Complete polity Revision

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• 1934: First idea by M.N. Roy

• 1940: August Offer accepted

• 1942: The Cripps Mission

• 1946: Cabinet Mission Plan

• Constituent Assembly formed in December 1946.

• Sachchidananda Sinha (temporary chairman).

• Permanent President: Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

• Vice President – HC Mookerjee

• Drafting Committee Chairman – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

• Advisory Committee Chairman – Sardar Patel

• Time – 2 years 11 Months 18 Days

• Adopt – 26 November 1946

• Enforced – 26 January 1950

• Originally - 395 Articles, 22 Parts, 8 Schedule

• Current - 25 Parts, 12 Schedule

Sources –

• Parliamentary form – UK

• Single citizenship – UK

• Office of CAG – UK

• Fundamental Rights – USA

• Independence of Judiciary - USA

• Judicial Review – USA

• Impeachment of President – USA

• Vice-President – USA

• Preamble – USA

• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) – Irland

• Federation with a strong Centre – Canada

• Residuary powers with Centre – Canada

• Concurrent List – Australian

• Joint Sitting of Parliament - Australian

• Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency-

Weimar Constitution (Germany)

• Fundamental Duties - USSR (now Russia)

• Republic and ideals of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (in

Preamble)- French Constitution
• Procedure of Constitutional Amendment - South Africa

• Election of Rajya Sabha members - South Africa

• first Speaker of the Lok Sabha was G.V. Mavalankar

Schedules: 12
• 4th → Rajya Sabha seats
• 1st → States & UTs
• 5th → Scheduled Areas & Tribes
• 2nd → Salaries
• 6th → Tribal Areas (NE India)
• 3rd → Oaths
• 7th → Union-State powers
• 8th → Languages

• 9th → Land reform laws

• 10th → Defection

• 11th → Panchayats

• 12th → Municipalities

• 6th Schedule - Administration of Tribal Areas in Assam,

Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram
• 7th Schedule - Division of powers between Union & States:
(Union List, State List & Concurrent List)

• 8th Schedule - Languages recognized by the Constitution

• Initially 14 languages, now 22 languages

• 9th Schedule (1st Amendment, 1951)

• 10th Schedule (52nd Amendment, 1985)

• 11th Schedule (73rd Amendment, 1992)

• 12th Schedule (74th Amendment, 1992)

22 Official Languages
• Kashmiri • Nepali
• Assamese • Telugu
• Konkani • Odia
• Bengali • Urdu
• Malayalam • Punjabi
• Gujarati • Bodo
• Manipuri • Sanskrit
• Hindi • Dogri
• Marathi • Sindhi
• Kannada • Maithili
• Tamil • Santhali
• 21st Amendment Act, 1967 - Added Sindhi language

• 71st Amendment Act, 1992 - Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali

• 92nd Amendment Act, 2003 - Bodo, Dogri, Maithili,

Santhali

• 96th Amendment Act, 2011 - Orissa to Odisha and the

language Oriya to Odia

• 11 Classical Languages of India

• Tamil – Recognized in 2004

• Sanskrit – Recognized in 2005

• Telugu – Recognized in 2008

• Kannada – Recognized in 2008

• Malayalam – Recognized in 2013

• Odia – Recognized in 2014

• Marathi – Recognized in 2024

• Pali – Recognized in 2024

• Prakrit – Recognized in 2024

• Assamese – Recognized in 2024

• Bengali – Recognized in 2024

Preamble –

• Summary of Constitution

• Borrowed – USA

• political horoscope– K.M. Munshi

• Identity card of the Constitution - N. A. Palkhivala

• he Preamble to the Indian Constitution is not justiciable

• Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, and Republic

• Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. (AIM)

• One time Amended in 1976, through the 42nd

Constitutional Amendment Act

• Socialist, Secular & Integrity (Added)

• Cases - Berubari , Kesavananda Bharati & LIC of India

Case
Articles –

Part – 1

• Article 1 – Name and Territory

• Article 2 – Admission or Establishment of New States

• Article 3 – Formation of New States and Alteration of

Areas, Names, or Boundaries

• Article 4 – Laws made under Articles 2 & 3

• Andra Pradesh – 1st Linguistic State After independence

• Telangana – 2014

• Goa – 1987

• Nagaland -1963

• Sikkim – 1975

• 1st November – Karnatak , Keral, Andra Pradesh,

Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh
Part – 2 ( Article 5- 11) (Citizenship)

• Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the

Constitution

• Article 6 – Rights of citizenship of certain persons who

have migrated from Pakistan

• Article 7 – Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to

Pakistan
• Article 8 – Rights of citizenship of persons of Indian
origin residing outside India

• Article 9 – Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a

foreign state

• Article 10 – Continuance of rights of citizenship

• Article 11 – Parliament to regulate citizenship

• Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA)

Part – 3 (Fundamental Rights)

Justiciable in Nature

• Article 12 – Definition of "State“

• Article 13 – Laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights

are void

• Articles 14 – 18 – Right to Equality

• Articles 19 – 22 – Right to Freedom

• Articles 23 – 24 – Right against Exploitation

• Articles 25 – 28 – Right to Freedom of Religion

• Articles 29 – 30 – Cultural & Educational Rights

• Article 14: Equality before law & equal protection of law

• Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on religion, race,

caste, sex, or place of birth; allows positive
discrimination for backward classes

