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OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi

The Planetary Clock

OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi

The Planetary Clock

Antipodean Time and Spherical
Postmodern Fictions

PAU L G I L E S

1
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi

1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Paul Giles 2021
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2021
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2020949244
ISBN 978–0–19–885772–3
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198857723.001.0001
Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi

Contents

Acknowledgements vii
List of Illustrations xi
Introduction: Antipodean Time and the Anthropocenic Imaginary1
Four-­Dimensional Postmodernism 1
Ironies of the Anthropocene 18
Genealogies of the Planetary 38
1. Répétition Planétaire: Upside-­Down Postmodernism61
Augustinian Aesthetics 61
The End of Time: Messiaen’s Musical Apocalypse 66
Retro-­Modernism: Rohmer’s Antithetical Cinema 79
2. Antipodean Alice: Cold War Fetishism and Frozen Time104
Parallel Dimensions: Blackman’s ‘cross-­roads’ 104
‘Ghost-­Images’: Genet, Roeg, Bergman 117
Ligeti’s Apocalyptic Buffoonery 125
Nabokov, Ananyms, and Ada133
3. Queer Poetic Time: Crosstemporal Parataxis and Disjunctions
of Scale146
Larkin and ‘the seabed of Time’ 146
Against ‘Chrononormativity’: Ashbery, Rich, Gunn, Glück 157
Waiting for the Past: Tranter and Murray 167
4. ‘Reverse-­Thinking’: Metahistorical Arts and Fictions183
Crosstemporal, Cross-­cultural, Cross-­media 183
‘The re-prefix’: Barth and Rushdie 196
Unspoolings: Lynch, Haneke, and Embedded Trauma 208
Planetary Australian Fiction: Winton, Jones, Tsiolkas 218
5. Two-­Way Time Travel: Recursive Science and
‘Backward-­Flowing’ Fiction237
Obsession and Atonement: Murnane and McEwan 237
The American Systems Novel: Eugenides, Foer, Powers 252
6. Postmodern Slave Narratives: Anachronism and Disorientation276
The Arts of Rememory: Butler and Morrison 276
Obama, Tarantino, and Transnational Trauma 289
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi

vi Contents

7. Reorchestrating the Past: Long Songs and Antipodean Relations316

Luhrmann and the Politics of Relationality 316
Indigenous Fiction and the Global South: Hulme and Wright 326
Musical Time Shifts: Sculthorpe, Birtwistle, Benjamin 344
Conclusion: The Long Postmodernism357

Works Cited 367

Index 413
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi

Acknowledgements

I should like to thank my colleagues in the English department and the United
States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney for providing a constructive
intellectual environment in which to write this book. More specifically, I gratefully
acknowledge the conveners and audiences of conferences and seminars where
certain sections of this book were first discussed. Under the sponsorship of Yuan
Shu and Donald Pease, I presented ‘Comparative Temporality and (Trans)National
Formation: Adrienne Rich and Les Murray’ at the American Comparative
Literature Association, New York, in March 2014. ‘Obama, Tarantino, and
Transnational Trauma’ was a paper given at a seminar on ‘Obama and
Transnational American Studies’ at the University of Mainz, Germany, in October
2014 (thanks to Alfred Hornung), and then again at the University of New South
Wales, Canberra, the following month (thanks to Heather Neilson). Some of the
analysis of Charles Blackman was included in my keynote lecture, ‘Haunted by
the Future: Antipodean Gothic and Temporal Prolepsis’, at the Gothic Association
of New Zealand and Australia Conference held in Sydney in January 2015 (thanks
to Lorna Piatti-­Farnell). The material on David Mitchell was first explored at a
symposium hosted by the International American Studies Association at the
University of Sapienza, Rome, in April 2016 on International American Studies
and the Question of World Literature (thanks to Giorgio Mariani). It was also on
this trip to Europe that I first encountered the replica of Lorenzo della Volpaia’s
Planetary Clock at the Museo Galileo in Florence. I gained much from conversa-
tions with participants in the seminar ‘Transnational and Crosstemporal: World
Literature across Space and Time’ that I taught at the Institute for World Literature
at Harvard in July 2016, where various observations on Tarantino’s Django
Unchained were particularly useful. (Thanks to David Damrosch for graciously
facilitating this event.) I discussed the paintings of Fiona Hall in a lecture, ‘Lost
Homelands: The Expropriation of American Studies in the Anthropocene Era’,
given in a seminar organized by Susana Araújo on ‘Homelands and the Borders of
“America” ’ at the University of Lisbon, Portugal, in September 2016. This turned
out to be the last time I saw Amy Kaplan, an old academic sparring partner who
also spoke at this seminar and is now much missed.
I received invaluable feedback on an early draft of the book’s first chapter when
it was presented at Brigham Young University in 2017, at the kind invitation of
Brian Russell Roberts. Natalya Lusty similarly subjected some of the material on
the visual arts to stringent but enlightening critique. I also benefited from discus-
sions with Liz DeLoughrey at the ‘Global Ecologies-­Local Impacts’ conference
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi

