DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Course Title: Introduction to Civil Engineering

Course Code: BESCK104A/BESCK204A

Module-2 - Societal and Global Impact of Infrastructure

Syllabus
Infrastructure:
 Introduction to sustainable development goals
 Smart city concept
 Clean city concept
 Safe city concept

Environment:
 Water Supply and Sanitary systems
 Urban air pollution management
 Solid waste management
 Identification of Landfill sites
 Urban flood control

Built-environment:
 Energy efficient buildings
 Recycling
 Temperature and Sound control in buildings
 Security systems
 Smart buildings

Page 1 of 44
 SOCIETAL AND GLOBAL IMPACT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The 17 goals under the Sustainable Development Goals are as
mentioned below:

1. No poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

2. Zero hunger (No hunger): End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

3. Good health and well-being: Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing
for all at all stages

4. Quality education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and

promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

5. Gender equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls

6. Clean water and sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable

management of water and sanitation for all

7. Affordable and clean energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable,

sustainable and modern energy for all

8. Decent work and economic growth: Promote sustained, inclusive and

sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent
work for all

9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure: Built resilient infrastructure,

promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation

10. Reduced inequality: Reduce inequalities within and among countries

11. Sustainable cities and communities: Make cities and human

settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

12. Responsible consumption and production: Ensure sustainable

consumption and production pattern

13. Climate action: Take urgent actions to combat climate change and its
impact

Page 2 of 44
14. Life below water: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
marine resources

15. Life on land: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably managed forests, combat desertification and halt
and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

16. Peace, justice and strong institutions: Promote peaceful and

inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for
all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

17. Partnership for the goals: Strengthen the means of implementation

and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development

Sustainable Development Goals in India

India's record in implementing Sustainable Development Goals

 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

(MNREGA) is being implemented to provide jobs to unskilled labourers
and improve their living standards
 National Food Security Act is being enforced to provide subsidized
food grains
 The government of India aims to make India open defecation free
under its flagship programme Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
 Renewable energy generation targets have been set at 175 GW by
2022 to exploit solar energy, wind energy and other such renewable
sources of energy efficiency and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels.
 Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
and Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)
schemes have been launched for improving the infrastructure aspects
 India has expressed its intent to combat climate change by ratifying
the Paris Agreement.

Page 3 of 44
 SMART CITY CONCEPT

What is a smart city?

A smart city is an urban development using Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) and Internet of Things (IoT) to
provide useful information to effectively manage resources and assets.
This includes data collected from citizens and mechanical devices that
are processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and
transport systems, power plants, water supply networks, waste
disposal, etc. Also called eco-city or sustainable city, the smart city aims to
improve the quality of urban services or reduce its costs. It stands out for its
specificities smart management, lifestyle, mobility, housing, as well as a
smart economy. Their main goal is to reconcile technological innovation with
the economic, social and ecological challenges of the city of tomorrow 'Smart
Cities' formally requires to adapt what the word SMART stands for ('Specific,
Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Timely') to its project goals.

Page 4 of 44
Two important ideas when designing projects to turn existing cities
into 'Smart Cities':

 First, a general and common idea everywhere Smart Cities should be

built from a 'citizen-centered' vision. They should be the main
beneficiaries of the shares, they shall receive the real benefits of the
projects and, ultimately, can compensate political leaders through the
sense of their votes at the polls
 Second, the local adaptation of the projects and in the specific case of
India, this translates focusing the projects towards aspects (such as
'cleanliness') than in other latitudes do not care about in the same
way.

Benefits of smart cities

1. Environmental impact

Reducing the CO2 footprint is the main driver behind the development of
smart and sustainable cities Improving energy efficiency and storage, waste
management, traffic conditions are among the greatest advantages

2. Optimized energy & water management

Smart grids and smart water management are recurring themes of smart
cities Energy consumption and potable water monitoring ensure the
availability of energy and the quality of tap water across the city

3. Transportation

Clean and efficient transportation of goods, services and people is essential.

In the hope of optimizing mobility, many cities are turning to smart
technologies to ease traffic congestion and provide users with real-time
updates.

4. Security

Safety is a priority for all cities. The accelerated development of smart cities
should allow municipalities to better monitor their citizens thanks to CCTV

Page 5 of 44
cameras with facial recognition In addition; state-of-the-art CCTV cameras
are also equipped with motion and smoke detectors, as well as fire alarms

Smart cities challenges

 INFRASTRUCTURE AND COSTS: Smart cities use sensor technology

to gather and analyse information such as traffic data, air quality or
crime rates. The implementation of these sensors requires a
sophisticated and costly infrastructure
 SECURITY AND PRIVACY CONCERNS: Even though security is part
of the benefits, it can also be regarded as a challenge as the use of
IOT and sensor technology increases. In fact, the threat of cyber-
attacks is a critical issue for smart cities. Also, to avoid concerns
about data use, smart cities need to involve their citizens Awareness,
education, and transparency on the purpose of data collection are
crucial to make the community feel that they are truly taking part in
making their city more sustainable
 SOCIAL RISKS: Inclusive urbanization must be a priority to deal with
the increasing vulnerability of poor and slum population. That is why
we need to ensure that no population is excluded from smart city
data collection and use.

Smart cities technologies

Sustainable solutions to urban problems imply smart city developments like

1. Smart buildings: The optimisation of services like heating, ventilation,

and air conditioning (HVAC), as well as energy usage and efficiency, is
crucial Building-integrated photovoltaic are a great solution of smart
building management

2. Smart mobility: Promoting electric vehicles, self-service bikes, public

transport and carpooling networks, as well as providing charging stations
must be a priority, to give city dwellers true sustainable alternatives to the
single-occupant fossil fuelled car

Page 6 of 44
3. Smart lighting: Lighting optimization aims at reducing energy usage of
the lighting systems, by providing the correct amount of light at the correct
time with efficient fixtures. Intelligent and weather adaptive streetlights are
a good example of smart lighting systems

4. Smart roads Control sensors can be used to monitor certain traffic

patterns and common traffic jams besides, smart technologies can detect
the possible deterioration of equipment such as traffic lights and light
panels for pedestrians, or the effect of traffic on the environment

CLEAN CITY CONCEPT

What is Clean Cities?

