MRCET CAMPUS (AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION – UGC, GOVT.

OF INDIA)

Department of CSE
(Emerging Technologies)
(DATA SCIENCE,IOT,CYBER SECURITY)
B.TECH(R-22 Regulation)
(III YEAR – II SEM)
(2024-2025)

MACHINE LEARNING LAB

Compiled by

V.Suneetha, Associate Professor

V.Bala, Associate Professor

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
Recognized under 2(f) and 12(B) of UGC ACT 1956
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE-Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade - ISO 9001:2015 Certified)
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via. Hakimpet), Secunderabad–500100, Telangana State, India
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Vision

 “To be at the forefront of Emerging Technologies and to evolve as a Centre of Excellence in Research,
Learning and Consultancy to foster the students into globally competent professionals useful to the
Society.”

Mission
The department of CSE (Emerging Technologies) is committed to:

 To offer highest Professional and Academic Standards in terms of Personal growth and satisfaction.
 Make the society as the hub of emerging technologies and thereby capture opportunities
in new age technologies.
 To create a benchmark in the areas of Research, Education and Public Outreach.

 To provide students a platform where independent learning and scientific study are encouraged
with emphasis on latest engineering techniques.

QUALITY POLICY
 To pursue continual improvement of teaching learning process of Undergraduate and
PostGraduateprogramsin Engineering &Managementvigorously.

 To provide state of art infrastructure and expertise to impart the quality education and research
environment to students for a complete learning experiences.

 Developing students with a disciplined and integrated personality.

 To offer quality relevant and cost effective programmes to produce engineers as per requirements
of the industry need.

For more information:www.mrcet.ac.in

 List of Experiments
S. No Name of the Program
Implementation of Python Basic Libraries such as Statistics, Math, Numpy and
1. Scipy
a) Usage of methods such as floor(), ceil(), sqrt(), isqrt(), gcd() etc.
b) Usage of attributes of array such as ndim, shape, size, methods such as
sum(), mean(), sort(), sin() etc.
c) Usage of methods such as det(), eig() etc.
d) Consider a list datatype(1D) then reshape it into2D, 3D matrix using
numpy
e) Generater and ommatrices using numpy
f) Find the determinant of a matrix using scipy
g) Find eigen value and eigen vector of a matrix using scipy

Implementation of Python Libraries for ML application such as Pandas and

2.
Matplotlib.
a) Create a Series using pandas and display
b) Access the index and the values of our Series
c) Compare an array using Numpy with a series using pandas
d) Define Series objects with individual indices
e) Access single value of a series
f) Load datasets in a Data frame variable using pandas
g) Usage of different methods in Matplotlib.
a) Creation and Loading different types of datasets in Python using the required
3.
libraries.
i. Creation using pandas
ii. Loading CSV dataset files using Pandas
iii. Loading datasets using sklearn

b) Write a python program to compute Mean, Median, Mode, Variance,

Standard Deviation using Datasets
c) Demonstrate various data pre-processing techniques for a given dataset.
Write a python program to compute
i. Reshaping the data,
ii. Filtering the data,
iii. Merging the data
iv. Handling the missing values in datasets
v. Feature Normalization: Min-max normalization
Implement Dimensionality reduction using Principle component Analysis method on
4 a dataset iris
Write a program to demonstrate the working of the decision tree based ID3
5
algorithm by considering a dataset.
6. Consider a dataset, use Random Forest to predict the output class. Vary the
number of trees as follows and compare the results:
i.20 ii.50 iii.100 iv.200 v.500
 Write a Python program to implement Simple Linear Regression and plot the
7.
graph.
Write a Python program to implement Logistic Regression for iris using
8
sklearn and plot the confusion matrix.

9 Build KNN Classification model for a given dataset. Vary the number of k
values as follows and compare the results:
i. 1
ii. 3
iii. 5
iv. 7
v. 11

10 Implement Support Vector Machine for a dataset and compare the accuracy
by applying the following kernel functions:
i. Linear
ii. Polynomial
iii. RBF

11 Write a python program to implement K-Means clustering Algorithm. Vary

the number of k values as follows and compare the results:
i. 1
ii. 3
iii. 5
MACHINE LEARNING LAB MANUAL 2024-2025
2024-2025

Week 1:
a)Implementation of Python Basic Libraries such as Math, Numpy and Scipy
Theory/Description:

 Python Libraries
There are a lot of reasons why Python is popular among developers and one of them is that it
has an amazingly large collection of libraries that users can work with. In this Python Library,
we will discuss Python Standard library and different libraries offered by Python Programming
Language: scipy, numpy, etc.
We know that a module is a file with some Python code, and a package is a directory for sub
packages and modules. A Python library is a reusable chunk of code that you may want to
includein your programs/ projects. Here, a ‗library‘ loosely describes a collection of core
modules. Essentially, then, a library is a collection of modules. A package is a library that can
be installed using a package manager like npm.