• Article 16: Equality of opportunity in public employment

• Article 17: Abolition of untouchability

• Article 18: Abolition of titles, except academic/scientific

awards

• Article 19: Freedom of speech, expression, assembly,

association, movement, residence, profession

• Article 20: Protection in criminal cases

• Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty

• Article 21A: Right to free & compulsory education (added
by 86th Amendment, 2002)

• Article 22: Protection against arrest & preventive

• Article 23: Prohibits human trafficking and forced labor

• Article 24: Prohibits child labor under 14 years in

factories, mines, or hazardous work

• Article 25: Freedom of conscience & religion → Right to

profess, practice, propagate religion
• Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs

• Article 27: No compulsion to pay taxes for any religion

• Article 28: Freedom from religious instruction in

educational institutions

• Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities → Right to

conserve language, script, culture

• Article 30: Right of minorities to establish & administer

educational institutions → Cannot be discriminated against
• Article 32: Right to move the Supreme Court or High
Courts

• Writs - Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition,

Certiorari, Quo Warranto

• Constitutional Remedies is the Soule & hart of the

Constituent by B R Ambedkar
Part – 4 Articles (36 to 51) ( DPSP)

• Novel feature –B R Ambedkar

• Non-justiciable

• Aim: Socio-economic justice, welfare, and equitable

development

• Article 40: Village Panchayats as units of self-government

• Article 44: Uniform Civil Cod

• Article 46 – Promote educational and economic interests
of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker
sections

• Article 48 – Organization of agriculture and animal

husbandry

• Article 50 – Separation of judiciary from executive

• Article 51 – Promotion of international peace, respect for

international law, and treaty obligations
• Part IV-A - Article 51A (Fundamental Duties of citizens of
India)

• Added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976

• List of Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)

• Abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals &

institutions

• Cherish and follow the noble ideals of the freedom

struggle
• Uphold sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India

• Defend the country and render national service when

required

• Promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood

• Renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women

• Preserve the rich heritage of the country

• Protect the environment, forests, wildlife, and natural

resources
• Develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of
inquiry & reform

• Safeguard public property and abjure violence

• Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual &

collective activity

• Provide opportunities for education to children

between 6–14 years (added by 86th Amendment, 2002)
Part – 5 ( The Union Article – 52 – 151)

• Article 52 – President of India (Head of State)

• Article 54 – Election of President (electoral college: MPs

+ MLAs)

• Article 56 – President’s term: 5 years; eligible for re-

election

• Article 60 – Oath of President

• Article 61 – Impeachment procedure for violation of
Constitution

• Article 63 – Vice-President of India

• Article 64 – Acting President (Vice-President in vacancy)

• Article 66 – Election of Vice-President

• Article 67 – Term of Vice-President: 5 years

• Article 69 – Oath of Vice-President

Presidents

• Dr. Rajendra Prasad

• Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

• Dr. Zakir Husain

• Pratibha Patil

• Droupadi Murmu
• Article 74 – Council of Ministers

• Article 75 – PM appointed by President

• Article 76 – Attorney General is legal advisor to Union

(Attorney General)

• Article 78 – Duties of PM

Union Legislature – Articles 79 to 112

• Article 79 – Parliament consists of President + two Houses

(Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha)
• Article 85 – Sessions of Parliament; President summons
& prorogues

• Article 89 – Speaker & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

• Article 94 – Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha

• Article 110 – Money bills definition

• Article 112 – Annual financial statement (Union Budget)

• Article 123 – Ordinance Making Power

• Article 124 – Establishment of Supreme Court; includes
Chief Justice + other judges (as prescribed by
Parliament)

• Article 131 – Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court in

disputes between Union and States or between States

• Article 137 – Power to review its own judgments

• Article 148 – Comptroller & Auditor General of India

• Article 151 – Audit Reports

Part VI - The States

• Article 152 – States of India

• Article 153 – Governor of State → Executive head

• Article 155–156 – Appointment and term of Governor

• Article 164 – Chief Minister and other Ministers →

Collective responsibility to State Legislature

• Article 165 – Advocate General of State (legal advisor)

• Article 248 – Residual matters

• National Emergency (Article 352)

• President’s Rule / State Emergency (Article 356)

• Financial Emergency (Article 360)

• Article 368 – Power of Parliament to Amend the

Constitution

• Article 246 – Subject-Matter of Laws Made by Parliament

and State Legislatures
• Article 246A – Power of Parliament and State
Legislatures to Make Laws on GST

• Article 324(1): Provides superintendence, direction, and

control of elections

• Article 214 – Establishment of High Courts for states

Constitutional Amendments –

• 1st Amendment Act (1951) - Added the Ninth Schedule

• 42nd Amendment Act (1976) - Known as the "Mini-

Constitution“

• 44th Amendment Act (1978) - Restored judicial review

and protected Fundamental Rights, especially during
emergencies.
• 52nd Amendment Act (1985)- Introduced the Tenth
Schedule, known as the Anti-Defection Law, to prevent
political defections.

• 61st Amendment Act (1988) - Reduced the voting age

from 21 to 18 years for Lok Sabha and state legislative
assembly elections

• 73rd & 74th Amendments (1992) - Constitutionalized

Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies
• 86th Amendment Act (2002) - Made education a
Fundamental Right for children aged 6 to 14 years.

• 101st Amendment Act (2016) - Introduced Goods and

Services Tax (GST)

• 103rd Amendment Act (2019) - Provided 10%

reservation for economically weaker sections (EWS) in
educational institutions and government jobs.