Term 'clean city' refers to a city that is free from pollution and environment
degradation. Both these terms are relative in nature A city that has many
trees than buildings all over will be free from environmental problems as
trees help to purify the air and maintain the cycle of nature

Page 7 of 44
The CLEAN-India Programme:-

CLEAN-India (Environment Action Network) program was launched by

Development Alternatives (DA) with the vision of developing a cleaner
environment for our urban centers. This nation-wide program focuses on
environmental assessment, awareness, advocacy and action on school
children who are the future citizens. The underlined realization is that each
one of us is responsible for the current state of our environment and we
cannot wait for someone else to solve it. Water pollution, Depletion of
Groundwater, inadequate sanitation, open dumping of waste, and loss of
forest cover are the problems. These impacts on the health of the people and
also does an economic impact on the country. Similarly, water diseases like
diarrhea, jaundice, and cholera are Increasing daily on the basis of pollution
done by us and are affecting both human health and economic productivity.

CLEAN-India Mission:-

 The NGOs are made up for helping spreading awareness about the
clean environment they also monitor things which are carried on or
things which are happening which affects the environment.
 Neat and tidy public green areas, roads, and paths do not only
contribute to a good image for visitors and the local inhabitants, but
they are also a sign of a city council that works perfectly.
 Launched in 2015, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), has come a long
way. The programme made sure that cleanliness and sanitation found
a place in India's governance landscape. The programme was aimed
at transforming the behaviour of the masses on issues of sustainable
waste management.
 The Indian government wants to develop a 'green city' in every state of
the country, powered by renewable energy. The 'green city' will
mainstream environment-friendly power through solar rooftop
systems on all its houses, solar parks on the city's outskirts, waste to
energy plants and electric mobility enabled public transport systems.
 Waste to energy plants shall be set up to utilise the municipal solid
waste for generating electricity under the scheme. Electricity from
Page 8 of 44
 waste to energy also comes under the Category of renewable energy,"
said the note while adding that this will meet the objective of Clean
India Mission as well
 The green city will move towards green mobility by using electric
vehicle(s) and electric buses (The) government of India provides
financial assistance for election mobility under the FAME II scheme.
This will also be extended to solar cities examples in the country
(Gujarat, Karnataka) where rooftop solar has made a good headway.
This is because rooftop solar is much beneficial in terms of the lower
cost of power, reduction in transmission and commercial losses, and
reduction in the cost of upgrading infrastructure for meeting
enhanced power loads,"

The three advantages of clean city include:

 Clean city invites visitors and tourists to attract to many places

including, monuments, restaurants, and outdoor adventures. It also
encourages people to settle for the rest of their lives
 The clean city provides fresh air without any pollutant mix in it Clean
City prevent pollution to the environment and give us a healthy life
without any diseases.
 The clean city provides infrastructure and modern innovation, which
generate less garbage, polluted air, etc.

SAFE CITY CONCEPT

What is safe city?

 It refers to the duty and function of the state to ensure the safety of its
citizens, organisations and institutions against threats to their well-
being as well as the traditional functions of law and order
 The safe city concept is based on a consolidated ICT platform which
combines public-safety information of different types and from
different sources, obtained through sensors and multi-agency
collaboration
Page 9 of 44
  Safe cities are an essential pillar supporting the development of smart
cities throughout the world. They provide the security and safety
required to protect citizens from crime and terrorism as well as
mitigate, as much as possible, the impact of natural disasters and
other threats. A successful safe city solution should support a city's
security agencies, fire and rescue departments, public health and
social service departments

SAFE CITY INITIATIVES HAVE 3 GOALS:

1. Gather actionable intelligence before an event

2. Enable effective action during an event
3. Make video feeds and other sensor data easy to analyze in an
investigation after an event

OBJECTIVES OF SAFE CITY

The main purpose of Safer Cities is to decrease the crime rate and increase
the feeling of safety amongst the citizens. Natural Disasters are a major
threat to safety and first response is critical to the success of the mission.

The major four entities that collectively form a part for a smart public
safety and security work are:

 Detection and Integration: Cameras and sensors, CCTV cameras,

ANPR gunshot detection, sensors
 Analysis: Real-time alerts, analyze and index, searchable video, event
search, pattern analysis
 Decision: Coordination center, dashboards, command center,
incident management. investigative analysis
 Action : First responders, on ground action, police or medical, riot
control, bomb disposal

How to make city safer?

1. Avoid urban sprawl

2. Slow down road traffic

Page 10 of 44
 3. Ensure main streets are safe for everyone, not just cars
4. Create dedicated space for pedestrians
5. Provide a safe, connected network for cyclists
6. Ensure safe access to high-quality public transport

Four major requisites:

1. Prevention: It provides reliable and comprehensive security measures

to predict threats and hazardous situations
2. Detection: It aids to public-safety organizations in collecting, sharing
and analyzing data more effectively to provide early warnings and
raise situational awareness.
3. Response: It enables the key organizations in the city to react to
security threats in real time.
4. Recovery: It provides post-event examination and analysis, identify
victims and provide assistance in rescue actions.

There are a number of market drivers that government agencies need

to consider when deciding how to proceed with a safe city project.
These can be broadly grouped as safety drivers, social drivers and
economic drivers, and the government investment in safe cities has a
positive impact on each of them.

Safety drivers: at its core, a safe city addresses issues related to crime and
terrorism Often, these types of incidents cause regulations surrounding data
privacy and national security to shift

Social drivers: Political motives are a key driver of safe city projects.
Politicians can use safe city initiatives to generate support in their
campaigns with citizens who are concerned about terrorism or high crime
rates

Economic drivers: it is evident that there are economic benefits to safe city
solutions. These include savings from the reduced impact of crime and
terrorism, promoting business and commercial opportunity, mitigating

Page 11 of 44
costly natural disasters and generally increasing the productivity and
wellbeing of citizens

The role of governments in safe cities: To avoid concerns about privacy

negatively impacting on achieving the best safe city result, Governments
should be open and honest about the nature of the intrusion This will
include capturing and storing data about citizens as they go about their
daily lives. Most citizens will be satisfied to know that first, the data has
been collected and securely stored only for legitimate reasons related to
making their city safer, and second that there is a clear policy on how long
that data will be kept before it is deleted

The role of citizens in safe cities: Citizens are critical to the safe city
project While citizens may not directly affect decision making around the
technologies or operational processes, their engagement with the
government and emergency services is important for the success of safe city
projects

Benefits of Safe Cities:

Safety result: It measures the level of crime, the risk to individuals and
property from riots, protests, terrorism, and kidnapping as well as the
public's perception of crime and the police department's ability to respond to
events quickly and effectively.

Social benefit: It measures social benefits such as the ability to enjoy

entertainment, leisure and sporting events safely, the public's appreciation
of the government and police force based on their response to security and
whether talented employees are moving to the city.

