Python Programming Unit-1 Part-2 Introduction to Python

Comments in python:
 Including comments in programs makes code more readable for humans as it
provides some information or explanation about what each part of a program is
doing.
 Depending on the purpose of your program, comments can serve as notes to
yourself or reminders, or they can be written with the intention of other
programmers being able to understand what your code is doing.
 In general, it is a good idea to write comments while you are writing or updating
a program as it is easy to forget your thought process later on, and comments
written later may be less useful in the long term.
 Comments in Python begin with a hash mark (#) and whitespace character and
continue to the end of the line.

# This is a comment

 In a “Hello, World!” program, a comment may look like this:

# Print “Hello, World!” to console

print("Hello, World!")

 Inline comments occur on the same line of a statement, following the code itself.
Like other comments, they begin with a hash mark and a single whitespace
character.
 Generally, inline comments look like this:

[code] # Inline comment about the code

 Example:
z = 2.5 + 3j # Create a complex number

 Multiline comments in python can be placed in between triple single quotes ‘’’ or triple
double quotes “””
 Example:

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Python Programming Unit-1 Part-2 Introduction to Python

Data types in python:

Python has following standard Data Types:
data
Description Nature Example
type
i=25

Integer, is a whole j=234456778800

number, positive or type(i)#<class ‘int’>
Immutable
negative, without
type(j)#<class ‘int’>
decimals, of unlimited (un-
int
length. changeable) print(i) #25
print(j) # 234456778800

“Floating point
f=23.456
number" is a number,
positive or negative, type(f) #<class ‘float’>
float containing one or more Immutable
print(f)
decimals.
c1=20+50.25j
Complex numbers
type(c1) #<class ‘complex’>
Form: x+yj
print(c1) #20+50.25j
x: real part
complex Immutable print(c1.real)# 20
y: imaginary part print(c1.imag) # 50.25

Strings: combination of
characters. s1=’hello’
Each character in string s2=”HELLO”
can be accessed by
s3=’’’hello python’’’
index. Immutable
type(s1)# <class ‘str’>
Positive index starts
str from ‘0’(left to right). print(s2) # HELLO
print(s3[2])# l
Negative index starts
from’-1’(right to left).
b1=True
b2=False
bool Boolean: True or False Immutable
type(b1)#<class ‘bool’>
print(b2)# False

List is a sequence of lst=[1,2,3,4,5]

ordered homogeneous type(lst)# <class ‘list’>
elements. Symbol: [ ]
list Mutable print(lst)# [1,2,3,4,5]
Supports indexing print(lst[2])# 3
(positive, negative). print(lst[-2])# 4

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Python Programming Unit-1 Part-2 Introduction to Python

tuple is a sequence of
ordered heterogeneous tup=(10,’hello’,True)
objects.
type(tup)# <class ‘tuple’>
Symbol: ( ) Immutable
print(tup[0]) #10
tuple Supports indexing print(tup[-2]) #hello
(positive, negative).

Set is a collection of un- vowels={‘a’,’e’,’i’,’o’,’u’}

ordered elements. type(vowels)# <class ‘set’>
Mutable
set Symbol: { } print(vowels)
Discards the duplicates. # {‘a’,’e’,’i’,’o’,’u’}
d={1:’a’,2:’b’,3:’c’}
Dictionaries are used
for mapping (key,value) Mutable type(d) # <class ‘dict’>
dict pairs. print(d) #{1:’a’,2:’b’,3:’c’}

************************************************************
Type Conversion functions:
 Python defines type conversion functions to directly convert one data type to another
which is useful in day to day and competitive programming.
 Following are some conversion functions.
int(a, base) : This function converts any data type to integer. ‘Base’ specifies the base in
which string is if data type is string.
float() : This function is used to convert any data type to a floating point number

Program:
.
s = "10010"
c = int(s,2)
print ("After converting to integer base 2 : ",c)
e = float(s)
print ("After converting to float : ",e)

Output:
After converting to integer base 2 : 18
After converting to float : 10010.0

ord() : This function is used to convert a character to integer.

hex() : This function is to convert integer to hexadecimal string.
oct() : This function is to convert integer to octal string.

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Python Programming Unit-1 Part-2 Introduction to Python

Program:

s = '4'
c = ord(s)
print ("After converting character to integer : ",c)
print (c)
d = hex(56)
print ("After converting 56 to hexadecimal string :
",d)
e = oct(56)
print ("After converting 56 to octal string : ",e)
Output:

After converting character to integer : 52

After converting 56 to hexadecimal string : 0x38
After converting 56 to octal string : 0o70

tuple() : This function is used to convert to a tuple.

set() : This function returns the type after converting to set.
list() : This function is used to convert any data type to a list type.

s = 'geeks'
t = tuple(s)
print ("After converting string to tuple : ",t)
st = set(s)
print ("After converting string to set : ",st)
l = list(s)
print ("After converting string to list : ",l)
Output:

After converting string to tuple : ('g', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's')

After converting string to set : {'k', 'e', 's', 'g'}
After converting string to list : ['g', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's']

dict() : This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key,value) into a dictionary.
str() : Used to convert integer into a string.
complex(real,imag) : : This function converts real numbers to complex(real,imag)
number.
# Python code to demonstrate Type conversion
# using dict(), complex(), str()

# initializing integers
a =1
b =2

# initializing tuple
tup = (('a', 1) ,('f', 2), ('g', 3))
# printing integer converting to complex number
c = complex(1,2)
print ("After converting integer to complex number : ",end="")
print (c)

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Python Programming Unit-1 Part-2 Introduction to Python

# printing integer converting to string

c = str(a)
print ("After converting integer to string : ",end="")
print (c)

# printing tuple converting to expression dictionary

c = dict(tup)
print ("After converting tuple to dictionary : ",end="")
print (c)
Output:

After converting integer to complex number : (1+2j)

After converting integer to string : 1

After converting tuple to dictionary : {'a': 1, 'f': 2, 'g': 3}

Simple Input and Output functions:

 input() and print() are widely used for standard input and output operations
respectively.
 We use the print() function to output data to the standard output device (screen).

 In the second print() statement, we can notice that a space was added between
the string and the value of variable a.This is by default, but we can change it.
 The actual syntax of the print() function is

print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

 Here, objects is the value(s) to be printed.

 The sep separator is used between the values. It defaults into a space character.
 After all values are printed, end is printed. It defaults into a new line.
 The file is the object where the values are printed and its default value
is sys.stdout(screen). Here are an example to illustrate this.

 In Python, we have the input() function to allow this. The syntax for input() is

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Python Programming Unit-1 Part-2 Introduction to Python

input([prompt])

 where prompt is the string we wish to display on the screen. It is optional.

>>> num = input('Enter a number: ')
Enter a number: 10
>>> num
'10'
 Here, we can see that the entered value 10 is a string, not a number. To convert this
into a number we can use int() or float() functions.
>>> int('10')
10
>>> float('10')
10.0

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