 Python Standard Library

The Python Standard Library is a collection of script modules accessible to a Python program
to simplify the programming process and removing the need to rewrite commonly used
commands. They can be used by 'calling/importing' them at the beginning of a script. A list of
the Standard Library modules that are most important
◻ time
◻ sys
◻ csv
◻ math
◻ random
◻ pip
◻ os
◻ statistics
◻ tkinter
◻ socket

To display a list of all available modules, use the following command in the Python console:
>>> help('modules')
 List of important Python Libraries
o Python Libraries for Data Collection
 Beautiful Soup
 Scrapy
 Selenium
o Python Libraries for Data Cleaning and Manipulation
 Pandas
 PyOD

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 NumPy
 Scipy
 Spacy
o Python Libraries for Data Visualization
 Matplotlib
 Seaborn
 Bokeh
o Python Libraries for Modeling
 Scikit-learn
 TensorFlow
 PyTorch

Implementation of Python Basic Libraries such as Math, Numpy and Scipy

 Python Math Library

The math module is a standard module in Python and is always available. To use
mathematical functions under this module, you have to import the module using import
math. It gives access tothe underlying C library functions. This module does not support
complex datatypes. The cmath module is the complex counterpart.

List of Functions in Python Math Module

Function Description
ceil(x) Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.
copysign(x, Returns x with the sign of y
y)
fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x
factorial(x) Returns the factorial of x
floor(x) Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x
fmod(x, y) Returns the remainder when x is divided by y
frexp(x) Returns the mantissa and exponent of x as the pair (m, e)
fsum(iterable) Returns an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable
isfinite(x) Returns True if x is neither an infinity nor a NaN (Not a Number)
isinf(x) Returns True if x is a positive or negative infinity
isnan(x) Returns True if x is a NaN
ldexp(x, i) Returns x * (2**i)
modf(x) Returns the fractional and integer parts of x
trunc(x) Returns the truncated integer value of x
exp(x) Returns e**x
expm1(x) Returns e**x - 1

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Program-1

Program-2

Program-3

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Program-4

Program-5

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Program-6

 Python Numpy Library

NumPy is an open source library available in Python that aids in mathematical, scientific,
engineering, and data science programming. NumPy is an incredible library to perform
mathematical and statisticaloperations. It works perfectly well for multi-dimensional arrays
and matrices multiplication

For any scientific project, NumPy is the tool to know. It has been built to work with the
N- dimensional array, linear algebra, random number, Fourier transform, etc. It can be
integrated toC/C++ and Fortran.

NumPy is a programming language that deals with multi-dimensional arrays and matrices.
On top ofthe arrays and matrices, NumPy supports a large number of mathematical
operations.

NumPy is memory efficiency, meaning it can handle the vast amount of data more accessible
than anyother library. Besides, NumPy is very convenient to work with, especially for matrix
multiplication and reshaping. On top of that, NumPy is fast. In fact, TensorFlow and Scikit
learn to use NumPy arrayto compute the matrix multiplication in the back end.

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 Arrays in NumPy: NumPy‘s main object is the homogeneous multidimensional array.

◻ It is a table of elements (usually numbers), all of the same type, indexed by a tuple of
positiveintegers.
◻ In NumPy dimensions are called axes. The number of axes is rank.
◻ NumPy’s array class is called ndarray. It is also known by the alias array.

We use python numpy array instead of a list because of the below three reasons:
1. Less Memory
2. Fast
3. Convenient

 Numpy Functions

Numpy arrays carry attributes around with them. The most important
ones are:ndim: The number of axes or rank of the array
shape: A tuple containing the length in each
dimensionsize: The total number of elements

Program-1

Can be used just like Python lists

x[1] will access the second element
x[-1] will access the last element

Program-2

Arithmetic operations apply element wise

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 Built-in Methods

Many standard numerical functions are available as methods out of the box:
Program-3

 Python Scipy Library

SciPy is an Open Source Python-based library, which is used in mathematics,

scientific computing, Engineering, and technical computing. SciPy also pronounced
as "Sigh Pi."

