versatile operating system developed by Microsoft. Released in
2015, it has become one of the most widely adopted desktop operating systems globally. Known for
its graphical user interface (GUI), robust performance, and built-in security tools, Windows 10
is designed to serve a broad range of users—from home consumers to business professionals and
large enterprises.
It successfully integrates features from both earlier versions of Windows (like Windows 7 and 8) and
newer innovations, aiming to provide consistency, stability, and flexibility across various device
types including desktops, laptops, tablets, and even some mobile devices.
Key Features of Windows 10
• The Start Menu is a central access point for programs, settings, and files, combining the
classic Windows layout with live tiles from Windows 8.
• The Taskbar provides quick access to pinned apps, open windows, and system
notifications, enhancing user navigation and multitasking.
• Cortana, Microsoft’s built-in voice assistant, allows users to perform searches, set
reminders, and manage tasks using voice commands.
• The Microsoft Store serves as a digital marketplace for downloading apps, games, and
tools—both free and paid.
• Multiple Desktops and the Task View feature allow users to create and manage separate
workspaces, making it easier to organize tasks and reduce clutter.
• The Action Center collects and displays system alerts, app notifications, and quick
settings like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth toggles.
• The modern Settings app gradually replaces the traditional Control Panel, offering a more
unified and touch-friendly interface for system configuration.
Windows 10 Editions
Windows 10 is available in several editions tailored to different types of users and organizational
needs:
• Windows 10 Home is designed for everyday consumers. It includes all the essential
features such as Cortana, Microsoft Edge, the Microsoft Store, and Windows Security.
• Windows 10 Pro builds on the Home edition and adds business-specific features, such
as BitLocker encryption, Remote Desktop, Hyper-V virtualization, and Group Policy
Management—tools useful for professionals and small businesses.
• Windows 10 Enterprise and Windows 10 Education are tailored for large-scale
organizations and academic institutions, respectively. They include advanced security
features, deployment tools, and device management capabilities beyond those available in
Pro.
Built-in Security Tools
Microsoft places a strong emphasis on security in Windows 10, incorporating several built-in tools
to protect users:
• Windows Defender Antivirus provides real-time protection against viruses, malware, and
other threats without needing third-party software.
• The Firewall & Network Protection system monitors and filters network traffic to prevent
unauthorized access.
• BitLocker Drive Encryption allows users to encrypt their hard drives, protecting data in
case of device loss or theft—particularly useful in enterprise environments.
