C Programming Language
Complete Beginner to Advanced Course
Prepared by: Shivendra kumar Yadav
Date: 17-09-2025
Features of this Book:
• Beginner-friendly explanations
• Code examples with outputs
• Practice exercises
• Mini projects (Calculator, Games, Management Systems)
• Step-by-step learning path
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to C
2. Structure of a C Program
3. Data Types and Variables
4. Control Statements
5. Loops in C
6. Functions
7. Arrays and Strings
8. Pointers
9. Structures
10. File Handling
11. Practice Exercises
12. Mini Projects in C
• Simple Calculator
• Number Guessing Game
• Student Management System
• Tic-Tac-Toe (2 Players)
C Programming Course
Chapter 1: Introduction to C
C is one of the oldest and most powerful programming languages.
• It is fast, portable, and forms the foundation of many modern languages like C++, Java, and
Python.
• Learning C helps in understanding how computers manage memory and execute
instructions.
Chapter 2: Structure of a C Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Explanation
• #include <stdio.h> → Library for input/output.
• int main() → Entry point of execution.
• printf() → Prints output.
• return 0; → Ends program successfully.
Chapter 3: Data Types and Variables
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int age = 20;
float pi = 3.14;
char grade = 'A';
printf("Age: %d\n", age);
printf("Pi: %.2f\n", pi);
printf("Grade: %c\n", grade);
return 0;
Chapter 4: Control Statements
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num = -3;
if(num > 0) {
printf("Positive\n");
} else if(num == 0) {
printf("Zero\n");
} else {
printf("Negative\n");
return 0;
Chapter 5: Loops in C
For loop
for(int i=1; i<=5; i++) {
printf("%d\n", i);
While loop
int i = 1;
while(i <= 5) {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
Do-While loop
int i = 1;
do {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
} while(i <= 5);
Chapter 6: Functions
#include <stdio.h>
int add(int a, int b); // Declaration
int main() {
printf("Sum = %d\n", add(5, 10));
return 0;
int add(int a, int b) { // Definition
return a + b;
Chapter 7: Arrays and Strings
int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {
printf("%d\n", numbers[i]);
String Example
char name[] = "C Language";
printf("Hello %s\n", name);
Chapter 8: Pointers
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 10;
int *p = &a;
printf("Value: %d\n", a);
printf("Address: %p\n", p);
printf("Value using pointer: %d\n", *p);
return 0;
Chapter 9: Structures
#include <stdio.h>
struct Student {
char name[20];
int age;
float marks;
};
int main() {
struct Student s1 = {"Rahul", 18, 89.5};
printf("Name: %s\nAge: %d\nMarks: %.2f\n", s1.name, s1.age, s1.marks);
return 0;
Chapter 10: File Handling
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *f;
f = fopen("data.txt", "w");
fprintf(f, "Hello, File Handling in C!");
fclose(f);
return 0;
Practice Exercises
1. Print your name, age, and hobby.
2. Check whether a number is even or odd.
3. Find the sum of two numbers.
4. Display multiplication table of a number.
5. Find factorial using loops.
6. Reverse a string using functions.
7. Find largest element in an array.
8. Swap two numbers using pointers.
9. Store details of students using structures.
10. Create and read data from a file.
Mini Projects in C
Project 1: Simple Calculator
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char op;
double a, b;
printf("Enter operator (+, -, *, /): ");
scanf(" %c", &op);
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%lf %lf", &a, &b);
switch(op) {
case '+': printf("Result = %.2lf\n", a + b); break;
case '-': printf("Result = %.2lf\n", a - b); break;
case '*': printf("Result = %.2lf\n", a * b); break;
case '/':
if(b != 0) printf("Result = %.2lf\n", a / b);
else printf("Error: Division by zero!\n");
break;
default: printf("Invalid operator!\n");
return 0;
Project 2: Number Guessing Game
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
int main() {
int num, guess, attempts = 0;
srand(time(0));
num = rand() % 100 + 1; // Random number between 1-100
do {
printf("Guess the number (1-100): ");
scanf("%d", &guess);
attempts++;
if(guess > num) printf("Too high!\n");
else if(guess < num) printf("Too low!\n");
else printf("Correct! You guessed it in %d attempts.\n", attempts);
} while(guess != num);
return 0;
Project 3: Student Management System
#include <stdio.h>
struct Student {
int id;
char name[50];
float marks;
};
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter number of students: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
struct Student s[n];
for(int i=0; i<n; i++) {
printf("\nEnter details of student %d\n", i+1);
printf("ID: "); scanf("%d", &s[i].id);
printf("Name: "); scanf("%s", s[i].name);
printf("Marks: "); scanf("%f", &s[i].marks);
}
printf("\n--- Student Records ---\n");
for(int i=0; i<n; i++) {
printf("ID: %d, Name: %s, Marks: %.2f\n", s[i].id, s[i].name, s[i].marks);
return 0;
Project 4: Tic-Tac-Toe Game (2 Players)
#include <stdio.h>
char board[3][3] = { {'1','2','3'}, {'4','5','6'}, {'7','8','9'} };
void printBoard() {
printf("\n");
for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
for(int j=0; j<3; j++) {
printf(" %c ", board[i][j]);
if(j < 2) printf("|");
if(i < 2) printf("\n---|---|---\n");
printf("\n");
int checkWin() {
for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
if(board[i][0]==board[i][1] && board[i][1]==board[i][2]) return 1;
for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
if(board[0][i]==board[1][i] && board[1][i]==board[2][i]) return 1;
if(board[0][0]==board[1][1] && board[1][1]==board[2][2]) return 1;
if(board[0][2]==board[1][1] && board[1][1]==board[2][0]) return 1;
return 0;
int main() {
int choice, player = 1, moves = 0;
char mark;
do {
printBoard();
mark = (player == 1) ? 'X' : 'O';
printf("Player %d, enter your choice: ", player);
scanf("%d", &choice);
int row = (choice-1) / 3, col = (choice-1) % 3;
if(board[row][col] != 'X' && board[row][col] != 'O') {
board[row][col] = mark;
moves++;
if(checkWin()) {
printBoard();
printf("Player %d wins!\n", player);
return 0;
player = (player == 1) ? 2 : 1;
} else {
printf("Invalid move! Try again.\n");
} while(moves < 9);
printBoard();
printf("It's a draw!\n");
return 0;