Economic benefit: It measures economic benefits such as personal wealth

and prosperity, spending on tourism and retail, employment rates, city
investment and the risk and prevention of serious economic challenges
happening in the short term

Page 12 of 44
 ENVIRONMENT

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Typical Village/town water supply system constitutes of gravity/pumping

based transmission and distribution system from local/distant water source
with needed water treatment system.

Sources Open Well, Tube Well, Hand pump, Pond, Dam Site,
External Pipe Supply, Rain Water Harvesting
System/Tank
Village/town Reverse Osmosis System (RO), Chlorination,
level Treatment Sedimentation, Sand, Filter, etc.,

Storage Elevated Surface Reservoirs (ESR), Ground Service

Reservoirs (GSR). Sump
Distribution Main Line, Sub-Main Line, Branch Pipe Line, Household
Level Tape, Stand Post, Washing Unit.

Sources of Water

Ground water: Open well, tube well/bore well, hand pump are sources
which make water available from ground.

Open Well: Where ground water is available at low depth (less than 15
meters - and water is available all year round, open well is used.

Page 13 of 44
Hand Pump: Where safe ground water is available upto 60 m depth, hand
pump is ideal choice for a cluster or habitation.

Bore Well/Tube Well: Where ground water is at greater depth and open
wells or hand pumps are not viable, bore well or tube well is installed.

Surface Water: River, pond, dam site are sources where surface water is
available. Moreover, rain water can be harvested and stored directly in
storage tanks. This water is potable after first rain and can be used for
drinking purpose also

Classification of Water based on its Availability

A. Local Source: Sources which are available at village/town level like river,
pond, open wells and bore wells

B. Distant Source: When perennial reliable and safe source is not available,
pipeline from distant sources can be laid. This bulk water is available from
river, pond, dam, bore wells or storage tank itself, where water is available.

Water Treatment

There are various processes of treatment based on the source and quality of
water in specific region.

 Village/town level water treatment systems are located mainly near

head works. Basic treatment system at village/town level involves
removal of suspended solids through sedimentation, removal of micro-
organisms and colloidal matter through sand/gravel filters, water
softening through reverse osmosis (RO) system, disinfection through
chlorination and any other chemical/specialised treatment for removal
of fluoride, salinity etc.
 Treatment at household level is needed as there may be chances of
water contamination while transmission of water. This mainly
includes basic filtration for removal of any silt, etc.; boiling for removal
of microorganisms or chlorination for disinfection.

Page 14 of 44
Water Supply Mechanism

 Pump House and Pumping Machinery: Pump is used to fetch water

from source like bore well, open well, sump or ground water storage
and supply it to pipelines or elevated storage. There are three main
components: a) pump, b) electrical or oil engine, c) panel board. Pump
house is constructed for security and safety of machineries.
 Rising Main: The delivery line carrying water from pump to storage
tank (elevated or ground) is called rising main.

Storage Facilities

Elevated Surface Reservoir (ESR): ESR is constructed. where water is to

be supplied at elevated height. Generally, ESR is at height more than 15 m.
Water can be distributed directly from this storage tank by gravity or pump.

Ground Service Reservoir (GSR): GSR is ground level or plinth level

storage tank. The plinth level is generally not more than 3 m. Storage
capacity of the service reservoirs is estimated based on pumping hours,
demand and hours of supply, electricity available for pumping. Systems with
higher pumping hours require less storage capacity.

Sump: Sump is used as additional storage at village/town level or cluster

level. It is not used for direct distribution of water. Rather, it is used as
intermediate or contingency storage, to store water before it is pumped to
ESR/GSR. The underground storage tank in circular shape with dome line
covering is called sump

Water Distribution

There are three main types of distribution system that can be adopted in
villages/towns.

 Gravity Fed Distribution: When the ground level of water

source/storage is sufficiently raised than the core village/town area,
such system can be utilised for distribution. The water in the

Page 15 of 44
 distribution pipeline flow due to gravity and no pumping is required
such system is highly reliable and economical.
 Pumping System: In such system, water is supplied by continuous
pumping Treated water is directly pumped into the distribution main
with constant pressure without intermediate storing Supply can be
affected during power failure and breakdown of pumps.
 Dual/Combination: In such system, both gravity as well pumping
systems are used. Such systems are used where there are variations
in topography in town/village.

Type of Water Supply

 Continuous: In this system, there is continuous water supply (for 24

hours). This is possible where adequate quantity of water is available.
The major advantage of such system is that due to continuous water
supply, water remains fresh and rusting of pipes will be low. However,
losses of water will be more in case of any leakage
 Intermittent: In such system, supply of water is either done in whole
village/town for fixed hours or supply of water is divided into zones
and each zone is supplied with water for fixed hours in a day or as
per specified day. Such system is followed when there is low water
availability.

Page 16 of 44
 SANITARY SYSTEMS
Sanitary System means either the public system for disposal of sewage from
the premises or, in the absence of such system, any private system available
to the premises for the disposal of sewage.

 What are the Functions of sanitary systems?

The main objective of a sanitation system is to protect and promote

human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle
of disease. The collection, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of
human excreta, domestic wastewater and solid waste, and associated
hygiene promotion

 What are the components of sanitation?

Components of sanitation, namely, handling of drinking water, disposal of

human excreta, disposal of waste water, disposal of garbage and cattle dung
home sanitation and food hygiene personal hygiene, and village sanitation.

The purposes of sanitary and sewer systems are as follow

 To maintain clean and healthy conditions within a building

 To collect and dispose waste materials as fast and early as possible in
a systematic way.
 To avoid the entry of foul gases from the sewer of the septic tank
Page 17 of 44
Types of sanitary system:

a) One pipe system: one pipe system is a system that collects all soil and
waste water into one common pipes. All the branch ventilating pipes will
connect to the one main ventilating pipe. This one pipe system is usually
used by multi-storey building. It is because; this pipe will replace the two-
pipe system

b) Two pipe system. Two pipe system and a system that having waste tank
that received the discharge of fitments and convey to the ground level. This
pipe is having to delivered it above of the water seal in a trapped gully that is
connected to the drainage system.

c) Single stack system: Single stack system is a very economical system in

sanitary system. It is because it can be reducing the cost of soil and waste
systems. This type also does not need a branch vent pipes.

d) Modified single stack system: Modified single stack system is a close

grouping of the sanitary appliances. It is mean that the installation of the
branch waste and soil pipes will not be need by the individual branch of
ventilating pipes

e) Fully ventilated one pipe system: This type of sanitary system is a

many sanitary appliance in ranges. It is because all the trap will have an
anti-siphon or the vent pipe each.

