IF x < 0
THEN
OUTPUT "Negative"
ENDIF
if x < 0:
print("Negative")
-----------------
IF x < 0
THEN
OUTPUT "Negative"
ELSE
IF x = 0
THEN
OUTPUT "Zero"
ELSE
OUTPUT "Positive"
ENDIF
ENDIF
if x < 0:
print("Negative")
elif x == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Positive")
------------
CASE OF Grade
"A" : OUTPUT "Top grade"
"F", "U" : OUTPUT "Fail"
"B".."E" : OUTPUT "Pass"
OTHERWISE OUTPUT "Invalid grade"
ENDCASE
if Grade == "A":
print("Top grade")
elif Grade == "F" or Grade == "U":
print("Fail")
elif Grade in ("B", "C", "D", "E"):
print("Pass")
else:
print("Invalid grade")
-----------------------
FOR x ← 1 TO 5
OUTPUT x
NEXT x
for x in range(5):
print(x, end=' ')
---------------------
FOR x = 2 TO 14 STEP 3
OUTPUT x
NEXT x
for x in range(2, 14, 3):
print(x, end=' ')
-------------------------------
FOR x = 5 TO 1 STEP -1
OUTPUT x
NEXT x
for x in range(5, 1, -1):
print(x, end=' ')
-----------------------------
for x in ["a", "b", "c"]:
print(x, end='')
The control variable takes the value of each
of the group elements in turn.
Output: abc
------------------------------------
Answer ← ""
WHILE Answer <> "Y" DO
INPUT "Enter Y or N: " Answer
ENDWHILE
Answer = ''
while Answer != 'Y':
Answer = input("Enter Y or N: ")
-----------------------------------------
Returns the character whose
ASCII value is i
CHR(i : INTEGER)
RETURNS CHAR
chr(i)
_________________
eturns the ASCII value of
character ch
ASC(ch) RETURNS
INTEGER
ord(ch)
__________________________
Returns the integer value
representing the length of
string S
LENGTH(S : STRING)
RETURNS INTEGER
len(S)
----------------------------
Returns leftmost L characters
from S
S[0:L]
-----------------------
Returns rightmost L characters
from S
S[-L:]
-----------------------------
Returns a string of length L
starting at position P from S
S[P : P + L]
---------------------------
Returns the character value
representing the lower case
equivalent of Ch
LCASE(Ch : CHAR)
RETURNS CHAR
[Link]()
-----------------------------
UCASE(Ch : CHAR)
RETURNS CHAR
[Link]()
-------------------------
TO _ UPPER(S :
STRING) RETURNS
STRING
[Link]()
-----------------------------
TO _ LOWER(S :
STRING) RETURNS
STRING
[Link]()
-----------------------------
Concatenate (join) two strings
S1 & S2
s = S1 + S2
------------------------------
INT(x : REAL) RETURNS INTEGER
Returns the integer part of
int(x)
_________________________________
string to a number
int(S)
-----------------
STRING _ TO _ NUM(x :STRING) RETURNS REAL
Returns a numeric representation of a string
float(x)
--------------------------
Random number generator
randint(1, 6)
This code produces a random
number between 1 and 6 inclusive
--------------------------
PROCEDURE InputOddNumber()
REPEAT
INPUT "Enter an odd number: " Number
UNTIL Number MOD 2 = 1
OUTPUT "Valid number entered"
ENDPROCEDURE
def InputOddNumber():
Number = 0
while Number %2==1:
Number=int(input("Enter an odd number"))
print("valid number")
------------------------------------------
def InputOddNumber():
Number = 0
while Number %2==1:
Number=int(input("Enter an odd number"))
return Number
_______________________________________
FUNCTION SumRange(FirstValue : INTEGER, LastValue : INTEGER) RETURNS INTEGER
DECLARE Sum, ThisValue : INTEGER
Sum ← 0
FOR ThisValue ← FirstValue TO LastValue
Sum ← Sum + ThisValue
NEXT ThisValue
RETURN Sum
ENDFUNCTION
def SumRange(FirstValue, LastValue):
Sum = 0
FOR ThisValue in range (FirstValue, LastValue +1):
Sum = Sum + ThisValue
RETURN Sum
In any other program call:-
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Passing parameters by value
PROCEDURE OutputSymbols(BYVALUE NumberOfSymbols : INTEGER, Symbol : CHAR)
DECLARE Count : INTEGER
FOR Count ← 1 TO NumberOfSymbols
OUTPUT Symbol // without moving to next line
NEXT Count
OUTPUT NewLine
ENDPROCEDURE
def OutputSymbols(NumberOfSymbols, Symbol )
FOR Count in range (NumberOfSymbols)
print (Symbol, end='')
print()
In any other program call:-
OutputSymbols(5,'*')
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Python does not have a facility to pass parameters by reference. Instead the
subroutine
behaves as a function and returns multiple values
def Advalue(Spaces,Smybols):
Spaces = Spaces - 1
Smybols = Symbols +2
return Spaces, Symbols
In any other program :-
NumOfSpaces = int(input())
NumOfSmbols= int(input())
NumOfSpaces, NumOfSmbols = Advalue(NumOfSpaces, NumOfSmbols)
print (NumOfSpaces)
print (NumOfSmbols)
-------------------------------------------------
In Python, there are no arrays. The equivalent data structure is called a list. A
list is an
ordered sequence of items that do not have to be of the same data type
List1 = []
[Link]("Fred")
[Link]("Jack")
[Link]("Ali")
As there are no declarations, the only way to
generate a list is to initialise one.
