Introduction to PHP

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune

Evolution of PHP
 PHP began as the Personal Home Page
 PHP developed by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994
 PHP 2 released 1997 (PHP now stands for Hypertext Preprocessor).
 PHP3 released in 1998
 PHP4 released in 2000
 PHP5.0.0 released in 2004
 PHP5.0.5 released in 2005
 PHP 6 was developed but not released
 PHP 7 released in 2015
 PHP 8 released in 2020. Currently we are using PHP 8.

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune

Features of PHP
 PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor“
 PHP is a server scripting language (Xampp)
 PHP is a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages
 PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
 PHP scripts are executed on the server
 Various built-in functions allow for fast development
 Compatible with many popular databases (MySQL)
 Easy to learn : Very similar in syntax to C and C++

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Advantages of PHP
 PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix etc.)
 PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
 PHP can generate dynamic page content
 PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server
 PHP can collect form data
 PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
 PHP can be used to control user-access
 PHP can encrypt data
 PHP can send and receive cookies

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PHP File Structure
 PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code
 PHP code is executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as
plain HTML
 Structurally similar to C/C++
 Supports procedural and object-oriented paradigm.
 All PHP statements end with a semi-colon(;)
 A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.
 PHP files saved with “.php” extension
 A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>

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Comments
 A comment in PHP code is a line that is not executed as a part of the program.
 Its only purpose is to be read by someone who is looking at the code.
 It can be used to understand code to others.
 It reminds programmer what he did when created particular code.
 PHP supports several ways of commenting:
 Single Line Comment : //
 Single Line Comment : #
 Multiline Comment: /*……*/

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echo and print statement
Echo and print statement are used to output the data on the screen
Difference between echo and print statement are:
1. echo has no return value while print has a return value of 1 so it can be used in
expressions.
2. echo can take multiple parameters while print can take one parameter.
3. echo is marginally faster than print.

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune

echo statement
 The echo statement can be used with or without parentheses :
 echo or echo()
Examples:
<?php
echo "<h2>PHP is Hypertext Preprocessor!</h2>”;
echo "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>";
echo "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with multiple parameters.";
echo (“Welcome to Internet Progamming Using PHP”);
?>

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print statement
 The print statement can be used with or without parentheses :
 print or print()
Examples:
<?php
print "<h2>PHP is Hypertext Preprocessor!</h2>“;
print "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>";
print(“Welcome to Internet Progamming Using PHP”);
?>

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Variables
 Variables are used to store the data
 A variable starts with the ”$” sign, followed by the name of the variable
 Variables are case sensitive (eg. $name != $NAME !=$Name)
 A Variable can have a short name (eg. $x) or a more descriptive name (eg.$name)
 A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
 A variable name cannot start with a number
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-
9, and _ )
 Global and Locally-scoped variables used in PHP
 Global variables can be used anywhere
 Local variables restricted to a function or class
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Data types
 Variables can store data of different types
 PHP supports the following data types:
1. Integer ($num=10)
2. Float ($percentage=89.67)
3. String ($name=“MIT”);
4. Character ($a=‘P’)
5. Boolean ($flag=true)
6. Array
7. Object
8. NULL

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Examples of echo statement
<?php
$num=20;
$name=“Hello”;
echo $num; //20
echo $name; //Hello
echo $num, $name; //20Hello
echo “5 X 4 = ” , $num; // 5 X 4 = 20
echo “5 X 4 = $num “; // 5 X 4 = 20
echo ‘5 X 4 = $num’; // 5 X 4 = $num
?>

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Constants
 Constants contains fixed value, once they are defined they cannot be changed.
 A constant is an identifier. The value cannot be changed during the script.
 A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore (no $ sign before the
constant name).
 To create a constant, use the define() function.
 Syntax : define(name, value [,case-insensitive]) //Value of case insensitive is false.
 Example : 1) define(“PI", 3.142); echo PI;
2) define(“PI", “3.142“, true); echo pi;

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Operators
 Operator is a symbol of operation.
 Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
 Types of Operators:
1. Arithmetic Operator (+, - , *, /, %, **)
2. Comparison Operator (<, >, <=, >= ,==, !=, <>)
3. Logical Operator (&&, ||, !)
4. Assignment Operator (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=)
5. Increment and Decrement operator(++,--)
6. Conditional Operator (? :)
7. String Concatenation Operator (.)