URBAN AIR POLLUTION MANAGEMENT

“Air Pollution is the release of pollutants such as gases, particles,

biological molecules, etc. into the air that is harmful to human health
and the environment.”

Urban air pollution refers to the air pollution in and around cities. Denser
populations experience more urban air pollution. Air pollution affects
human health as well as the climate of an area. Natural sources of urban air
pollution include volcanic eruptions, thunders, dust from the earth's surface
Page 18 of 44
and naturally occurring particulate matter. Nevertheless, major factors that
contribute to urban air pollution are anthropogenic activities, including
transportation, domestic use of fossil fuels, industrialization, power
generation, combustion and agriculture and beauty products. The major
causatives of such urban pollution are due to automobile exhaust and
anthropogenic activities. Thus there is need for careful pollution control
measures

Initiatives by Government to Combat Air Pollution

 Notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards as well as

industry-specific emission and effluent standards.
 Establishing a monitoring network to assess the quality of the
ambient air.
 Cleaner gaseous fuels such as CNG, LPG, and ethanol blending are
being introduced.
 The National Air Quality Index (AQI) is being launched.
 Vehicle standards will be upgraded from BS-IV to BS-VI by April 1st,
2020.
 The burning of biomass is prohibited.
 Public transportation network promotion.
 Certificate of Pollution Control.
 Directions issued under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
of 1981.
 Installation of continuous (24x7) online monitoring devices by 17
polluting industrial sectors.
 Controlling the bursting of polluting crackers.
 Notification of a graded response action plan for Delhi, identifying
source-specific actions for different levels of air pollution, and so on.

Page 19 of 44
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid waste: Solid waste is all the waste arising from human and animal
activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or
unwanted.

Functional Elements of Solid waste management:

(i) Waste generation: waste generation encompasses activities in which
materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown
away or gathered together for disposal. Wastes are generated at the start of
any process, and thereafter, at every stage as raw materials are converted
into goods for consumption. For example, wastes are generated from
households, commercial areas, industries, institutions, street cleaning and
other municipal services. The most important aspect of this part of the SWM
system is the identification of waste.
(ii) Waste handling, storage, sorting, storage and processing at the
source: Waste handling and sorting involves the activities associated with
the management of waste until they are placed in storage for collection.

(iii) Waste collection: The functional element of collection includes not only
the gathering of solid waste and recycling materials, but also the transport
of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection
vehicle is emptied. This location may be materials processing facility, a
transfer station or a landfill disposal site.

(iv) Sorting, Processing and transportation of solid waste: The sorting,

processing and transformation of solid waste materials is the fourth of the
functional elements. The recovery of sorted materials, processing of solid
waste and transformation of solid waste that occurs primarily in the
locations away from the source of waste generation are encompassed by this
functional element

(v) Transfer and transport: This functional element involves,

 The transfer of wastes from smaller collection vehicles to the larger

transport equipment.

Page 20 of 44
  The subsequent transport of waste usually over long distances or a
processing or disposal site. The transfer usually takes place at a
transfer station.

(vi) Waste disposal: Today the Disposal of waste by landfilling or

uncontrolled dumping is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they
are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site,
residual materials from material recovery facilities, residue from the
combustion of solid wastes.

Classifications of solid waste

1. Municipal solid waste: Includes Municipal solid waste consists of

household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue,
and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly from residential
and commercial complexes. Some of the components of solid wastes are:

• Rubbish: Combustible and non-combustible solid waste, excluding

food waste or other putrescible materials. Typically combustible waste
consist of materials such as paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles,
rubber leather, wood and garden trimmings. Non-combustible
includes items such as glass, crockery, tin cans, and aluminium,
ferrous and nonferrous metals.
• Ashes and residues: materials remaining from burning of food coke
and other combustible wastes Residues from power plants normally
are not included in this category Ashes and residues are normally
composed of fine powdery materials cinders cum clinkers and small
amount of burnt and unburnt materials
• Construction and demolition waste: Wastes from residential
building and other structures are classified as demolition waste.
Waste from remodelling and repairing of residential and commercial
and industrial building and similar structures are classified as
construction waste. These waste includes dirt, stones, concrete,
bricks, plasters and plumbering, heating and electrical parts

Page 21 of 44
  Special wastes: Wastes such as street sweepings, road side litters,
catch basin debris, dead animals and abundant vehicles are classified
as special waste.
 Treatment plant waste: The solid and semi solid waste water, waste
water from industrial areas is included in this classification

2. Industrial solid waste: ISW are those waste arising from industrial
activities and typically include rubbish, ashes demolition waste and special
waste.

3. Hazardous waste: Waste that pose a substantial danger immediately or

over a period of time to human, plants are classified as hazardous waste

A waste is classified as hazardous if it exhibits any of the following

characteristics".

 Ignitibility
 Corrosivity
 Reactivity
 Toxicity

Properties/composition of Solid waste

• Physical Composition or Properties

• Individual components
• Specific Weight (Density)
• Moisture Content
• Particle Size and Distribution
• Field Capacity
• Permeability of Compacted Waste

1. Specific Weight (Density):

• Specific weight is defined as the weight of a material per unit volume
(eg kg/m3).
• Usually it refers to uncompacted waste.

Page 22 of 44
It varies with geographic location, season of the year, and length of time in
storage

2. Moisture Content:

The moisture content of solid waste usually expressed as the mass of

moisture per unit mass of wet or dry materials. In the wet mass method of
measurement, the moisture in a sample is expressed as a percentage of the
wet mass of the material

The wet mass Moisture content is expressed as follows

Moisture Content= a-b X 100

a
Where a = Initial mass of sample

b =Mass of sample after drying

3. Particle Size and Distribution:

The size and distribution of the components of wastes are important for the
recovery of materials, especially when mechanical means are used, such as
trammel screens and magnetic separators

4. Field Capacity

The total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject
to the downward pull of gravity

Field capacity is critically important in determining the formation of leachate

in landfills

5. Permeability of Compacted Waste

The permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of compacted solid waste is an

important physical property because it governs the movement of liquids
&gases in a landfill Permeability depends on: Pore size distribution Surface
area Porosity