viii Acknowledgements

organized by Iain McCalman and David Schlosberg at the Sydney Environment

Institute in 2016, and with Ursula Heise at the ‘Literary Environments: Place,
Planet and Translation’ conference convened by Stuart Cooke and Peter Denney
at Brisbane in 2017. Research for the project in its early stages was funded in part
by a grant from the Australian Research Council (DP150101848).
A few fragments from these initial excursions were subsequently converted
into earlier versions of various sections that now appear in this book. ‘Obama,
Tarantino, and Transnational Trauma’ first appeared in Obama and Transnational
American Studies, edited by Alfred Hornung (Universitatsverlag Winter, Heidelberg,
2016). The Portugal lecture, ‘Lost Homelands’, was translated by Nuno Sousa Oliveira
and published as ‘Patrias Perdidas: A Expropriacao dos Estudos Americanos na
Era do Antropoceno’ in Anglo Saxonica 14.1 (2017). In addition, a much earlier
version of the first section of Chapter 7 had its first incarnation as ‘A Good Gatsby:
Baz Luhrmann Undomesticates Fitzgerald’, in Commonweal, 1 July 2013, at the
kind invitation of Paul Baumann. A shorter account of the Australian novelists
discussed in Chapter 4 also appeared as ‘Writing for the Planet: Contemporary
Australian Fiction’, in The Planetary Turn: Art, Relationality, and Geoaesthetics in
the 21st Century, edited by Amy J. Elias and Christian Moraru (Northwestern
University Press, 2015).
I would like to express appreciation to the various artists and galleries listed on
the Illustrations page for permitting reproduction of the images in this book.
I should also particularly like to thank Giorgio Strano, Curator of the Museo
Galileo in Florence, for answering my questions about Lorenzo della Volpaia. I am
especially indebted to David Hockney, Christian Thompson, and Leah King-­Smith
for allowing their work to be reproduced and discussed within what Julie Green,
Head of Reproductions at David Hockney, Inc., called an ‘unusual’ context.
I am very grateful to Jacqueline Norton at Oxford University Press for her
continued support of my work, for the incisive and detailed reports she commis-
sioned that helped to improve the final book, and to her assistant Aimee Wright
for advice about permissions issues. My own excellent research assistant, Blythe
Worthy, supported by a grant from the Faculty Research Support Scheme at the
University of Sydney, not only helped to secure copyright clearance for the
illustrations, but also made various perceptive suggestions about rephrasing in
particular instances.
Though each part of this sequence is intended to stand independently, this vol-
ume also represents a continuation of the project engaging with antipodean rep-
resentations of temporality that was inaugurated by Backgazing: Reverse Time in
Modernist Culture (OUP, 2019). The epigraph to The Planetary Clock is taken
from the second book on Recent Phenomena in the Celestial World published in
1588 by Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, who also planned a third volume in his
sequence but did not live to write it. I hope that is not a bad omen.
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi

Acknowledgements ix

This book was completed before the coronavirus pandemic that became
widespread in the early months of 2020, an outbreak that testified clearly enough
to planetary interconnection in its uglier forms, though how this event relates to
the larger circumference of postmodernism will be for future historians to judge.
It is worth noting in passing, however, that Bill Gates and many other observers
have long warned of the vulnerability of a networked world to the global circula-
tion of an infectious virus, with Gates saying in 2015 that ‘microbes’ were far
more likely to kill large numbers than the ‘missiles’ that were the focus of atten-
tion from National Security experts during the Cold War years and afterwards.
Planetary systems are complicated mechanisms connected by more than simply
inter­nation­al finance or economic supply chains, and the planetary clock ticks
syn­chron­is­tic­al­ly across every latitude and hemisphere.