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Arithmetic Operators
 Arithmetic Operators are used for arithmetic operations.
 Example:
<?php
$a=10;
$b=2;
echo "Addition is ", $a+$b;
echo “Subtraction is “ , $a-$b;
echo “Multiplication is “ , $a*$b;
echo “Division is “ , $a/$b;
echo “Remainder is “ , $a%$b;
echo “Exponentiation is “ , $a**$b; //same as $a raised to $b
?>
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Comparison Operators
 Comparison Operators are used to compare two values and it returns 1(true) or
0(false).
 Example:
<?php
$a=10;
$b=2;
echo “Result is ", $a>$b;
echo “Result is “ , $a<>$b;
?>

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Logical Operators
 Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.
 Example:
<?php
$a=10;
$b=2;
$c = 8;
$d = ($a>$b) && ($a>$c);
echo “Result is ", $d;
?>

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Assignment Operators
 Assignment operator(=) is used to assign value to the variable.
 Shorthand assignment operators are +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, **=
 Example:
<?php
$a=10;
echo $a;
$a+=4; // $a=$a+4;
echo $a;
?>

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune

Increment and Decrement Operators
 Increment operator(++) is used to increase the value of variable by 1.
 Decrement operator(--) is used to decrease the value of variable by 1.
 Example:
<?php
$a=10;
++$a; //Prefix Increment
echo $a;
$c=($a++)+7; //Post Increment
echo $a , $c ;
?>

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune

Conditional Operators
 ? : is a conditional operator.
 Set the value depending on condition.
 Syntax: (condition) ? True value : False value;
 Example:
<?php
$a = 10;
$b = 20;
$max = ($a<$b) ? $b : $a;
echo $max;
?>

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune

String Concatenation Operators
 Dot (.) operator is a string concatenation operator.
 Example:
<?php
$a = “Hello”;
$b = “World!!!”;
echo $a . $b;//
$c = $a . “ “ .$b;
echo $c;
?>

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune

Capturing Form Data
 $_GET and $_POST are used to collect form-data.
 Both GET and POST create an array like array( key1 => value1, key2 => value2,
key3 => value3, ...) where keys are the names of the form controls and values are
the input data from the user.
 $_GET is an array of variables passed to the current script via the URL parameters.
 $_POST is an array of variables passed to the current script via the HTTP POST
method.

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune

Difference between GET and POST
GET POST
Information sent from a form with the GET Information sent from a form with the POST
method is visible to everyone method is invisible to others
All variable names and values are displayed in All names/values are embedded within the
the URL body of the HTTP request
GET has limits on the amount of POST has no limits on the amount of
information to send. The limitation is about information to send
2000 characters
Results can be book marked due to the Results cannot be book marked
visibility of the values in the URL
GET may be used for sending non- POST used for sending sensitive data
sensitive data
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Dealing with Multi-value field
HTML Code : lan.html file
<form method="get" action=“Submitlan.php">
Select Subject:
<select name="mySelection[]“ multiple>
<option value="PHP">PHP Language</option>
<option value="Java">Java Language</option>
<option value="CPP">CPP Language</option>
<option value="C">C Language</option>
</select>
<br><input type="Submit">
</form>
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Dealing with Multi-value field
PHP Code : Submitlan.php file
<?php
foreach ( $_GET["mySelection"] as $v)
{
echo $v ,"<br>";
}
?>

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Control Structure
 Decision Making statements / Conditional Statements
 if statement
 if-else statement
 nested if statement
 else if statement
 switch statement
 Loop statements/Iterative Statements
 while loop
 do while loop
 for loop
 foreach loop
 Jump Statement
 Break statement
 Continue statement
Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune
Decision Making Statement
1) if statement
Syntax : if (condition)
{
statements;
}