Page 23 of 44
Chemical Composition or Properties

1 Proximate Analysis
• Moisture
• Volatile Matter
• Ash
• Fixed Carbon

2 Fusing Point of Ash

3 Ultimate Analysis (% C, H, O, N.S & Ash)

4 Heating Value (Energy Value)

IDENTIFICATION OF LANDFILL SITES

Selection of landfill sites would be an extremely difficult job due to

enforcement of strict environment law scarcity of land availability due to
high population density, harmful impact on the health of the resident cost of
transportation political and community protest

 Multi criteria Decision-Making (MCDA) method and GIS modeling

techniques are gaining importance as a potential tool for optimal
landfill ate selection (ESS) in recent years because of its time efficiency
and cost savings, and ability to achieve better validation and accuracy
 The elevation is one of the most crucial factors in selecting landfill
sites as elevation determines different environmental attributes like
slope, aspect, temperature, and curvature of an area.
 Distance from water body: A landfill site should not be located near
surface water sources (ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams) because it
increased risk of leachate contamination of waste dump into water
bodies may cause ecological, agricultural, and health problems. While
selecting Landfill sites, a safe distance from water sources should be
maintained to protect water bodies from contamination. A distance
ranging from 100 to 300 m should be maintained from surface water

Page 24 of 44
 bodies like ponds, streams, rivers, wetlands and canals while
identifying landfill sites
 Distance from agricultural land:When choosing a site for a dumping
ground, prinie agricultural land should be avoided since waste
materials from the leachate process pose a threat to agricultural
fields. This waste may percolate through the soil and enter fields,
causing crop damage and degrading soil quality and fertility. The solid
waste consists of heavy metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, and
arsenic also cause a serious threat to human beings
 Distance from existing dumping ground: A landfill site must be
located far enough from the current disposal site to ensure a safe
distance between them
 Distance from built-up area: Location of landfill sites near the dense
urban area induces several environmental issues like air pollution &
noise pollution, decrease the land value of that particular place, order
and esthetic value, the health of residents, chances of fire and also
public opposition about site Landfill sites near residential areas
decrease the potential of an urban expansion in the near future that is
why landfill sites should be located at an appropriate distance away
from residential areas
 Distance from main road: Landfill sites should not be located far
away from the existing road network, otherwise, it increases waste
collection & transportation costs. If it were situated at a remote
location, construction costs would rise due to establishing a new road
network. The dumping sites are not recommended to locate near the
industrial, commercial, residential and service areas
 Distance from railway track: The landfill should not be located along
a railway track. Railway tracks could be used to transfer solid waste
from the source of generation to the dumping and recycling unit,
which reduced environmental stress and transportation cost.
 Distance from power lines: Powerline areas should be avoided when
selecting landfill sites due to the risk of damaging infrastructures and
suggested that at least a 30-meter distance should be maintained on

Page 25 of 44
 both sides from high voltage power lines, considering the need to
supply power to the landfill site's infrastructure.
 Distance from ecologically sensitive areas and restricted sites:
Areas including ecological sites national parks, sanctuary, forest
cover, and other greeneries of the city must be protected and
unsuitable for landfilling sites because dumping sites directly or
indirectly destroyed the ecosystem of the surrounding areas
 Historical and religious sites: Because of these sites' historical,
aesthetic, and spiritual value, it was considered inappropriate to
locate a landfill near those areas. It was suggested in the literature
that a minimum distance between 0.5-3 Km from archaeological,
religious, historical sites are suitable for landfill selection

URBAN FLOOD CONTROL

Urban flooding is significantly different from rural flooding as urbanization

leads to developed catchments, which increases the flood peaks from
1.8 to 8 times and flood volumes by up to 6 times

How is flood controlled?

1. Create a “sponge city": A sponge city is one that can bold, clean, and
drain water in a natural way using an ecological approach. The uses include
irrigating gardens and urban farms, recharging depleted aquifiers, replacing
replenishing the water used to flush toilets, and processing it so that it can
be clean enough to use as drinking water

2. Green roofs/rooftop gardens: (Roofs that are covered with vegetation),

by their very nature absorb rainwater and help to mitigate flooding. They
have become very popular across Europe. The benefits, as they relate to
water, are straightforward: for the building owner, it's a storm water
management tool, for the community, it reduces storm water runoff.

Page 26 of 44
3. Create flood plains and overflow areas for rivers: There is a movement
to restore these floodplains because of their significant role in flood
protection, water management and nature conservation

4. Separating rainwater from the sewer system: To improve water

management and protect the sewer system from damage, cities are
beginning to revamp their underground pipe and drainage systems by
separating rainwater to the sewer system. The separation enables the
wastewater treatment plant to function properly, without it being
overburdened by large quantities of stormwater.

5. Install water infiltration and attenuation systems: Wavin units are

designed for use in locations where there are heavy traffic loads and where
local groundwater levels are high. The new unit is based on a modular
concept that only uses side panels where they are really needed in an
infiltration/attenuation tank is light weight and can be clicked together,
without the use of connector pins or tools, which greatly increases
installation speed

6. Keep the sewer system clean, so it can do its job: sewer systems can
clog up with waste, debris, sediment, tree roots and leaves. The traditional
sewer pipes have a tendancy to rust and corrode compounding the problem.
Wavin's plastic sewer pipe systems and Tegra manholes will solve the above
problem.

7. Sustainable drainage: permeable pavement, sidewalks and gardens:

Concrete is not permeable. It does not absorb rainwater It blocks it and
redirects it to the drainage system which, in turn, often become clogged and
then the water overflows into the streets and sidewalks, Unchecked, this will
cause flooding. The concept of sustainable drainage makes perfect sense.
The recommendation is that impermeable surfaces be replaced with
permeable materials such as grass and gardens. This will allow the
rainwater to drain into the soul. The process, known as infiltration, also
serves to sustain the plant life.

Page 27 of 44
8. Hope for the best, but plan or the worst: Despite best rainwater
management practices, homes and buildings may still be subject to flooding
As an extra precaution, retrofitting your home so as to minimise damage
and/or injuries is a smart (and proactive) project Some measures include
raising electrical outlets and sockets higher on the wall, waterproofing the
building or home, ensuring that the windows and doors have weatherproof
seals and replacing MDF or plasterboard with more durable materials

9. Improve flood warning mechanisms: Properly conveying advance

warnings of impending storms and floods will not only give people the
opportunity to be proactive in preventing damage to their property, it will
save lives

10. Take action: We can't just leave it up to the government,

municipalities, environmentalists or urban planners to put an infrastructure
in place to prevent urban flooding We each of us our personal responsibility
to adapt to climate change Whether it's collecting rainwater or must make it
building a garden on top of our roofs, it's imperative that we take the steps
necessary to be part of the rainwater management solution

What are the reasons behind Urban Floods?