◻ SciPy contains varieties of sub packages which help to solve the most common issue
related to Scientific Computation.
◻ SciPy is the most used Scientific library only second to GNU Scientific Library for
C/C++ or Matlab's.
◻ Easy to use and understand as well as fast computational power.
◻ It can operate on an array of NumPy library.

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 Numpy VS SciPyNumpy:
1. Numpy is written in C and use for mathematical or numeric calculation.
2. It is faster than other Python Libraries
3. Numpy is the most useful library for Data Science to perform basic calculations.
4. Numpy contains nothing but array data type which performs the most basic operation like
sorting,shaping, indexing, etc.

SciPy:
1. SciPy is built in top of the NumPy
2. SciPy is a fully-featured version of Linear Algebra while Numpy contains only a few features.
3. Most new Data Science features are available in Scipy rather than Numpy.

Linear Algebra with SciPy

1. Linear Algebra of SciPy is an implementation of BLAS and ATLAS LAPACK libraries.

2. Performance of Linear Algebra is very fast compared to BLAS and LAPACK.

Linear algebra routine accepts two-dimensional array object and output is also a two-dimensional
array.
Now let's do some test with scipy.linalg,
Calculating determinant of a two-dimensional matrix,
Program-1

Eigenvalues and Eigenvector – scipy.linalg.eig()

◻ The most common problem in linear algebra is eigenvalues and eigenvector which can
beeasily solved using eig() function.
◻ Now lets we find the Eigenvalue of (X) and correspond eigenvector of a two-
dimensionalsquare matrix.

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Program-2

Exercise programs:
1. consider a list datatype then reshape it into 2d,3d matrix using numpy
2. Genrate random matrices using numpy
3. Find the determinant of a matrix using scipy
4. Find eigenvalue and eigenvector of a matrix using scipy

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Week 2:
Implementation of Python Libraries for ML application such as Pandas and Matplotlib.

 Pandas Library

The primary two components of pandas are the Series and DataFrame.
A Series is essentially a column, and a DataFrame is a multi-dimensional table made
up of acollection of Series.
DataFrames and Series are quite similar in that many operations that you can do
with oneyou can do with the other, such as filling in null values and calculating

the mean.

◻ Reading data from CSVs

With CSV files all you need is a single line to load in the data:
df =
pd.read_csv('purchases.csv')df

Let's load in the IMDB movies dataset to begin:

movies_df = pd.read_csv("IMDB-Movie-Data.csv", index_col="Title")
We're loading this dataset from a CSV and designating the movie titles to be our index.

◻ Viewing your data

The first thing to do when opening a new dataset is print out a few rows to keep as
a visualreference. We accomplish this with .head():
movies_df.head()

Another fast and useful attribute is .shape, which outputs just a tuple of (rows, columns):
movies_df.shape
Note that .shape has no parentheses and is a simple tuple of format (rows, columns). So
we have1000 rows and 11 columns in our movies DataFrame.
You'll be going to .shape a lot when cleaning and transforming data. For example, you
might filtersome rows based on some criteria and then want to know quickly how many
rows were removed.

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Program-1

We haven't defined an index in our example, but we see two columns in our output: The right column
contains our data, whereas the left column contains the index. Pandas created a default index starting with 0
going to 5, which is the length of the data minus 1.

Program-2

We can directly access the index and the values of our Series S:

Program-3

If we compare this to creating an array in numpy, we will find lots of similarities:

So far our Series have not been very different to ndarrays of Numpy. This changes, as soon as we start
defining Series objects with individual indices:

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Program-4

Program-5

A big advantage to NumPy arrays is obvious from the previous example: We can use arbitrary indices.
If we add two series with the same indices, we get a new series with the same index and the correponding
values will be added:

fruits = ['apples', 'oranges', 'cherries', 'pears']

S = pd.Series([20, 33, 52, 10], index=fruits)
S2 = pd.Series([17, 13, 31, 32], index=fruits)
print(S + S2)
print("sum of S: ", sum(S))

OUTPUT:
apples 37
oranges 46
cherries 83
pears 42
dtype: int64
sum of S: 115

Program-6

The indices do not have to be the same for the Series addition. The index will be the "union" of both indices.
If an index doesn't occur in both Series, the value for this Series will be NaN:

fruits = ['peaches', 'oranges', 'cherries', 'pears']

fruits2 = ['raspberries', 'oranges', 'cherries', 'pears']