You can append elements to an existing list.
List2 = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
List3 = [0 for i in range(100)]
AList = [""] * 26
NList[24] = 0
AList[3] = "D"
print(List)
__________________________________________________________
2D ARRAY
2D lists can be initialised in a similar
way to 1D lists. Remember that
elements are numbered from 0.
These are alternative ways of initialising
a 6 × 7 list. The rows are numbered 0 to
5 and the columns 0 to 6.
The upper value of the range is not
included.
Board = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]
Board = [[0 for i in range(7)]
for j in range(6)]
Board = [[0] * 7] * 6
------------------------------------------------
2D ARRAY
Board[3,4] ← 0 // sets the element in row 3 and column 4 to zero
Board[2][3] = 0 # Elements are numbered from 0 in Python, so [3] gives
# access to the fourth element.
____________________________________________________________________
Text files
OPENFILE <filename> FOR WRITE // open the file for writing
FileHandle = open("[Link]", "w")
WRITEFILE <filename>, <stringValue>
[Link](LineOfText)
CLOSEFILE <filename>
[Link]()
___________________________________________
Reading from a text file
OPENFILE <filename> FOR READ // open file for reading
READFILE <filename>, <stringVariable> // read a line of text from the file
CLOSEFILE <filename> // close file
FileHandle = open("[Link]", "r")
LineOfText = [Link]()
[Link] ()
_________________________________________
Appending to a text file
OPENFILE <filename> FOR APPEND // open file for append
WRITEFILE <filename>, <stringValue> // write a line of text to the file
CLOSEFILE <filename> // close file
FileHandle = open("[Link]", "a")
[Link](LineOfText)
[Link]()
________________________________________________________
The end-of-file (EOF) marker
OPENFILE "[Link]" FOR READ
WHILE NOT EOF("[Link]") DO
READFILE "[Link]", TextString
OUTPUT TextString
ENDWHILE
CLOSEFILE "[Link]"
FileHandle = open("[Link]", "r")
LineOfText = [Link]()
while len(LineOfText) > 0:
LineOfText = [Link]()
print(LineOfText)
[Link]()
______________________________________________________
record type
Python does not have a record type. However, we can use a class definition with
only a constructor to assign initial
values.
class CarRecord:
def __init__(self): # constructor
[Link] = ""
[Link] = ""
[Link] = None
[Link] = 0
[Link] = 0.00
ThisCar = CarRecord()
[Link] = 2500
Car = [CarRecord() for i in range(100)]
Car[1].EngineSize = 2500
-----------------------------------------------------
Exception handling
TRY
<statementsA>
EXCEPT
<statementsB>
ENDTRY
NumberString = input("Enter an integer: ")
try:
n = int(NumberString)
print(n)
except:
print("This was not an integer")
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Declaring a class in Python with methods
class Car:
def __init__(self, n, e):
self.__VehiclelD = n
self.__Registration = “”
self.__Date0fRegistration = None
self.__EngineSize = e
self.__PurchasePrice = 0.00
# constructor
def SetPurchasePrice(self, p):
self.__PurchasePrice = p
def SetRegistration(self, r):
self.__Registration = r
def SetDateOfRegistration(self, d):
self.__Date0fRegistration = d
-----------------------------------------
class Car:
def __init__(self, n, e):
self.__VehiclelD = n
def GetVehicleID ID(self) :
return(self.__VehicleID)
def VehicleID(self): #property
return(self.__VehicleID)
---------------------------------------------
ThisCar = Car("ABC1234", 2500)
--------------------------------------------------------
[Link](12000)
[Link] = 12000 # using properties
-------------------------------------------------------
print([Link]())
print([Link]) # using properties
------------------------------------------------------