Meteorological Factors: Most Indian cities receive heavy rainfall during

monsoons. The extreme weather events with concentrated heavy rainfall are
becoming more frequent due to climate change (increased cyclonic activity in
Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal due to warming)

Hydrological Factors: Flood risk arises when the surface runoff is greater
than the infiltration rate during The infiltration rates depend upon the type
of soil, their respective water retention capacities, vegetation cover (reduces
speed of water and increases infiltration) etc.

Anthropogenic/Human Factors: The risk of urban flooding has increased

as a result of human interference in the natural environment

Page 28 of 44
What are the impacts of Urban Floods?

Disruptions in power and transportation impact day-to-day life of residents.

Extreme events cause loss of life and property. Additionally, flood waters
from industrial facilities or storage locations may disperse dangerous
chemicals and fuels into water. Toxic chemicals and untreated sewage can
both pose serious risks to the general public's health and the water Supply
Spread of infection post flood event can cause spread of epidemics

Ways to prevent flooding in the cities

1. Design the Drainage System. The design and layout of a town's

drainage system can build a great foundation for preventing floods
and cause less headache over time
2. Plant Vegetation.
3. Create Detention Basins
4. Provide Education.

Floods: Dos and Don'ts

Before flood

• Ignore rumours, stay calm, don't panic.

• Keep your mobile phones charged for emergency communication;
use SMS.
• Listen to radio, watch TV, read newspapers for weather updates.
• Keep cattle/animals untied to ensure their safety.
• Prepare an emergency kit with essential items for safety and
survival
• Keep your documents and valuables in water-proof bags
• Know the safe routes to nearest shelter/raised pucca house.
• Evacuate immediately to safe places when directed by government
officials
• Store enough ready-to-eat food and water for at least a week
• Be aware of flash flood areas such as canals, streams, drainage
channels

Page 29 of 44
During

• Don't enter floodwaters. In case you need to, wear suitable

footwear.
• Stay away from sewerage lines, guiters, drains, culverts, etc.
• Stay away from electric poles and fallen power lines to avoid
electrocution.
• Mark any open drains or manholes with visible signs (red flags or
barricades)
• Do not walk or drive in the flood waters. Remember, two feet of
moving flood water can wash away big cars as well
• Eat freshly cooked or dry food. Keep your food covered.
• Drink boiled/chlorinated water.
• Use disinfectants to keep your surroundings clean

After

• Do not allow children to play in or near flood waters

• Don't use any damaged electrical goods, get them checked.
• If instructed, turn off utilities at main switches and unplug
appliances - do not touch electrical equipment if wet
• Watch out for broken electric poles and wires, sharp objects and
debris.
• Do not eat food that has been in flood waters
• Use mosquito nets to prevent malaria.
• Be careful of snakes as snake bites are common during floods.
• Don't use the toilet or tap water if the water lines/sewage pipes are
damaged.
• Do not drink tap water until advised by the Health Department that
the water is safe to drink

Page 30 of 44
 BUILT-ENVIRONMENT

ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

An energy efficient building offers an appropriate environment for habitation

with minimal energy consumption and wastage of energy, thereby
maximizing energy conservation

What is Energy Efficiency in a Building?

1. Zero net energy building

The passive building does not need complex design, but requires knowledge
of solar geometry, local climate, and window technology. The passive solar
design strategies should be selected based on the climatic condition of the
project site.

In a hot and dry climate, passive cooling designs, such as wall and roof
cooling, solar refrigeration, and earth water heat exchangers should be
integrated into the building

In the cold zones, passive heating designs should be adopted, such as air
handling units, sunspace etc.

Page 31 of 44
2. Utilization of Low Embodied Energy Building Materials

The usage of low embodied energy materials for building construction is

important for reducing the impact of global warming and making the
building energy-efficient. Some of the examples of low embodied energy
construction materials are fiber-reinforced bricks, woods, stabilized adobe
blocks, cement-replacement materials such as lion fume, slag, and fly ash
which is mostly by-products in factories

3. Usage of Energy-Efficient Equipment

This involves using energy-efficient equipment 'n a building that requires the
lowest possible energy, such as LED lights, fans, air-conditioners, and
refrigerators

4. Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in Different

Applications

Solar water heaters, small wind turbines to generate electricity, solar

photovoltaic electricity generation are examples of renewable energy
technologies installed in a building to reduce operational energy
consumption Other renewable energy sources like hydroelectricity, biomass,
and biofuels can also be used Renewable energy offers great advantages,
such as cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and security of energy supply, in
addition to increased employment, and long life for energy systems

What is the most energy-efficient building material?

Fly ash, volcanic ash, sand, aggregate, adobe, and soil are low-energy
materials with less than 0.5 primary energy input

 How do energy-efficient buildings help the environment?

The efficient use of energy in buildings is one of the most affordable ways to
lessen the detrimental effects of climate change health problems,
unemployment, and poverty. It reduces household expenses, infrastructure
costs, and reduces CO2 emissions.

Page 32 of 44
 SECURITY SYSTEMS

Building security systems in different types of properties

 Access control including multi-layered commercial access control.
 Perimeter security CCTV
 Various sensors and detectors, such as infrared, microwave or laser
sensors.
 Intruder alarms
 Fire detection system
 Fire extinguisher system

In tall buildings and major complexes, the most important security

requirement is fire-safety system. In addition to the structural precautions
for fire protection, special system is required to monitor and control are
1. Fire detection and suppression,
2. Movement and protection of people
3. Smoke control including pressurization and barriers
4. Safe places of refuge and
5. Emergency arrangements and communication

Page 33 of 44
Such measures for security and control could bring in the use of:
 Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning plant and equipment to suit
internal and external conditions or programmed requirements.
 Data collection for maintenance and resource management,
particularly energy use and analysis, programmed responses to suit
anticipated emergencies, eg defining smoke- free zones and escape
routes in the event of fire and
 Security interlocks, surveillance and access control
Energy management system (EMS), building automation system (BAS) and
Building Management System (BMS) are used to describe these systems.
The EMS controls the environmental functions, the BAS controls the
technical automation and BMS includes such matters as status reports on
environmental conditions, lifts and location of people for security purpose.
All these are influenced, and influenced by the overall building designs
Types of security systems

• Surveillance cameras

One of the most popular types of security systems is surveillance cameras.