S = pd.Series([20, 33, 52, 10], index=fruits)

S2 = pd.Series([17, 13, 31, 32], index=fruits2)
print(S + S2)

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OUTPUT:
cherries 83.0
oranges 46.0
peaches NaN
pears 42.0
raspberries NaN
dtype: float64

Program-7

In principle, the indices can be completely different, as in the following example. We have two indices. One is
the Turkish translation of the English fruit names:
fruits = ['apples', 'oranges', 'cherries', 'pears']

fruits_tr = ['elma', 'portakal', 'kiraz', 'armut']

S = pd.Series([20, 33, 52, 10], index=fruits)

S2 = pd.Series([17, 13, 31, 32], index=fruits_tr)
print(S + S2)

OUTPUT:
apples NaN
armut NaN
cherries NaN
elma NaN
kiraz NaN
oranges NaN
pears NaN
portakal NaN
dtype: float64

Program-8

Indexing
It's possible to access single values of a Series.

print(S['apples'])

OUTPUT:
20

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 Matplotlib Library

Pyplot is a module of Matplotlib which provides simple functions to add plot

elementslike lines, images, text, etc. to the current axes in the current figure.

◻ Make a simple plot

import matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport
numpy as np

List of all the methods as they appeared.

◻ plot(x-axis values, y-axis values) — plots a simple line graph with x-axis values
against y-axis values
◻ show() — displays the graph
◻ title(―stringǁ) — set the title of the plot as specified by the string
◻ xlabel(―stringǁ) — set the label for x-axis as specified by the string
◻ ylabel(―stringǁ) — set the label for y-axis as specified by the string
◻ figure() — used to control a figure level attributes
◻ subplot(nrows, ncols, index) — Add a subplot to the current figure
◻ suptitle(―stringǁ) — It adds a common title to the figure specified by the string
◻ subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize) — a convenient way to create subplots, in a single call.
It returns a tuple of a figure and number of axes.
◻ set_title(―stringǁ) — an axes level method used to set the title of subplots in a figure
◻ bar(categorical variables, values, color) — used to create vertical bar graphs
◻ barh(categorical variables, values, color) — used to create horizontal bar graphs
◻ legend(loc) — used to make legend of the graph
◻ xticks(index, categorical variables) — Get or set the current tick locations and labels
of the x-axis
◻ pie(value, categorical variables) — used to create a pie chart
◻ hist(values, number of bins) — used to create a histogram
◻ xlim(start value, end value) — used to set the limit of values of the x-axis
◻ ylim(start value, end value) — used to set the limit of values of the y-axis
◻ scatter(x-axis values, y-axis values) — plots a scatter plot with x-axis values against
y-axis values
◻ axes() — adds an axes to the current figure
◻ set_xlabel(―stringǁ) — axes level method used to set the x-label of the plot specified
as a string
◻ set_ylabel(―stringǁ) — axes level method used to set the y-label of the plot specified
as a string
◻ scatter3D(x-axis values, y-axis values) — plots a three-dimensional scatter plot with
x-axis values against y-axis values
◻ plot3D(x-axis values, y-axis values) — plots a three-dimensional line graph with x-
axis values against y-axis values

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Here we import Matplotlib‘s Pyplot module and Numpy library as most of the data thatwe
will be working with will be in the form of arrays only.
Program-1

Program-2
We pass two arrays as our input arguments to Pyplot‘s plot() method and use show() method to
invoke the required plot. Here note that the first array appears on the x-axis andsecond array appears
on the y-axis of the plot. Now that our first plot is ready, let us add the title, and name x-axis and y
axis using methods title(), xlabel() and ylabel() respectively.

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Program-3
We can also specify the size of the figure using method figure()and passing the valuesas a tuple of
the length of rows and columns to the argument figsize

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Program-4

With every X and Y argument, you can also pass an optional third argument in the formof a string which
indicates the colour and line type of the plot. The default format is b- which means a solid blue line. In the
figure below we use go which means green circles.Likewise, we can make many such combinations to format
our plot.

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Week 3: Creation and Loading different datasets in Python

Program-1

Method-I

Program-2

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Method-II:

Program-3 Uploading csv file:

Method-III:

b) Write a python program to compute Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation using
Datasets

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 Python Statistics library

This module provides functions for calculating mathematical statistics of numeric (Real-
valued) data. The statistics module comes with very useful functions like: Mean, median,
mode, standard deviation,and variance.
The four functions we'll use in this post are common in statistics:
1. mean - average value
2. median - middle value
3. mode - most often value
4. standard deviation - spread of values

 Averages and measures of central location

These functions calculate an average or typical value from a population or
sample.mean() Arithmetic mean (―averageǁ) of data.
harmonic_mean() Harmonic mean of data.
median() Median (middle value) of
data.median_low() Low median of data.
median_high() High median of data.
median_grouped() Median, or 50th percentile, of grouped
data.mode() Mode (most common value) of discrete
data.

