Rungta International Skills University, Bhilai C.G.

Lecture-wise Content

Subject Details
Program MCA
Subject Name Intelligence Operating System and
Resource Management
Subject Code 1020
Semester 1st
Unit No. 1
Faculty(ies) Name Lakshman Sahu

Lecture Details (Repeat for Each Lecture)

Lecture No. 1
Duration 1 Hours
Planned Date

1. Learning Objectives (LOs)

• Understand what an OS is and why it is needed.
• Know different types of OS.
• Learn basic OS architecture.
• Understand OS functions.
• See examples of real OS.

2. Prerequisite Knowledge
• Basic knowledge of computer system.
• What is hardware and software.
• General idea of how a computer works.

3. Content to be Delivered
1. Introduction to operating system
An Operating System is a system software that works as a bridge between the user and the computer
hardware.
 It controls all hardware parts and allows users to run software applications easily.

Example to Understand:
When you play a song on your phone:
1. OS receives your request (touch on screen),
2. It finds the file,
3. Sends it to the speaker,
4. And shows the player screen.
All this is managed automatically by the OS.

2. Functions of Operating System

An Operating System (OS) acts as a manager for all parts of a computer system. It helps the user and
software to use the hardware smoothly and efficiently.

1. Process Management

• Handles running programs/processes.

• Decides which process runs, when, and for how long (called scheduling).

• Manages creation, execution, and termination of processes.

 Example: You open Google Chrome and MS Word together — the OS switches between them.

2. Memory Management

• Manages the computer’s RAM (main memory).

• Allocates memory to processes and deallocates when not needed.
• Prevents one process from using memory of another (protection).

Example: When you open a game, OS gives it memory. When you close it, OS frees the
memory.

3. File Management

• Handles creation, reading, writing, and deletion of files and folders.

• Organizes files on storage devices (like hard disks).
• Controls access, permissions, and file naming.
Example: Saving a Word file, renaming it, or deleting it.
4. Device (I/O) Management

• Controls input and output devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, USB, etc.
• Uses special programs called device drivers.
• Ensures smooth communication between devices and programs.
Example: Printing a document from MS Word using your printer.

5. Security and Protection

• Protects system data and resources from unauthorized access.

• Manages user authentication through passwords, firewalls, etc.
• Provides access control for files and memory.
Example: Login password screen in Windows or Android.

6. User Interface
• Provides a way for users to interact with the computer.
• Two types:
o CLI (Command Line Interface) – Text-based (e.g., DOS, Linux terminal)
o GUI (Graphical User Interface) – Visual (e.g., Windows, Android)
Example: Icons, buttons, windows – all are part of the GUI.
3. Types of Traditional Operating Systems
Traditional Operating Systems are classified based on how they handle users, tasks, and
resources. Here are the most common types:

1. Batch Operating System

• No direct interaction between user and computer.

• Jobs with similar needs are grouped (batched) and executed together.
• An operator prepares the job on punch cards and submits it for processing.
Example: IBM OS/360
Advantages:
• Efficient for large volumes of similar jobs.
• Reduces idle time.
Disadvantages:
• No real-time interaction.
• Debugging is difficult.
2. Time-Sharing Operating System

• Multiple users can interact with the system at the same time.
• The CPU time is divided among users in small time slices.
Example: UNIX
Advantages:
• Better CPU utilization.
• Interactive system.
Disadvantages:
• Complex to manage.
• Less secure due to multi-user access.

3. Multi-Programming Operating System

• Multiple programs are kept in memory and executed based on priority.

• CPU switches to another job when one is waiting for I/O.
Example: VMS (Virtual Memory System)
Advantages:
• Improves CPU efficiency.
• Faster processing.
Disadvantages:
• Complex memory management.
• Difficult to debug.
 4. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)

• Responds to input instantly (real-time).

• Used in environments where time constraints are strict.
Example: VxWorks, QNX
Advantages:
• Very fast response time.
• Ideal for embedded systems and robotics.
Disadvantages:
• Expensive and complex.
• Requires specialized hardware.

5. Distributed Operating System

• Uses multiple machines that appear as a single system.

• Resources are shared and managed over a network.
Example: LOCUS, Amoeba
Advantages:
 • High performance and resource sharing.
• Reliable and scalable.
Disadvantages:
• Complex communication and synchronization.

6. Network Operating System (NOS)

• Runs on servers and manages network resources like files, printers.