They can be used to monitor activities inside and outside of your premises
Surveillance camera footage can be reviewed if there is an incident so that
you can see what happened and identify the culprit

• Access control

Another common type of security system is access control. This restricts

who can enter your property and when they can do so. For example, you
may only allow employees to enter during business hours. Access control
systems often use electronic key cards or fingerprint scanners

• Alarm systems

Alarm systems are a necessary type of security system Alarm systems can
be linked to surveillance cameras so that you can see what triggered the
alarm

Page 34 of 44
 Physical security officers If you have large premises or high-value items
on your property, you may consider hiring physical security officers. They
will patrol your premises and provide a visible deterrent to criminals
Security officers can also respond quickly to any incidents that occur.
 Installation and maintenance of a security system After choosing the
correct security solution(s), you must understand the installation and
maintenance dynamics Installation should be conducted by licensed +
insured professionals who understand the cyber network as well. We
would not recommend syncing unprotected endpoints to your network.
Every and any end-point should be protected and monitored by your IT
department

Benefits of security systems:

There are many benefits of choosing the correct security systems for your
buildings. Firstly, it will deter criminals from targeting your property. If they
know that you have an alarm system, physical security officers, or
surveillance cameras, they are less likely to attempt a break-in Secondly, if
an incident does occur, you will have evidence that can be used to identify
the culprit and bring them to justice

RECYCLING

Recycling is the method of transforming waste materials into new objects or

materials. In other words, recycling is the process of reusing materials
instead of throwing them away as waste. Typical include iron and steel
scrap, aluminium cans, glass bottles, paper, wood, and plastics. The
materials reused in recycling serve as substitutes for raw materials obtained
from such increasingly scarce natural resources as petroleum, natural gas,
coal, mineral ores, and trees Recycling can help reduce the quantities of
solid waste deposited in landfills, which have become increasingly expensive
Recycling also reduces the pollution of air, water, and land resulting from
waste disposal

Page 35 of 44
How does recycling prevent pollution?

Since the processed products like plastics, metals etc. are reprocessed, they
don't have to go through the manufacturing process all over again, which as
a result saves raw materials and energy and prevents pollution. No smoke
and land and sea waste is produced because no manufacturing takes place
and the polluting extraction process of raw materials is omitted as well from
the production process. It's like we have the processed product in hand
which causes harm to the environment only for once and all during the
production cycle. Afterwards it will be of the same utility to the public and it
will drive the same profits and benefits without having to be reproduced ever
again but there is just the need to reprocess it which hardly causes any
pollution.

There are two broad types of recycling

1. Internal: Internal recycling is the reuse in a manufacturing process of

materials that are a waste product of that process Internal recycling is
common in the metals industry, for example. Another form of internal
recycling is seen in the distilling industry

2. External: External recycling is the reclaiming of materials from a product

that has been worn out of rendered obsolete. An example of external
recycling is the collection of old newspapers and magazines for re pulping
and their manufacture into new paper products

Recycling is important as it:

1. Keeps the environment clean

2. Reduces air and water pollution
3. Brings down the amount of waste produced
4. Prevents landfills and incinerators from getting overloaded
5. Saves Energy
6. Creates new job opportunities
7. Restricts the chase for new raw materials

Page 36 of 44
The Common Recyclable items are as below
 Paper & Paper Products
It can be easily repurposed countless number of times in the recycling
world. Corrugated recycled cardboard, wood chips, saw dust can be used to
make items like tissue papers, poster boards, cereal boxes, shipping boxes
etc. Magazines, office papers, newspapers can also be recycled very easily
saving high production costs and energy to produce new items.
 Metallic items
We use in daily life such as aluminum foil, steel & tin cans can be recycled.
It is documented that recycling metal saves a lot of energy. It consumes 70%
less energy than it takes to produce a completely new item Apart from these
GLASS, PLASTICS, CONCRETE, STEEL, and ELECTRONIC ITEMS such as
computers, stereos, mobile phones, batteries, televisions etc. can be
recycled.
 Ferrous metals
Ferrous products (ie., iron and steel) can be recycled by both internal and
external methods. Some internal recycling methods are obvious Metal
cuttings or imperfect products are recycled by remelting, recasting, and
redrawing entirely within the steel mill. In the ferrous metals industry there
are also many applications of external recycling
 Rubber
Internal recycling is common in most rubber plants, the reprocessed
product can be used wherever premium-grade rubber is not needed.
Shredded rubber can be used as an additive in asphalt pavements, and
discarded tires may be used as components of swings and other assorted
recreational climbing equipment in "tire playgrounds" for children.
 Plastics
Plastic containers and other household products are increasingly recycled
Various thermoplastics may be re melted and reformed into new products
 Construction and demolition waste
Construction and demolition (C&D) debris (eg, wood, brick, portland cement
concrete, asphalt concrete and metals) can be reclaimed and reused to help
reduce the volume taken up by such materials in landfills. Concrete debris

Page 37 of 44
consists mostly of sand and gravel that can be crushed and reused for road
sub base gravel. Clean wood from C&D debris can be chipped and used as
mulch, animal bedding, and fuel. Asphalt can be reused in cold-mix paving
products and roofing shingles.

Benefits of Recycling for a Better Human Life

1. Reduce pollution from waste, save energy, and protect natural

resources: Doing recycling means you have contributed to
environmental sustainability Instead of throwing away and causing
environmental pollution, you can turn trash or used goods into useful
new creations.

2. Preventing disease around us: Piles of garbage have the potential to

become a hotbed of disease. By recycling waste, the pile of garbage can
be reduced The environment becomes cleaner and can prevent you from
the threat of various diseases

3. Increase knowledge and hone creativity: Meaning of recycling is

honing your creativity. You can continue to be creative and innovate to
find new ideas to make interesting products from waste or used goods

4. Save expenses: By making and using recycled products from waste or

used goods, this means you save on your expenses If you already have a
pencil holder from an old tin, why buy a new pencil case at the store?

5. Increasing income: Apart from saving money, recycling trash or used

items can even be profitable! With your creativity, you can make recycled
products that have economic value and can be traded, such as bags from
plastic waste

6. Landfill Waste Reduction: The most obvious benefit of recycling is

the reduced waste in landfills One of the main benefits of recycling, on a
personal to regional scale, is that it helps reduce the amount of waste
that breeds in landfill waste service centres.