 Measures of spread
These functions calculate a measure of how much the population or sample tends to
deviate fromthe typical or average values.
pstdev() Population standard deviation of data.
pvariance() Population variance of data.
stdev() Sample standard deviation of data.
variance() Sample variance of data.

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Program-1

Program-2

Program-3

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Program-4

Program-5

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c) Write a python program to compute reshaping the data, Filtering the data , merging the data and
handling the missing values in datasets.
Program-2

Method:II
Assigning the data:

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Program-3

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Filtering the data

suppose there is a requirement for the details regarding name, gender, marks of the top-scoring students. Here
we need to remove some unwanted data.

Program-1

Program-2

Program-3

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Merge data:
Merge operation is used to merge raw data and into the desired format.
Syntax:
pd.merge( data_frame1,data_frame2, on="field ")

Program-4

First type of data:

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Program-5

Second type of data:

Program-6

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Handling the missing values:

Program-1

Program-2

In order to check null values in Pandas DataFrame, we use isnull() function this function return dataframe of
Boolean values which are True for NaN values.

Program-7

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Program-3

In order to check null values in Pandas Dataframe, we use notnull() function this function return dataframe of
Boolean values which are False for NaN values.

Program-4

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Program-5

Program-6

Program-7

Method-I
Drop Columns with Missing Values

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Program-8

Method-II
fillna() manages and let the user replace NaN values with some value of their own

Program-9

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Program-10

Filling missing values with mean

Program-11

Filling missing values in csv files:

df=pd.read_csv(r'E:\mldatasets\Machine_Learning_Data_Preprocessing_Python-
master\Sample_real_estate_data.csv', na_values='NAN')

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Program-12

Program-13

Code:
missing_value = ["n/a","na","--"]
data1=pd.read_csv(r'E:\mldatasets\Machine_Learning_Data_Preprocessing_Python-
master\Sample_real_estate_data.csv', na_values = missing_value)
df = data1

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Program-1
Reshaping the data:

Method-I

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Program:
Write a python program to loading csv dataset files using Pandas library functions.
Program:
a. Importing data(CSV)

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b. Importing data(EXCEL)

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Excersice:
Demonstrate various data pre-processing techniques for a given dataset.
Program:

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Week 4:
Implement Dimensionality reduction using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) method.
Program:

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Observations:
- x1 and x2 do not seem correlated
- x1 seems very correlated with both x3 and x4
- x2 seems somewhat correlated with both x3 and x4
- x3 and x4 seem very correlated

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Week 5:
Develop Decision Tree Classification model for a given dataset and use it to classify a new sample.
Program:

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outlook
overcast
b'yes'
rain
wind
b'strong'
b'no'
b'weak'
b'yes'
sunny
humidity
b'high'
b'no'
b'normal'
b'yes'

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Week 6:
Consider a dataset use Random Forest to predict the output class vary the number of trees as follows
and compare the results. i) 20 ii)50 iii)100 iv)200 v)500

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Week 7:
Write a python program to implement Simple Linear Regression Models and plot the graph.
Program:

a) To implement Simple Linear Regression.

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b) To implement Multiple Linear Regression.

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Week 8:
Write a python program to implement Logistic Regression Model for a given dataset.
Program:

Department of Emerging Technologies 61

MACHINE LEARNING LAB MANUAL 2024-2025

Excersice:
Implement Naive Bayes classification in python.
Program:

Department of Emerging Technologies 62

MACHINE LEARNING LAB MANUAL 2024-2025

Week 9:
Build KNN Classification model for a given dataset.
Program:

Department of Emerging Technologies 63

MACHINE LEARNING LAB MANUAL 2024-2025

Department of Emerging Technologies 64

MACHINE LEARNING LAB MANUAL 2024-2025

Week-10
Implement Support Vector Machine for a dataset.

Department of Emerging Technologies 65

MACHINE LEARNING LAB MANUAL 2024-2025

Week-11

Write a python program to implement K-Means clustering Algorithm.

Program:

Department of Emerging Technologies 66