• Users log in remotely via network.
Example: Novell NetWare, Windows Server
Advantages:
• Centralized management.
• Resource sharing.
Disadvantages:
• Expensive to maintain.
• Requires a dedicated server.

4. Traditional OS Architectures

• Monolithic Architecture
 a design where the operating system's core components (kernel) are implemented as a single,
large block of code, running in a single address space. This means all OS services like memory
management, process scheduling, and device drivers are part of this monolithic Kernel.

• Example: Traditional UNIX

• Pros: Fast, direct access
• Cons: Hard to manage, error-prone

• Microkernel Architecture

Microkernel architecture is a modern and modular design of an operating system where only the
most essential functions run in the kernel space, and all other services run in user space as
separate processes.

• Example: QNX, Minix

 • Pros: Modular, more secure
• Cons: Slower due to communication overhead

• Layered Architecture

Layered Architecture is a structured and organized way to design an operating system by

dividing it into layers, where each layer has specific functions and interacts only with adjacent
layers.

• Example: THE OS
• Benefit: Easier to test and debug

• Hybrid Architecture

Hybrid architecture as the name suggests consists of a hybrid of all the architectures
explained so far and hence it has properties of all of those architectures which makes it highly

useful in present-day operating systems.

• Example: Windows NT

4. Examples / Demonstrations

Real-Life Analogy: Operating System as a Hotel Manager

Scenario: Imagine a hotel with multiple rooms, guests, staff, and services.

Hotel System Computer System

Guests Users or Applications

Rooms Memory Space

Room Keys Process Access Rights

Hotel Manager Operating System

Hotel Staff System Hardware (CPU, I/O, etc.)

Reception Desk User Interface (GUI/CLI)

Security System OS Security & Protection Features

The Hotel Manager (OS) keeps everything running smoothly.

It checks in guests (loads programs), assigns rooms (allocates memory), and coordinates services (handles
input/output, processes).

It ensures that no guest enters another guest’s room (security and access control).

When guests leave, the room is cleaned and prepared for the next (process termination and memory
deallocation).

5. Case Study / Application / Use-case

Case Study on “How the Android Operating System Manages Your Smartphone.”

Real-World Scenario:

Most of your students use Android smartphones. The Android OS is a real-world application of an Operating
System that:

• Manages hardware (CPU, battery, memory)

• Runs multiple apps simultaneously

• Ensures security and user privacy

• Provides a user-friendly interface

Use-Case:

Let’s consider this example:

A student is listening to music on Spotify, receiving WhatsApp messages, browsing Google Chrome, and getting
a call — all at once.

Behind the scenes, Android OS does the following:

 Task OS Function Involved

Playing music Process management, I/O management

Receiving messages Interrupt handling, network I/O

Running multiple apps Multitasking, memory management

Accepting call & pausing music Context switching, process control

Locking screen after timeout Security and power management

6. Practice Problems related to this lecture

Q. No. Question Answer

1 Write any two main functions of an operating 1. Memory Management

system.
2. Process Management

2 Why do we need an operating system in a computer It helps run applications and manage
or mobile phone? hardware resources.

3 Is Google Chrome an operating system? Yes or No. No. It is a web browser, not an operating
Explain in one sentence. system.

7. References

Books:

• Operating System Concepts by Abraham Silberschatz, Peter B. Galvin, and Greg Gagne.

• Modern Operating Systems by Andrew S. Tanenbaum.

Web Resources:

• GeeksforGeeks – Operating System: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/operating-systems/

• TutorialsPoint – OS Basics: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/index.htm

• Scaler Topics – Operating System: https://www.scaler.com/topics/operating-system/

Video Lectures:

• NPTEL – Operating System by Prof. P.K. Biswas, IIT Kharagpur: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106105214

• YouTube – Operating System Introduction by Gate Smashers.

8. Remarks / Notes for Faculty

1. Start the lecture with relatable real-life examples (e.g., smartphone or computer usage).
2. Use clear visual aids (OS architecture diagrams, OS types) to explain concepts.
3. Keep explanations simple and avoid complex jargon in the first lecture.
4. Encourage student interaction through questions and short discussions.
5. Allocate time efficiently—cover basics within 45 minutes, reserve 10–15 minutes for Q&A or
discussion.
9. Attachments
PPT: Lecture 1- Introduction to Traditional Operating System.