Page 38 of 44
7. Helping Conservation of Natural Resources: The benefits of
recycling, on a national and international scale, help improve the lives
and habitats of local communities and wildlife by reducing the amount of
wood, water and minerals used in the manufacturing process

SOUND CONTROL IN BUILDINGS

The structural elements and their construction for controlling noise in

buildings are mentioned below
 Construction of Walls for Noise Control in Buildings
Walls are an important structural element in all kind of buildings that
provides protection from the noise externally as well as internally. The
usage of different wall materials or the usage of different design for the
wall would bring variation in the insulating properties of the element
1 Wall Mass and the Thickness are increased
2 Use of Cavity Partition in Buildings for Noise Control
3. Increase Airspace Width of Walls
4. Increasing the Stud Spacing
5. Usage of Studs in a Staggered Manner
6. Sound Absorbing Blankets Used in the Airspace
7 The Cracks and Edges are sealed
The following measures can be employed to reduce the noise
entering the building through the windows:

1. Windows can be Closed: Permanent sealing or closing of the windows

are the best measures to reduce the direct effect of noise Permanent
sealing becomes essential when an air conditioning system must be
enabled

2 Windows Size can be Reduced: The loss of contribution of total

partitions can be reduced by making the window size to small Small
windows do have certam other advantages like
•Expensive acoustic windows can be excluded
•Usage of glass is reduced
Page 39 of 44
3. Glass Thickness can be Increased: The more thickness the glass
gains, the more resistant towards the noise. If sealing is not desired, the
glass thickness can be increased

4. Construction of Doors for Acoustic Control in Buildings: Doors are

considered very difficult to handle than windows, acoustically. Replacing
a hollow core door by a solid door is one of the solutions. This is found
relatively expensive

5. Construction of Floors for Acoustic Control in Buildings: Special

acoustical treatment is the only way to reduce the vibration of floors due
to heavy noise. Installing a heavy concrete floor or using a floating floor is
some of the treatment methods

6. Noise Control in Buildings by use of Masking : This method involves

the drowning of noise with the help of a background noise this is effective
during noise fluctuations Masking can be created by soft music,
electronic devices or air conditioning systems and heating systems

TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN BUILDINGS

One of the most important factors to consider during a new development

is the thermal control of the building Thermal control regulates the
temperature within a structure It aids in maintaining steady heating and
cooling temperatures during season changes throughout the year
Additionally, it helps to ensure quality and comfort among the occupants
inside and increase satisfaction. Thermal control focuses on the transfer
of heat within a building to either keep it cool or warm

Heat can be allocated in three different ways conduction, convection, and

radiation. Conduction is the transmission of heat across a solid
substance. Convection transfer occurs through a fluid or gas, for
example, air. Lastly, radiation is the movement of heat from a warm
source to a cold one.

Page 40 of 44
Green Thermal Control Techniques

Green thermal control techniques are gaining in popularity. This is due

to their sustainability focus ability to limit greenhouse gas emissions and
their financial benefits. Some examples of green thermal control
techniques are solar power (which can be both passive and active),
hydronic heating, ice-powered air conditioners, green coal, wind power,
absorption, and biomass

Thermal Control Aids in LEED Certification

Installing proper thermal controls in a new development contributes to

the thermal comfort LEED credit This credit deals with ensuring the
security, productivity, and well-being of occupants through delivering
quality thermal comfort. The requirements for this credit are to create
heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems to meet the ISO
and CEN standards

Controlling Building Temperatures for Offices, Commercial and

Industrial Buildings

1. Building Size & Layout: The first thing to consider is the size and
layout of your building. Large, multi-storey buildings will inevitably
require different systems to a small, 4-person office, for example, you
need to evaluate the areas where your staffs spends most of their time
and if you keep stock on-site, you need to put measures in place to
satisfy their needs. Also, how much of your building is exposed to natural
sunlight? Do you have large windows? Factors like these all have an
effect on how you can best control your building's temperature

2. Air Conditioning Systems: For many types of buildings, installing an

air conditioning/cooling system is likely to be one of the most effective
ways of controlling the temperature. In simple terms, they operate by
removing the existing heat and moisture in the room and dispersing cold
air, therefore cooling down the temperature in the inside space

Page 41 of 44
3. Heating Systems: Another option you have when it comes to
controlling your building's temperature is to install a heating system,
such as an oil or boiler heating system Heating oil or gas, these systems
work by heating water that is then used to provide central heating (via
your radiators) as well as provide hot water.

4. Low Budget Heating & Cooling Solutions:

 Fans & Portable Heaters: Desk and ceiling fans are great low
budget solutions for helping to keep your building cool. On the
other hand, portable heaters can help to keep staff warm during
the colder months.
 Reflecting & Screening: Installing reflective window film that
redirects sunlight away can help to keep the heat down.
 Insulating Floor Covering: Insulating floor coverings can help
employees who have to stand on cold floors for long periods of time
 Insulating Materials: Placing insulating materials around hot
plants and pipes can help to keep the temperature down

SMART BUILDINGS
A smart building is a structure based on IoT technology that uses
hardware, software, and connectivity to manage HVAC, lighting, security,
etc, and create a comfortable and safe environment for occupants
Benefits of smart buildings

 Comfort for occupants

 Automated control
 Cost optimization
 Reduced environmental impact
 Integration capabilities
 Preventive maintenance
 Enhanced health and well-being

Page 42 of 44
Use of smart buildings

 Smart offices
 Smart hospitals
 Smart data centres
 Smart life science facilitie

Features of Smart Buildings:

 Measurement sensors: Smart buildings are based on the use of

sensors, sensors and detectors that transmit the signal to a central
management system
 Eco-efficiency: Smart Buildings are buildings designed and
constructed using materials and systems optimized to achieve
maximum efficiency and reduce environmental impact
 Comfort: Through HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning)
systems, it is possible to manage the humidity rate, air purification
and temperature of buildings to create the ideal conditions
 High security: Through the fusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI),
Machine Learning and the Internet of Things (IoT), self-
management programs capable of controlling advanced security
devices and systems have been developed.

*****

Page 43 of 44
 Assignment Questions:

1. Define Sustainable Development Goals. List and explain the various

goals of sustainable development set by United Nations.’
2. Explain concept of
i. Smart city
ii. Clean city
3. Explain water supply mechanism.
4. Explain different methods to manage the solid waste in Urban Areas.
5. Explain the causes of Urban Floods. List the remedial measures to
control urban floods.
6. Explain different methods to control sound and temperature to create
a conducive atmosphere in a building.
7. Explain management of
i. Urban air pollution
ii. Solid waste
8. Explain:
i. Energy Efficient Buildings
ii. Security System
9. Explain:
i. Smart Buildings
ii. Recycling
10. Explain:
i. Safe City
ii. Air Pollution

*****

Page 44 of 44