2) if-else statement
Syntax : if(condition)
{
statement1;
}
else
{
statement2;
}
Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune
Decision Making Statement
3) Nested if statement
Syntax: if(condition1)
{
if(condition2)
{ statement1; }
else
{ statement2; }
}
else
{
statement3;
}
Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune
Decision Making Statement
4) else if ladder statement
Syntax: if(condition1)
statement1;
else if(condition2)
statement2;
else if(condition3)
statement3;
………
else
statement n;

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune

Decision Making Statement
5) switch statement
Syntax: switch(expression)
{
case label 1 : statements;
break;
case label 2 : statements;
break;
……..
default : statements;
break;
}
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Loop Statements /Iterative statements
1) while loop
Syntax:
initialization;
while(condition)
{
statements;
update statement;
}

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Loop Statement /Iterative statements
2) do while loop
Syntax:
initialization;
do
{
statements;
update statement;
} while(condition);

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Loop Statement / Iterative statements
3) for loop
Syntax: for(initialization ; condition ; update statement)
{
statements;
}
Example : To display numbers from 1 to 10.
for($i=1 ; $i<=10 ; $i++)
{
echo $i, “<br>”;
}

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Loop Statement / Iterative statements
4) foreach loop : The foreach loop works only on arrays, and is used to loop through each
key/value pair in an array.
Syntax: foreach ($array as $value)
{
statements;
}
Example:
<?php
$courses = array(“OS", “Java", “PHP", “IOT“);
foreach ($courses as $value)
{
echo "$value<br>";
}
?>
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Jump Statement
1) break statement : break statement is used to jump out from the loop.
Syntax: break;
Example:
<?php
for($i=1;$i<=10;$i++)
{
if($i%2==0)
break;
echo $i,“<br>”;
}
?>

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune

Jump Statement
2) continue statement : The continue statement breaks one iteration in the loop, if a
specified condition occurs, and continues with the next iteration in the loop.
Syntax: continue;
Example:
<?php
for($i=1;$i<=10;$i++)
{
if($i%2==0)
continue;
echo $i,“<br>”;
}
?>
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 Generating File uploaded form
HTML File
<html>
<body>

<form action="upload.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/

form-data">
Select image to upload:
<input type="file" name="fileToUpload">
<input type="submit" value="UploadImage" name="submit">
</form>

</body>
</html>

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Uploading File
PHP File
<?php
$target_dir = "uploads/";
$target_file = $target_dir . basename($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["name"]);
$uploadOk = 1;
$imageFileType = strtolower(pathinfo($target_file,PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
// Check if image file is a actual image or fake image
if(isset($_POST["submit"])) {
$check = getimagesize($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["tmp_name"]);
if($check == true) {
echo "File is an image - " . $check["mime"] . ".";
$uploadOk = 1;
} else {
echo "File is not an image.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
}

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 Uploading File
PHP File
// Check if file already exists
if (file_exists($target_file)) {
echo "Sorry, file already exists.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
// Check file size
if ($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["size"] > 500000) {
echo "Sorry, your file is too large.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
// Allow certain file formats
if($imageFileType != "jpg" && $imageFileType != "png" && $imageFileType
!= ”jpeg” && $imageFileType != "gif" )
{
echo "Sorry, only JPG, JPEG, PNG & GIF files are allowed.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
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 Uploading File
PHP File

if ($uploadOk == 0)
{
echo "Sorry, your file was not uploaded.";
}
else {
if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["tmp_name"], $target_file))
{
echo "The file ". htmlspecialchars(basename( $_FILES["fileToUpload"]["name"])). "
has been uploaded.";
}
else {
echo "Sorry, there was an error uploading your file.";
}
}
?>

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune

 Thank you

Prepared by Deepali Sonawane, MIT-WPU, Pune