Sydney
September 2020
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 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi

List of Illustrations

0.1 David Hockney, “The Four Seasons Woldgate Woods (Spring 2011,
Summer 2010, Autumn 2010, Winter 2010),” 2010–2011 25
0.2 The Earth, as photographed from Apollo 17 (1972) 28
0.3 Reproduction of The Planetary Clock, by Lorenzo della Volpaia (1510) 39
0.4 Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri, Warlugulong (1977) 43
0.5 Robert Campbell Jnr, Abo History (Facts) (1988) 43
0.6 Christian Thompson, Invaded Dreams (2012) 44
0.7 Leah King-­Smith, from Patterns of Connection (1991) 46
0.8 Linda Syddick Napaltjarri, ET and His Friends (1993) 47
0.9 Fiona Hall, Wrong Way Time (2014) 48
0.10 Fiona Hall, Detail from Kuka iritija (Animals from another time) (2014) 49
1.1 Roland Penrose, L’île invisible (Seeing is Believing) (1937) 69
1.2 Eric Rohmer, with actors Delphine Seyrig and Francois Perrier and
composer Olivier Messiaen at the French National Arts Prize,
December 1977 80
1.3 Jean-­Louis (Jean-­Louis Trintignant) and Maud (Françoise Fabian) in
Ma Nuit chez Maud (1969), dir. Eric Rohmer 90
1.4 In front of the statue of Vercingetorix in Ma Nuit chez Maud (1969),
dir. Eric Rohmer 90
1.5 Maud’s apartment with the picture of a lunar eclipse, in Ma Nuit chez Maud
(1969), dir. Eric Rohmer 92
1.6 Mirabelle (Jessica Forde) and Reinette (Joëlle Miquel) with Reinette’s
painting ‘The Refusal’, in Four Adventures of Reinette and Mirabelle (1987),
dir. Eric Rohmer 97
1.7 The Five Continents bookstore, in An Autumn Tale (1998), dir. Eric Rohmer 101
2.1 Charles Blackman, ‘Upside Down Alice’ (1956). 109
2.2 Charles Blackman, The Tea Ceremony (1981) 111
2.3 Charles Blackman, The Shoe (1956) 112
2.4 Charles Blackman, Celestial Bouquet (1985) 113
2.5 Charles Blackman, The Mysterious Forest (1985) 114
2.6 Charles Blackman, The Family (c.1955)115
2.7 Francis Bacon, Study after Velázquez’s Portrait of Pope Innocent X (1953) 116
2.8 Incongruity and juxtaposition in Walkabout (1971), dir. Nicolas Roeg 119
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi

xii List of Illustrations

2.9 An animal carcass in the desert in Walkabout (1971), dir. Nicolas Roeg 121
2.10 Sidney Nolan, Drought Skeleton (1953) 122
2.11 Clock without hands in Wild Strawberries (1957), dir. Ingmar Bergman 124
2.12 Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights (c. 1500), outer panels 141
4.1 Fire truck and white picket fence, in Blue Velvet (1986), dir. David Lynch 209
4.2 Albrecht Dürer, Traumgesicht (Dream Face) (1525) 217
6.1 Django (Jamie Foxx) and Billy Crash (Walton Goggins) in Django Unchained
(2012), dir. Quentin Tarantino 290
6.2 Esteban Vihaio (Michael Parks) in Kill Bill Volume 2 (2003), dir. Quentin
Tarantino296
6.3 Close-­up shot of the book Vihaio is reading in Kill Bill Volume 2 (2003),
dir. Quentin Tarantino 296
6.4 Transposing identities in the bar game in Inglourious Basterds (2009),
dir. Quentin Tarantino 302
7.1 World map of shipping routes in The Great Gatsby (2013), dir. Baz Luhrmann 325
7.2 Pieter Brueghel, The Triumph of Time (1562) 347
7.3 Image from Andreas Cellarius, The Celestial Atlas (1661), as reproduced
on the cover of the score to Thomas Adès, Concentric Paths (2005) 355
 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi

‘Suspiciendo despicio’
(When I raise my eyes to the sky, I see earthly things as well)
Tycho Brahe, De Mundi Aetherei Recentioribus Phaenomenis, Liber
Secundus (About Recent Phenomena in the Celestial World, Second
Book), 1588
OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/01/21, SPi
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Experimental procedures and results
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Learning Objective 3: Learning outcomes and objectives
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Learning Objective 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 5: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 6: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 2: Experimental procedures and results
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 17: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 19: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 3: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 22: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 23: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 25: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 26: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 4: Study tips and learning strategies
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 31: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 33: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 37: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Review 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 41: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 44: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 48: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 49: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Discussion 6: Experimental procedures and results
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 51: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 52: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 7: Current trends and future directions
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 67: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 68: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 8: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 72: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 74: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 76: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 77: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 78: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 9: Fundamental concepts and principles
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 82: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 85: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 86: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Abstract 10: Literature review and discussion
Example 90: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 91: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 95: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 97: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
References 11: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 103: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 103: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 105: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 107: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 108: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Test 12: Study tips and learning strategies
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 111: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 114: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 114: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 116: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Discussion 13: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 120: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 121: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 124: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 127: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 130: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Results 14: Case studies and real-world applications
Practice Problem 130: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 132: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 133: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 134: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 135: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 138: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 140: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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